Assessment of Noise Levels of Churches in the Kpone Katamanso Municipal Assembly in Ghana

Different sound levels are encountered by pastors, ministers, and the whole congregation during church services, which may extend for hours, and also by people living close to these churches. This can have an adverse effect on their health. The maximum allowable noise level in worship places is 65 dB (A), according to the Ghana Standards Authority (GSA). The aim of the study was to quantify the noise pollution levels of the churches in Kpone Katamanso Municipal Assembly (KKMA) and assess the equivalent noise levels of the churches' indoor and outdoor spaces. This investigation is being conducted due to the high number of churches and the noise emanating from these churches in the Kpone Katamanso Municipality and the possible impact on human health. Thirty churches were chosen at random for the study; on Sundays between the hours of 7.30 and 12.0 pm, sound levels in churches were measured using a portable General Class 1 Meter type DSM403SD with a data logging system. MS Excel was used to evaluate the data and determine characteristics including noise exposure levels (NEL), background noise level (L90), severe noise level (L10), and equivalent noise level (Leq). The indoor equivalent noise level ranges from 74.5 dB (A) to 104.1 dB (A), and the outdoor equivalent noise level ranges from 52.6 dB (A) to 85.3 dB (A). All of the noise levels found indoors of the churches were greater than the 65 dB (A) safe allowable limit, putting the congregants and residents at risk for a variety of physiological and psychological problems.


Introduction
Noise pollution is a serious problem that has been plaguing many nations worldwide.It is especially common in markets, ofces, schools, churches, mosques, and urban areas.According to Ijaiya [1], the word "noise" comes from the Latin word "nausea," which is defned in law as "excessive, ofensive, persistent, or startling sound."Noise is defned as "unwanted sound," which indicates sound pressure levels that are obtrusive or interfere with people's activities.Noise is defned as any undesired, unpleasant, unexpected, and louder sound above the threshold limits [2][3][4].Noise may impact people's communication, health, and enjoyment of social interactions.Noise exposure has been linked to a variety of illnesses, including cardiovascular disorders, sleep difculties, annoyance, hearing impairment, and interference with spoken communication [5].
Religious houses are springing up in the Kpone Katamanso Municipality at an alarming rate in all accessible sites, owing to the prevalent assumption that religion can provide solutions to a multitude of concerns aficting people.Ghana allows religious freedom, yet the town's noise-related environmental impact is quite important.Being a multireligious country, Ghana's religious centers typically host congregational worship in churches as well as other settings such as felds, schools, and private houses during the day and occasionally at night.Loud public address systems contribute to high noise levels, amplifying worshippers' voices with an unbearably loud noise emanating from the religious buildings.Religious facilities that host loudspeaker competitions are another signifcant cause of social unrest.It is highly probable that these alterations have led to a rise in noise levels that are detrimental to the local population [6].According to Lilly-Tariah et al. [7], churches and mosques are great places for sound to propagate, which increases the risk of noise-induced hearing loss.Many of them use loud musical instruments to enhance their musical experience, and some of them are always packed with thousands of people during their weekend services, playing loud music.Te repercussions of being exposed to excessive noise levels are not well understood by a large portion of the population in this region.Even though the noise is loud and detrimental to people's health, the government has not taken much action to solve this signifcant public health concern.A signifcant contributor to hearing loss, afecting at least 5% of the global population-328 million adults and 32 million children-is exposure to excessive noise, according to the World Health Organization [8].In addition, the WHO "United Nations Road Safety Collaboration" 2015 lists air pollution as the second most dangerous form of environmental pollution, water pollution as the most dangerous, and noise as the third most dangerous.Te term "noise pollution" is now used to describe the risk of sound, the efects of which on modern development are immeasurable.Noise is a tonal component that is uncomfortable to man and more or less intolerable to him.Because of the discomfort, exhaustion, disturbances, and, in some circumstances, the pain it causes, noise has increasingly become a major environmental stressor [9].Small rooms such as churches and other places of worship absorb a lot of sound, which raises the risk of noise-induced hearing loss.Tey have large speakers, bands, an organ, a chorus, and a piano, among other sound sources.It is possible to mitigate the potentially detrimental efects of sound in places of worship by incorporating "special sound controls" into the sound systems.Tese devices reduce the audible efect by automatically limiting the output volume or sound intensity of the systems.Hence, there is a need to assess the levels of noise emanating from these churches and put measures to reduce their activities on human health.Tis study aimed to assess the noise level of churches in the Kpone Katamanso Municipality.

Study Area.
In 2012, the Legislative Instrument (L.I.) 2031 was enacted, separating the Kpone Katamanso Municipal Assembly (KKMA) from the Tema Metropolitan Assembly, situated in the eastern part of the Greater Accra Region.By the enactment of Legislative Instrument (L.I) 2271 in December 2017, the district was granted municipal status.Kpone serves as the municipal capital of the municipality, which spans from the coast to the southernmost foothills of the Akuapim Mountains.Its borders are shared by the Gulf of Guinea to the south, the Akuapim North Municipal Assembly to the north, the Adentan Municipal Assembly, the La Nkwantanang and Ashaiman Municipal Assembly, and the Tema Metropolitan Assembly to the east.Te Kpone-Katamanso Municipal Assembly is only 38 kilometers from Accra, the capital city of Ghana, and falls on longitude 004′0E and latitude 50 40′ 60N (Figure 1).

Selection of Churches and Working Sites.
Te KKMA, which has a large concentration of houses of worship, is where the study was carried out.Te selection criteria took into account the distribution of houses of worship, population density, and topography.For example, a purposive sample technique was used to select the churches, and the following criteria were taken into account: the church had to be Orthodox, Pentecostal, or Charismatic.Te church's physical structure ought to be consistent and long-lasting rather than ephemeral.

Noise Level Measurement.
Te General Class 1 Meter type DSM403SD was used to collect the data.Te noise levels of the diferent churches sampled were measured both indoors and outdoors in the church buildings at a distance of 20 meters from the source, to get an idea of how far the noise could travel.Before beginning the assignment, the lab calibrated the noise meter for the exercise using Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs).Using a portable General Class 1 Meter type DSM403SD with a data logging system, noise levels were recorded in situ in decibels on the A scale, or dB (A).Noise measurements are frequently "A-weighted" to account for the fact that certain sound wavelengths are thought to be exceptionally loud and insensitive to human hearing.As a result, the A scale provides the sound frequencies that human ears are most sensitive to more weight.To ascertain whether noise is within the GSA/EPA guidelines of 65 dB (A) for a place of worship, noise levels were measured for 1 hour both indoors and outdoors of the churches using the Equivalent Sound Level as a reference point.Te data were logged into the equipment memory.Later, the statistical summaries were retrieved in order to be examined.

Sampling Size.
Only the male and female age groups of 15 to 64 were considered and collected as the sample frame of the questionnaire survey, out of a total of 417,334 residents obtained from the [10].In addition, the survey's sample size was determined using the mathematical technique developed by Yaro Yamane.A sample size of 100 of the total population was obtained.Tis fgure was retrieved from the statistics as shown in the following equation: where N is the total population and E is the margin of error.Population = 417334; E = 0.10 or 10% 2 Te Scientifc World Journal Trough carefully planned random selection techniques, 100 households were chosen as respondents.
2.5.Data Source.Data were gathered using various qualitative and quantitative techniques, such as focus group discussions (FGDs), in-depth interviews, key informant interviews, observation, and surveys.Residents' information about noise pollution at their residences was gathered using structured questionnaires.Institutional interviews were also conducted to obtain frsthand knowledge about the interventions being implemented to reduce noise pollution in Kpone Katamanso Municipal, specifcally about church activities, as well as the advancements achieved and difculties encountered by KKMA in implementing these interventions.
Te following statistical summaries were computed from the recorded data and are as explained below and compared with the Ghana Standard (GS) (Table 1).
2.6.Data Analysis.Te Statistical Package for Social Scientists (SPSS 16.0 edition) was used to code and enter the data from the questionnaire for quantitative analysis, and descriptive statistical analysis was used to analyze the data.Analyses of the feld's qualitative data were conducted using in-depth justifcations, narratives, quotes, and descriptions.

Analysis of Data.
Tere were 42 men (42%) and 58 women (58%) who participated in the study, with the latter group having a modestly larger representation (Table 2).Most of the respondents were in the age category of 20-29 years old (n � 37 or 37%), followed by 30-39 years (n � 19 or 19%), 40-49 years (n � 13 or 13%), 10-19, years, 50-59 years, and 60+ years recorded populations and percentages n � 17 or 17%, n � 11 or 11%, and n � 3 or 3%, respectively.Te results show that most of the respondents 56% (n � 56) fall under 20 years and above.Te frequency and percentage of the respondents indicated the highest education levels out of a sample of 100 people.Te sample mainly comprises education levels ranging from primary to tertiary level.Most of the respondents (n � 66 or 66%) have obtained postsecondary education and followed by those who have obtained basic education (n � 25 or 25%).Respondents that had no educational qualifcation recorded (n � 9 or 9%).
Te high levels of education of the population indicate that many of the respondents may be able to identify and evaluate easily what is happening in the municipal residential area.(n � 67 or 67%) indicated that they cannot sleep when there is much noise going on and this can result in many health implications because of the lack of sleep.Also, Te Scientifc World Journal (n � 21 or 21%) of the respondents indicated that they force themselves to sleep, whereas (n � 11 or 11%) said they are not bothered by the noise, and only (n � 1 or 1%) indicated that despite high levels of noise they can still sleep soundly.

Indoor Noise Level Results
. Indoor noise levels were obtained from 30 churches randomly sampled in the Kpone Katamanso Municipality (Table 3).

Outdoor Noise Level Results.
Outdoor noise levels were obtained from 30 churches randomly sampled in the Kpone Katamanso Municipality (Table 4).

Noise Exposure Level, L ex , T in dB (A).
Noise exposure is important in determining the impact of noise on people's health.According to Münzel et al. [11], medical science experts believe that prolonged noise exposure can result in stress-induced conditions such as cardiovascular, diabetes, hypertension, and psychiatric issues.As a result, normal noise levels should never exceed 60 dB (A) because anything higher than it risks one's ability to hear.According to Zhang et al. [12], exposure is utilized to forecast hearing loss brought on by noise.It is obtained from the measured L eq , t, by making a small modifcation to consider the workers' hearing and the workday length.It answers the question: what would L eq , t, be the value of the energy that entered one's ear during t hours instead of during 8 hours?It is possible to compare L eq , t, for working days of various lengths directly by computing L ex , T (with a capital T).
Te following formula, the following equation converts L eq , t, into L ex , T: where t is the duration of the actual exposure in an hour.In the case of this work, an average of 3 h was used as the time of exposure during church service and T is the normalized duration, usually � 8 h.Indoor and outdoor noise exposure levels (L ex ) of churches were obtained from 30 randomly sampled churches in the Kpone Katamanso Municipality (Table 5).

Maximum Recommended Noise Exposure Levels.
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) in 1998 established the recommended noise exposure levels, and the maximum permitted daily noise dose limit is based on a 3-dB time-intensity tradeof, also known as the equal-energy or exchange rate rule.Tis means that the permitted exposure period is halved for every 3 dB increase in the noise level.For instance, people should only be exposed for four hours if the exposure level rises to 88 dB (A) from 85 dB (A).Table 6 illustrates that the permitted exposure period doubles for each 3-dB drop in the noise level.

Graphical Presentation of Equivalent Noise Levels for
Indoor and Outdoor.From the graphical presentation of the Equivalent Noise Levels (L eq ), the horizontal line (target line) that cuts through the vertical lines represents the Ghana Standard value of 65 dB (A) for places of worship (Figure 2).However, all the results from the 30 churches monitored were above the GS value for the indoor noise levels, and this means that the congregation is exposed to noise pollution with church activities.Te outdoor results of the Equivalent Noise Levels (L eq ) show that some of the churches were within the permissible levels of the Ghana Standard value of 65 dB (A) for places of worship, which most of these churches are orthodox churches that do not operate like the charismatic or the Pentecostal churches; therefore, they fall below the horizontal line (target line) that cuts through the vertical lines of the noise levels of the various churches monitored.However, most of the church's results were above the GS levels, and this implies noise pollution in the environments of places with churches in the municipality.

Indoor and Outdoor Noise Map of 30 Churches in Kpone
Katamanso Municipality.Indoor and outdoor noise maps of 30 churches in Kpone Katamanso Municipality are presented in Figures 3 and 4.  Te Scientifc World Journal praise sessions.According to Lilly-Tariah et al. [7], churches represent an excellent sound propagation environment, posing a high risk of noise-induced loss.Te results again revealed that Christianity is the dominant religion (n � 71 or 71%) in the municipality, which justifes why new churches are being built across the municipality rapidly.A journalist at Al Jazeera reported that Ghana's churches are part of the noise pollution problem.In the last fve years, 5,000 new churches have sprung up in the capital of Ghana, Accra, which has contributed to the growing misery of residents forced to endure frequent all-night services.

Discussion
Sleep is a natural process in human life that allows the body to rest and gain new strength.Te majority of the respondents, 67%, indicated they fnd it difcult to fall asleep in a noisy environment; this exposes them to many health implications such as stress, dizziness, hearing impairment, heart attack, headache, and high blood pressure.Fry and Vyas [13] elaborated that a person exposed to noise pollution may experience difculty falling asleep, being unable to stay asleep, and waking too early.Sounds can also reduce the depth and quality of sleep, altering the amount of rapid eye movement sleep.Tis can impact a person's mood and ability to concentrate.Basner et al. [5] indicated that with noise exposure, people sufer from diferent kinds of diseases like hearing impairment, interference with spoken communication, sleep disturbances, cardiovascular disturbances, and annoyance.Münzel et al. [11] indicated that stress and sleep disruption caused by noise pollution may result in cardiovascular disease.Te World Health Organization [14] reports that prolonged exposure to environmental noise is linked to an increased risk of adverse physiological and psychological health outcomes, including cardiovascular and metabolic efects, cognitive impairment in children, and severe annoyance and sleep disturbance.
Individual judgment alone will not sufce to ensure reduced noise production.All of the public education on the negative impacts of noise pollution and the necessity of regulating noise levels will be inefective if no steps are taken to guarantee that individuals follow the law and put the knowledge they have learned into practice.Te majority (n � 70 or 70%) of the respondents indicated that to solve noise pollution, there should be more education about it.Te Ghana Standard Authority (GS) and the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) have established standards to protect the public from noise pollution.However, the public outcry has not received much attention from the authorities, particularly in cases involving religious institutions.Tis is partially due to a lack of fnancial, material, and human Te Scientifc World Journal resources.Tis indicates that the primary issue facing the responsible authority in regulating noise levels is not the creation of new laws but rather the enforcement and application of current ones.According to Mafei and Masullo [15], awareness campaigns for people should greatly impact noise reduction.Te Scientifc World Journal Cathedral Assembly), Michel Camp, recorded the highest value of 104.1 dB (A) which implies that the impact levels are varied.Te variations in the noise levels may be due to the type of instruments that are being used at the various churches during service, such as loudspeakers, bans, pianos, organs, and guitars; the Orthodox churches use fewer of these instruments, whereas the Pentecostal churches combine all during service leading to high noise emission.Te noise exposure level is also a crucial factor in determining the kinds of diseases like hearing impairment, interference with spoken communication, sleep disturbances, cardiovascular disturbances, and annoyance [5].

Noise Level Generated by the Churches
Experts in the feld of medicine have stated that prolonged exposure to noise can result in stress-related conditions such as diabetes, hypertension, and mental health issues.As a result, noise levels should never exceed 60 decibels as they pose a risk to hearing.Tis information is supported by Akinpelu [9].Te maximum noise level (L max ) recorded for the indoor was at New Revival Bethel Fire Ministries (Love Cathedral Assembly) with a value of 118.2 dB (A), and the least noise level (L min ) recorded for the indoor was at the Church of Pentecost Kpone Central with a value of 43.2 dB (A), which is below the Ghana Standards' value of 65 dB (A) for a place of worship.According to Shittu and Remi-Esan [16], the assessment of noise level in religious houses and the residents' perception of noise pollution in the Ilaro community in Nigeria indicated that all the indoor noise levels in all the religious houses were beyond the permissible limit recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO).

Outdoor Noise
Level.Te noise level monitored for all thirty (30) churches (outdoors) exceeded the permissible noise standards for a place of worship for daytime except at Seventh Day Adventist-Kpone, Haanaa SDA Church Kokompe, RCCI-Refuge Chapel International, Kpone, Touch Life Deliverance Ministry, Golf City, Golf City SDA Church, Te Cathedral, and SDA Church Saki which recorded values below the permissible level of 65 dB (A) for a place of worship during the day, and most of these churches were Orthodox churches (Table 3).Te equivalent noise (L eq ) ranged from 52.6 dB (A) at Seventh Day Adventist-Kpone to 85.3 dB (A) at New Revival Bethel Fire Ministries (Love Cathedral Assembly) in Michel Camp with an average mean value of 70.5 dB (A) (Table 3).Te maximum noise level (L max ) recorded for the outdoor was at New Revival Bethel Fire Ministries (Love Cathedral Assembly) with a value of 104.1 dB (A), and the least noise level (L min ) recorded for the outdoor was at SDA Church Saki with a value of 38.5 dB (A), which is below the Ghana Standards' value of 65 dB (A) for a place of worship during the day (Figure 4).Churches near roads experience increased outdoor noise due to vehicular movement, but Sundays have low vehicular movement, reducing the impact.

Noise Map of Indoor and Outdoor Noise Levels of Churches
in Kpone Katamanso Municipality.Te study analyzed spatial variation in noise pollution across 30 sites in the Kpone Katamanso Municipality.Te noise level measurements were used to generate indoor and outdoor noise maps with GIS software (ArcGIS v10.8) using an Inverse Distance Weighting (IDW) interpolation method [17].IDW estimates values at unmeasured locations based on the surrounding sampled points.Tis enabled mapping noise as a continuous surface across the municipality.Te indoor noise map (Figure 3) displays a range of 70 dB (A) to 100 dB (A), while the outdoor map (Figure 4) shows 53 dB (A) to 85 dB (A) using color-coded decibel levels from low to high magnitudes.As per the WHO guidelines, indoor sound levels above 70 dB (A) are considered potentially hazardous [14].Mapping facilitates spatial analysis of noise pollution patterns and hotspots of excessive exposure [18], with implications for targeting mitigation strategies to protect at-risk communities according to local variability.
Tis study demonstrates an efective approach combining noise sampling and interpolation mapping to elucidate the geographic distribution of this environmental health hazard.Similar methodologies may apply to global noise assessments and remediation initiatives.
Garg et al. [19] state that noise mapping is an extremely efective technique for characterizing the graphical or visual depiction of the distribution of sound levels in the study area.When constructing noise mitigation strategies for cities, this realistic assessment method for determining the environmental noise scenario in urban and metropolitan areas is helpful.A noise map often uses contours to depict the surrounding environment.Te diferent color-coded zones that represent the noise levels' strength and frequency in the study area are depicted in these contours.In metropolitan locations, noise mapping helps in the planning of new structures.

Noise Exposure Level and Health Problems.
Tere is no doubt that noise has a detrimental impact on people's health.Te highest recorded noise exposure levels, indoors and outdoors, were 99.8 dB (A) and 81.8 dB (A), respectively.Tese levels have the potential to cause hearing damage, stress, hypertension, insomnia, distraction that lowers productivity, and a general deterioration in quality of life.Since diverse groups have diferent sensitivity levels to diferent types of noise, it is difcult to quantify the efects of religious noise.Numerous scientifc studies assess the impact of religious noise on individuals.Te widespread usage of loudspeakers during religious events in Kpone Katamanso presented several health problems to the urban populace.Possible side efects include vertigo, tension, sleeplessness, mental illness, raised blood pressure, hearing impairment, and nervous breakdown.67% of the respondents responding to the impact of noise pollution indicated that they are not able to sleep when there is much noise going on, which results in many health implications because of the lack of sleep.Te World Health Organization [14] states that prolonged exposure to background noise is linked to detrimental efects on one's physical and emotional well-being.Te standard exposure limit for workplace noise was established in 1998 by the National Institute for workplace Te Scientifc World Journal Safety and Health (NIOSH) (Table 6).Te 8-hour timeweighted average of 85 A-weighted (dBA) decibels defnes the recommended exposure limits.Exposures this high or higher are considered hazardous.Tis limit is based on the idea that some people will develop hearing loss due to exposure to it.Similarly, extended exposure to noise levels at or above 85 dB (A) has been linked to irreversible hearing loss, tinnitus, and difculty understanding speech in noisy surroundings, according to Temann [20].It is also connected to lower income, depression, heart disease, and balance problems.Workers exposed to noise and hearing impairments can be found in many diferent industries, although they are more prevalent in the mining, construction, and manufacturing sectors.Even though each church under investigation was built with a specifc function, none featured acoustically designed rooms.Tis suggests that all churches are more likely to create disorienting noises, increasing the risk of sound exposure.Worshipers should watch children carefully and give extra attention since they are more susceptible to loud noises [21].

Conclusions
Te purpose of the study was to measure the noise levels and examine how people who live close to churches in Kpone Katamanso Municipality perceive noise pollution.Signifcant noise levels were found in indoor real-time noise measurements taken from various churches in the municipality, surpassing the 65 dB (A) maximum noise level allowed by the Ghana Standards Authority for places of worship.Most of these are connected to Orthodox churches that do not employ instruments such as brass bands, which greatly add to noise during church services.Nevertheless, several of the churches' outdoor noise levels were in compliance with the GS level of 65 dB (A).Based on the data, it is clear that noise levels of 104.1 dB (A), 98.2 dB (A), 97.3 dB (A), 96.3 dB (A), and 96.0 dB (A) from the churches' indoor spaces and 86.1 dB (A), 85.3 dB (A), and 81.0 dB (A) from the churches' outdoor spaces can cause stress, heart palpitations, headaches, sleep disturbances, tension, elevated blood pressure, reduced productivity at home, and hearing impairment, all of which deteriorate one's capacity for efective communication.A study of 100 randomly distributed questionnaires assessed the impact of noise pollution on residents near churches, revealing headaches, annoyance, sleep disturbances, stress, and hearing loss as the impact of noise pollution.To improve public health and ecosystem health through efective regulation, it is important to educate the public about acceptable noise levels and to enhance the municipal task force on noise abatement.

Figure 1 :
Figure 1: Map of the study area.

4. 1 .
Response to Noise Pollution.Te majority (n � 62 or 62%) of the respondents living close to churches in the study area identifed the churches as the source of noise pollution in their surroundings, mostly generated during worship and

Figure 2 :
Figure 2: Graphical presentation of equivalent noise levels for indoors and outdoors.

Table 2 :
Information on respondents.

Table 3 :
Noise levels of churches indoors, measurements were done in line with GS 1253: 2018.

Table 4 :
Noise levels of churches outdoors, measurements were done in line with GS 1253: 2018.

Table 5 :
Indoor and outdoor noise exposure levels (L ex ) of churches.

Table 6 :
Maximum noise dose exposure levels recommended by the NIOSH.