Renata Zrinski-Topić [*] [1] Miljenko Raos [2] Jadranka Demirović [3] Jadranka Živčić [1] Ivana Čepelak [4] Rajka Petrinović [3] Slavica Dodig [1]

Show more about author

Introduction

Alkaline phosphatase, orthophosphate-monoester-phosphohydrolase (ALP; EC 3.1.3.1.) is a group of hydrolases with optimal activity in alkaline range (pH 9.8-10.5). ALP includes tissue nonspecific isoenzyme (liver-bone-kidney), intestinal, placental and placental-like isoenzyme which is expressed in the testes, thymus and lungs. Atypical or multiple forms of ALP are of non-gene origin and occur in particular pathologic states (1,2). Because of bone growth, the catalytic activity of ALP is greater in childhood and puberty than in adults. ALP catalytic activity can be extremely increased, up to 20-fold upper reference limit for age, in serum of infants and children, even in the absence of hepatic or bone disease (2,3). Transient hyperphosphatasemia (TH) in infants and children or benign transient hyperphosphatasemia (BTH) was first described in 1954 (3), and in Croatia in 1986 (4). As these children show no clinical signs of metabolic bone or liver disease, TH is incidentally detected on laboratory work-up for some illnesses.

The aim is to present a case of TH and to remind of hyperphosphatasemia as a benign phenomenon where additional diagnostic procedures can be avoided. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of TH in a child with recurrent wheezing during acute respiratory infection.

 

Materials and methods

Methods

Biochemical testing, including enzyme activity and concentration metabolite determination, was performed on an Olympus AU 400 analyzer (Olympus Optical Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan) with original commercial reagents (Olympus Diagnostic, GmbH, Hamburg, Germany). The catalytic activity of ALP was determined by the recommended photometric continuous method (p-nitrophenylphosphate, AMP buffer, Mg-acetate, Zn-sulfate, HEDTA) (5).

Electrophoretic separation of ALP isoenzymes was done on agarose gel (Hydragel 7/15 ISO-PAL gels, Sebia Products, Issy-les-Moulineaux, France) with the use of the Hydrasis automated electrophoresis system, Hydrasis 2 densitometer (Sebia System, EVRY Cedex, France) with serum lectin pretreatment (6). Prior to application onto the agarose, the sera were diluted to approximately the same value of ALP catalytic activity.

 

Case report

A 21-month-old male child was admitted to Department of Pulmonology and Allergology in Infants and Small Children for the management of acute respiratory infection with recurrent wheezing. The child had a 6-month history of frequent respiratory infections with recurrent wheezing and a finding of elevated total IgE concentration (IgE 151.8 kU/L; the upper limit of the reference range for age is 38.6 kIU/L (7)), treated with short-acting (salbutamol) and long-acting (fluticasone propionate) bronchodilators on outpatient basis. On admission, the child was afebrile, pale, mildly dyspneic, respiration rate 35/min (mild respiratory distress); expiration difficult and prolonged, with bilateral rales. The heart and abdomen were normal. Chest x-ray showed no pathologic findings. The patient was treated with bronchodilators, glucocorticoids, salbutamol inhalation and respiratory kinesitherapy. After six days, the patient was discharged with normal clinical status for home care and recommended therapy with a long-acting inhalation bronchodilator. The patient presented for control examination on day 27 of the disease onset, but failed to come for second control. The patient’s mother signed the informed consent form prior to hospitalization and diagnostic work-up was performed according to the standardized procedure, in line with ethical principles, Helsinki Declaration on Human Rights from 1975 and Tokyo amendments from 2004 (8).

 

Results

Laboratory findings recorded during hospitalization and a short period of home care are presented in Table 1. Catalytic activity of ALP decreased from day 1 to day 6 to 51% and over the next 21 days to 12% of the initial value, i.e. near the upper limit of the reference range for age. Electrophoretic separation of ALP isoenzymes is presented in Figure 1. Native serum samples showed altered electrophoretic isoenzyme motility, i.e. rapid anodal (faster than the hepatic-osseous-placental area) and slower anodal (moving in the hepatic-osseous-placental area) bands. The change was especially pronounced in serum samples collected on day 1 and day 6 of treatment (lanes 1 and 2). Upon lectin treatment, the rapid anodal form was even more pronounced, along with separation of the remaining fractions (lanes 1’ and 2’). The rapid form catalytic activity determined by electrophoretic separation was 1422 U/L on day 1, 802 U/L on day 6 and 76 U/L on day 27. When the ALP catalytic activity decreased to the upper reference limit, isoenzyme electrophoresis assumed the characteristics of normal pediatric serum (lanes 5 and 7), especially upon treatment with lectin (lanes 5’ and 7’). The rapid anodal form diffusely associated with the hepatic form was less pronounced but still present (lanes 3 and 3’). In control samples, the hepatic-osseous and placental-like isoenzymes (lane 5) and intestinal isoenzyme (lane 7) were observed.

 

Table 1. Results of laboratory analyses during hospital treatment (day 1 and 6) and after home treatment (day 27).

 

 182_Zrinski_Topic_tablica1

182_Zrinski_Topic_slika1

Figure 1. Electrophoretic separation of ALP isoenzymes on agarose gel before and after lectin pretreatment. ALP isoenzymes in native serum (samples 1, 2 and 3) and serum after lectin pretreatment (samples 1’, 2’ and 3’) of hyperphosphatasemia patient on day 1, 6 and 27 of therapy for acute respiratory infection with recurrent wheezing. ALP isoenzymes in control native serum (samples 5 and 7) and serum after lectin pretreatment (5’ and 7’).

 

Discussion

The following criteria are used on making the diagnosis of transient hyperphosphatasemia: age below 5 years; various symptoms such as respiratory infections, diarrhea, vomiting; absence of clinical and biochemical signs of liver and bone disease; increased ALP level, 3- to 50-fold upper limit of the age specific reference range; elevated activity of osseous and/or hepatic isoenzymes; and return to normal levels within 4 months (3).

In the child admitted for acute respiratory infection, five diagnostic criteria were met: age 21 months; presence of respiratory infection; clinical findings, chest x-ray and laboratory findings (Table 1) not indicative of bone or liver disease; on first determination, ALP activity was eight-fold upper limit of the respective age specific reference range; and a decrease in ALP activity to 505 U/L (upper limit of the age specific reference range is 500 U/L) within four weeks (5).

The etiology of transient hyperphosphatasemia has not yet been fully clarified. It most frequently occurs during infections (9), in particular acute viral infections (10-12). Elevated concentration of antibodies to Echo 22, Entero 71 and Coxsackie B4 enteroviruses was demonstrated in children with transient hyperphosphatasemia that developed during the upper airway infections accompanied by fever and diarrhea (12), and has also been described during rotavirus infection in a child with liver transplantation. Transient hyperphosphatasemia was demonstrated in a patient with exanthematous fever following measles vaccination (14), and has been reported to occur in 2.8% of children undergoing liver or kidney transplantation (15). A higher incidence of transient hyperphosphatasemia has been recorded in the seasons characterized by a higher rate of viral infections (12,16).

Prior to admission, our patient had a 6-month history of recurrent respiratory infections, most probably of viral etiology. Various pathologic states such as viral infection have been postulated to modify the rate of ALP molecule sialinization, thus reducing the enzyme clearance (17). Other authors report the appearance of atypical ALP of electrophoretic motility in the rapid a2 or a1/a2-globulin area (10,12). Studies of the catalytic properties of atypical ALP form in transient hyperphosphatasemia suggest the hepatic form with excess sialic acid, although enhanced sialinization of other proteins has not been detected. Treatment with sialidase or lectin is not efficient enough to translate the atypical hepatic ALP form into normal hepatic ALP form (10). In the study patient, electrophoretic separation of ALP isoenzymes yielded a strong band that could be characterized as an atypical fast anodal form faster than the hepatic-osseous isoenzyme. Relative percentage of the rapid anodal form, determined by densitometry in the lectin processed samples collected on day 1 and day 6 was 35% and 37%, respectively. The decrease in total ALP activity was accompanied by a changed electrophoretic pattern in the sample obtained on day 27, when the percentage of the rapid anodal form decreased to 15%. Unfortunately, the child did not present for the second check-up, so the catalytic activity of ALP and ALP isoenzymes, presumed to have decreased to the reference range as described elsewhere (18), could not be determined again. The inadequate sample volume was an additional limitation of the study. Although serum protein electrophoresis is a reliable method for ALP isoenzyme differentiation, additional studies like catalytic properties or stability of ALP isoenzymes could not be performed.

 

Conclusion

In conclusion, transient hyperphosphatasemia should be considered in case of an incidental finding of high catalytic activity of ALP in early childhood during acute respiratory or intestinal infection, thus obviating additional unnecessary diagnostic work-up. If the levels normalize within four months, there is no need for additional testing.

Notes

Potential conflict of interest
None declared

References

  1. Thomas L. Alkaline phosphatase (ALP). In: Thomas L, ed. Clinical Laboratory Diagnostics. Frankfurt/Main: TH-Books-Verl.-Ges.;1998. pp. 36-46.
  2. Sokolić B, Čepelak I. [Izoenzimi i višestruki oblici alkalne fosfataze; značenje, mogućnosti određivanja]. Biochemia Medica 1994;4:113-21. (in Croatian)
  3. Kraut JR, Metrick M, Maxwell NR, Kaplan MM. Isoenzyme studies in transient hyperphosphatasemia of infancy. Ten new cases and a review of the literature. Am J Dis Child 1985;139:736-40.
  4. Jurčić Z, Rudar D, Hajnžić TF, Cvitanović Lj, Babić M. [Benigna tranzitorna hiperfosfatazemija]. Knjiga sažetaka V. Jugoslavensko-austrijski simpozij o bolestima jetre (Zadar), 1986:59. (in Croatian)
  5. ŠHarmonizacija laboratorijskih nalaza u području opće medicinske biokemijeĆ. Hrvatska komora medicinskih biokemičara 2004: 8. (in Croatian)
  6. Rosalki SB, Foo AY. Lectin affinity electrophoresis of alkaline phosphatase for the differentiation of bone and hepatobiliary disease. Electrophoresis. 1989;10:604-11.
  7. Dodig S, Richter D, Benko B, Živčić J, Raos M, Nogalo B, et al. Cut-off values of total serum IgE between nonatopic and atopic children in north-west Croatia. Clin Chem Lab Med 2006;44:639-47.
  8. World Medical Association Declaration of Helsinki – Ethical Principles for Medical Research Involving Human Subjects, August 2005. Available at: http://www.wma.net/e/policy/b3.htm.
  9. Oggero R, Mostert M, Spinello M, Iavarone A, Buffa J. Transient hyperphosphatasemia in infancy. Fifteen new cases. Acta Paediatr Scand 1988;77:257-9.
  10. Stein P, Rosalki SB, Ying Foo A, Hjelm M. Transient hyperphosphatasemia of infancy and early childhood: clinical and biochemical features of 21 cases and literature review. Clin Chem 1987;33:313-8.
  11. Eboriadou M, Skouli G, Panagopoulou P, Haidopoulou K, Makedou A, Verlamis G. Acute laryngotracheobronchitis and associated transient hyperphosphatasemia: a new case of transient hyperphosphatasemia in early childhood. J Paediatr Child Health 2006;42:149-50.
  12. Suzuki M, Okazaki T, Nagai T, Toro K, Setonyi P. Viral infection of infants and children with benign transient hyperphosphatasemia. FEMS Immunol Med Microbiol 2002;12:215-8.
  13. Arikan C, Arslan MT, Kilic M, Aydogdu S. Transient hyperphosphatasemia after pediatric liver transplantation. Pediatr Int 2006;48:390-2.
  14. Parisi G, Chiarelli A, Brandani M, D’Onofrio A. Transient alkaline hyperphosphatasemia in childhood. A report of 4 clinical cases and etiopathogenetic hypotheses. Minerva Pediatr 1991;43:337-41.
  15. Ranchin B, Villard F, Andre JL, Canterino I, Said MH, Boisson RC, et al. Transient hyperphosphatasemia after organ transplantation in children. Pediatr Transplant 2002;6:308-12.
  16. Behúlová D, Bzdúch V, Holešová D, Vasilenková A, Ponec J. Transient hyperphosphatasemia of infancy and early childhood: study of 194 cases. Clin Chem 2000;46:1868-9.
  17. Crofton PM. What is the cause of benign transient hyperphosphatasemia? A study of 35 cases. Clin Chem 1988;34:335-40.
  18. Dodig S, Demirović J, Jelčić Ž, Richter D, Čepelak I, Raos M, et al. Alkaline phosphatase isoenzymes in children with respiratory disease. Biochemia Medica 2007;17:102-8.