Deciphering In Vitro and In Vivo Pharmacological Properties of Seed and Fruit Extracts of Flacourtia jangomas (Lour.) Raeusch

The objective of the study was to evaluate the pharmacological properties of the methanolic extract of Flacourtia jangomas (Lour.) Raeusch fruits (PFJM) and seeds (SFJM), along with their soluble fractions in ethyl acetate (fruit: PFJE; seed: SFJE) and chloroform (fruit: PFJC; seed: SFJC). Our phytochemical analysis of the examined extracts confirmed the presence of various therapeutically active phytoconstituents, including flavonoids, tannins, glycosides, and alkaloids. Employing the DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) radical quenching method, SFJC exhibited the highest antioxidative potential, with an IC50 of 48.84, compared to ascorbic acid (IC50 21.77). The thrombolytic activity was assessed through rapid clot analysis of human blood samples, revealing that SFJC demonstrated the highest thrombolytic activity (60.99 ± 2.28%) compared to streptokinase (72.89 ± 2.19%). In the protein denaturation antiarthritic test, the PFJE and SFJC extracts exhibited significant potency, achieving results of 74.28 ± 1.16% and 79.25 ± 0.83%, respectively, at a dose of 500 μg/mL. All samples displayed notable anthelmintic activity by reducing Pheretima posthuma paralysis and death time in a dose-dependent manner compared to albendazole. In both in vivo analgesic tests, SFJC demonstrated substantial (p < 0.01) pain inhibition percentages (tail immersion: 49.46%; acetic acid writhing: 66.43%) at a dose of 600 mg/kg. During neuropharmacological screening, all extracts significantly (p < 0.01;  p < 0.05) and dose-dependently decreased the mice's locomotion activity and motor balance. In the thiopental-induced sedation assay, SFJC significantly decreased the sleep latency time (4.18 ± 0.24 min) and increased the duration of sleep time (85.20 ± 2.39 min) at a higher dose. All samples notably reduced blood glucose levels in the oral glucose tolerance test in a dose-responsive manner, and SFJC exhibited a considerable hypoglycemic impact (7.38 ± 0.44 mmoles/L at 600 mg/kg). The frequency of diarrheal episodes in mice during the antidiarrhea assessment was significantly decreased by the tested plant samples. These findings can serve as a reference for future endeavors to isolate pure bioactive compounds from this plant for the development of novel phytomedicines.


Introduction
Plants have a huge impact on human existence since they are the source of numerous, extremely efective alternative therapies for a range of human health hazards.Te extraction of naturally occurring compounds with pharmacological properties is a crucial step in enhancing the value of plants that are traditionally used as food or medicine [1][2][3][4][5].Te research and exploration of medicinal plants for the development of novel therapeutic substances have been practiced since the dawn of time.Around four billion people, or 80% of the global population, are thought to reside in developing nations where herbal medicines are their main source of healthcare.In these communities, the use of herbs in traditional medicine is seen as an essential component of their culture [2,3].Since plant-based medicines are readily available and afordable, hundreds of diferent types of medicinal plants have been used for centuries in Bangladesh.Te rural population has a long history of using those plants' therapeutic characteristics to meet their basic healthcare needs.However, these plants' continuing mystery has been their most alluring characteristic [2,6].We have selected the historically noteworthy medicinal plant Flacourtia jangomas (Lour.)Raeusch for further pharmacological investigation as part of our ongoing pharmacological research on Bangladeshi traditional medicinal plants.
Te tropical fruit-bearing plant F. jangomas, also known as Paniala, Lukluki, Tokroi, or Painnagola, is a member of the Salicaceae family and is most frequently seen growing in the wild in Bangladesh.It is a little deciduous tree that typically grows to a height of 6-10 m, but can even grow to 14 m.Te fruits are edible, colorful, and best consumed fresh in the summer when they are fully mature.In India, Bangladesh, and Myanmar, diferent parts of the plant are used as traditional medicines to treat a range of conditions, including gastrointestinal issues, infammation, fever, diabetes, microbiological infections, asthma, diarrhea, jaundice, liver difculties, nausea, and biliousness [4,[7][8][9].Researchers revealed ostruthin, limolin, jangomolide, anthocyanin, alkaloids, β-carotene, carbohydrate, favonoids, phenols, tannins, terpenoids, and saponins in several parts of the F. jangomas plant [7][8][9][10][11].Few research studies on the pharmacological characteristics of the F. jangomas plant have been performed using various in vitro and in vivo tests, even though its distinct portions contain a variety of signifcant bioactive chemicals [8][9][10][11].Tese studies confrm the plant's usage in traditional medicine in diferent diseases such as infammation, diarrhea, toothache, and diabetes [8][9][10][11][12].Tis sparked our interest in identifying the phytochemical components and examining the in vitro (antiarthritic, thrombolytic, and anthelmintic) and in vivo (analgesic, sedative, antidiarrheal, and hypoglycemic) pharmacological properties of the methanolic extracts of fruits and seeds of the aforementioned plant along with their various solvent fractions.Utilizing an array of in vivo and in vitro methodologies, we determined the diverse pharmacological attributes of the examined plant extracts to assess their multifarious medicinal properties and identify novel resources for an extensive range of pharmaceuticals.

Collection, Identifcation, and Extraction of Plant
Materials.Fresh ripe F. jangomas fruits were collected from Gazipur district, Bangladesh in April, 2023 and were identifed by a taxonomist from the Bangladesh National Herbarium in Mirpur, Dhaka (Accession no.DCAB-87043).After precise washing, the seeds were separated from the fruits.Following a week of drying in the shade, they were ground into a fne powder and kept in sealed containers in a dark, cold, and dry room until they were processed.500 g of powdered materials were macerated for 14 days with random shaking and stirring in two liters of 95 percent methanol in separate glass jars.After two weeks, the entire mixtures were separately fltered using a clean cotton bed and Whatman flter paper no. 1. Te fltrates were concentrated to dryness in a rotary evaporator at 40 °C under decreased pressure.Te dried methanolic fruit (PFJM) and seed (SFJM) extracts of F. jangomas were fractionated with chloroform (fruit: PFJC; seed: SFJC), and ethyl acetate (fruit: PFJCE; seed: SFJE) sequentially in accordance with the Kupchan solvent-solvent partitioning protocol to separate the components in extracts according to their polarity [13].Both in vivo and in vitro pharmacological characteristics of these plant samples were investigated.

Chemicals.
Beximco Pharmaceuticals Ltd. of Bangladesh kindly provided diazepam, morphine, metformin, diclofenac sodium, indomethacin, loperamide, streptokinase, thiopental sodium, and albendazole to us.We procured ascorbic acid, acetic acid, and methanol (95%) from Sigma-Aldrich (USA).All other reagents utilized in the experiments were of analytical grade.

Test Organisms and Experimental Animals.
Young Swiss albino mice of both sexes (age: 4-5 weeks and weight: 25-30 g) were utilized to conduct the in vivo pharmacological tests.Animal Resources Division of the International Center for Diarrheal Disease Research, Bangladesh (ICDDR, B) supplied the rodents.Prior to the pharmacological experiments, the mice were kept in a typical laboratory setting (room temperature 25 ± 1 °C, relative humidity of 56%-60%, and a 12-h light/12-h dark cycle) for one week to acclimatize to the environment and provided with free access to ICCDR, B-formulated rodent food and water.Animal research was carried out in accordance with ICDDR, B norms that were approved by Southeast University's Animal Ethics Committee (Dhaka, Bangladesh) (SEU/Pharm/CECR/111/2023). Indian earthworms (Pheretima posthuma) were collected from Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Agricultural University, Bangladesh for anthelmintic experiments.

Acute Oral Toxicity
Test.On normal, mature, and nonpregnant female Swiss albino mice, acute oral toxicity tests based on OECD 425 standards were carried out on the examined extracts at a single dose of 2 g/kg [14].On the frst day, six starved mice received a limited dose of 2000 mg/kg of extracts (diferent mice for each extract).Te mice were then closely monitored for 4 h, every 30 min, looking for any indications of toxicity and symptoms of mortality during the frst 24 h.Te subsequent four mice were given an equivalent dose of the extracts in a sequential manner for each group based on the results of the initial mouse.Te mice were then kept individually and monitored daily for two weeks for any behavioral, autonomic, neurologic, or physical abnormalities that would be signs of intoxication.Tis observation was made over the course of 4 h with a 30 min break.

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Advances in Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences 2.5.Qualitative Analysis of the Phytochemicals.Te presence of unique bioactive components in the studied extracts (PFJM, PFJE, PFJC, SFJM, SFJE, and SFJC) was examined using conventional methods [3,15].Te presence of phytochemicals constituted in the extracts was visually observed based on the color intensity, precipitation, and height of foam formation compared to the control (without the crude extract).Visual examination of color or foaming was used to evaluate whether a certain phytochemical group was present or absent [16].
2.6.Quantitative Estimation of Phytochemicals 2.6.1.Estimation of Flavonoid Content.Te favonoid content of the test extracts was ascertained using the standard protocol as follows [13].In 250 mL beakers, the dried sample extracts (2.50 g) were combined with precisely 50 mL of 95% ethanol, capped, and allowed to stand at 25 °C for 24 h.Subsequently, the residue was extracted three times with the same quantity of ethanol and fltered using Whatman flter paper no.42 (125 mm) shortly after the supernatant was discarded.Each sample's fltrates were then transferred to a beaker and allowed to dry in a water bath.After cooling, the dried fltrate was weighed using a desiccator until a constant weight was achieved.Finally, the following formula was used to estimate the percentage of favonoids: % of flavonoid content � weight of flavonoid weight of sample   × 100%.(1) 2.6.2.Estimation of Phenolic Content.With a few modest adjustments, a Folin-Ciocalteu's reagent microplate assay technique was used to determine the tested samples' phenolic content.Next, using a standard curve made of gallic acid, the amount of phenols in the extracts was calculated and expressed in gallic acid equivalent per gram of the extract [15].

Estimation of Alkaloid Content.
Te alkaloid content was measured by using the following technique as outlined by Andargie et al. [15].Accordingly, 2.50 g of powdered sample extract was soaked into ethanol with 200 mL of 10% acetic acid in a 250 mL beaker and allowed to settle for 4 h.Shortly after fltration, the sample extracts were then concentrated to one-quarter of its baseline volume in a water bath.After that, 15 drops of concentrated ammonium hydroxide were gradually added to the extracts until complete precipitation was noticed.After 3 h of precipitation, the fltered liquid was then discarded, and the remnants were rinsed thoroughly with 20 mL of 0.1 M ammonium hydroxide and fltered using Gem flter paper (12.5 cm).Ten, the residue was concentrated in a hot oven set at 40 °C, and the weight was estimated using an electronic balance.Subsequently, the content of alkaloids was calculated and articulated in percentages by using the following equation: % of alkaloid content � weight of alkaloid weight of sample   × 100%. (2) 2.6.4.Estimation of Tannin Content.Te tannin content in the dried sample extracts was determined by using the Andargie et al.'s [15] method.Te dried extracts (1 g) were taken and diluted in 1 mL of 95% ethanol.Following dilution, 50 μl of the sample solution was poured into 100 μl of vanillic acid solution (4% w/v) with 50 μl of concentrated HCl.Te absorbance was then measured immediately at 500 nm, and the quantity of tannin was computed using a calibration curve made from catechin as a standard.Te results were presented in catechin equivalent (mg) per gram of the dried extract.

Estimation of Saponin Content.
With some minor modifcations, the method described by Ezeonu and C. M. Ejikeme [17] was used to determine the quantitative amount of saponin.A 250 cm 3 conical fask containing 5 grammes of each sample was flled to the exact volume with 100 cm 3 of 90% aqueous ethanol.Te mixture was heated to 55 °C over a 4-hour period while being constantly stirred over a hot water bath.After fltering, the mixture's residue was again extracted using 100 cm 3 of 95% aqueous ethanol, and it was heated for 4 hours at a steady 55 °C while being constantly stirred.At 90 °C, the combined extract evaporated to a volume of 40 cm 3 .After adding 20 cm 3 of diethyl ether to the concentrate in a 250 cm 3 separator funnel and agitating it strongly, the ether layer was discarded and the aqueous layer was recovered.Tere were two iterations of this cleansing procedure.After adding 60 cm 3 of n-butanol, 10 cm 3 of 5% sodium chloride was used for two extractions.Te leftover solution was heated in a water bath for thirty minutes after the sodium chloride layer was discarded.It was then put into a crucible and dried in an oven to a consistent weight.A percentage was computed for the saponin content as follows: % of saponin content � weight of saponin weight of sample   × 100%. (3) 2.6.6.Estimation of Cyanogenic Glycoside.With some minor modifcations, the method described by Ezeonu and C. M. Ejikeme [17] was used to determine the quantitative amount of cyanogenic glycoside.One gm of each powder sample was weighed and added to a 250 cm 3 round-bottom fask, and 200 cm 3 of distilled water was added.Te sample was then left to stand for two hours to allow autolysis to take place.
After adding an antifoaming agent (tannic acid), 20 cm 3 of 2.5% NaOH (sodium hydroxide) was added to the sample and full distillation was performed in a 250 cm 3 conical fask.Te distillate was treated with 100 cm 3 of cyanogenic glycoside, 8 cm 3 of 6 M NH 4 OH (ammonium hydroxide), and 2 cm 3 of 5% KI (potassium iodide).Petroleum ether was used as the extractant, and when the fask was cooled in a desiccator, the lipid was recovered.Te lipid's value was determined by reweighing the fask and its contents [17].Tus, the computed lipid content percentage was represented as follows: % of lipid content � weight of lipid weight of sample   × 100%. (5) 2.6.8.Determination of Carbohydrate.For three hours, 100 mg of the extract and 5 ml of 2.5 N HCl were hydrolyzed in a boiling water bath.After bringing it to room temperature, solid sodium carbonate was added and stirred until the efervescence subsided.After centrifuging the contents, distilled water was added to the supernatant to make 100 mL.Tis allowed for the pipetting of 0.2 mL of sample to make 1 mL of the volume using distilled water.Next, 1.0 mL of phenol reagent and 5.0 millilitres of sulfuric acid were added.Te tubes were maintained for 20 minutes at 25-30 °C.At 490 nm, the absorbance was measured [18].
2.6.9.Determination of Protein.Te dried samples were extracted by stirring with 50 ml of 95% ethanol (1 : 5 w/v) at 25 °C for 24 h and centrifuged at 7,000 rpm for 10 min.0.2 mL of the extract was pipetted out, and the volume was made to 1.0 ml with distilled water.5.0 mL of alkaline copper reagent was added to all the tubes and allowed to stand for 10 min.Ten, 0.5 mL of the Folin-Ciocalteu reagent was added and incubated in the dark for 30 min.Te intensity of the color developed was read at 660 nm [18].

DPPH Radical Scavenging Screening for Antioxidant
Activity of Extracts.With minimal modifcation, the previously published Blois DPPH scavenging assay [19][20][21] approach was used to assess the antioxidant capacity of the experimental plant extracts.To simply put, various concentrations of plant extracts (20-100 μg/mL) were mixed with 3.0 mL of a methanol solution containing DPPH (40 μg/mL).Next, using a UV spectrophotometer, the absorbance was determined at 517 nm.Te formula used to calculate the free radical scavenging capacity is as follows: Te absorbance for each group is represented here by A. Te percent inhibition of DPPH scavenging versus the concentration of the test materials was then plotted on a graph to fgure out the IC 50 value (50 percent inhibition) for each tested sample.

Study of Trombolytic Activity.
Te thrombolytic test of extracts was conducted in accordance with a method that has been documented in the literature [16,22] using streptokinase (SK) as a reference.Volunteer venous blood was divided into preweighted sterile Eppendorf tubes, which were then incubated at 37 °C for 45 min.After the clot had formed, the serum was totally evacuated, and the clot's weight was determined.Each tube holding a clot had a unique addition of tested samples, SK (positive control), or an isotonic solution (negative control).Te discharged fuid was collected after 90 min of incubation at 37 °C, and tubes were reweighed.Te weight variation represented as a percentage of clot lysis was calculated using the following equation:  [24].An equivalent volume of sterilized Alsever's solution (2% dextrose, 0.8% sodium citrate, 0.5% citric acid, and 0.42% sodium chloride in water) was combined with the freshly drawn blood.Te individuals in the sample were not given NSAIDs for two weeks prior to blood collection.Following a subsequent centrifugation of the collected blood for ten minutes at 3000 rpm, the pellet (packed cells) was rinsed three times with isosaline (0.85%; pH 7.2), and at last, a 10% (v/v) solution was prepared using isosaline.One mL of phosphate bufer (0.15 M; pH 7.4), two mL of hyposaline (0.36%), and half a mL of HRBC suspension were added to the various plant extract concentrations.Extracts were not added to the preparation of the standard or control.Various concentrations of indomethacin (1000, 2000, 3000, 4000, and 5000 μg/mL) were employed as the reference medication and contrasted with corresponding plant extract quantities.After 30 minutes of incubation at 370 °C, the reaction mixtures were centrifuged for 10 minutes at 3000 rpm.An estimation of the supernatant's concentration was 560 nm.Te percentage hemolysis was calculated using the following equation: Te percentage of HRBC membrane stabilization was calculated using the following equation: 2.8.1.Anthelmintic Test.Due to their anatomical and biological similarities to the human intestinal roundworm (Ascaris lumbricoides), Indian earthworms (P.posthuma) were utilized in the contemporary research to assess the anthelmintic efectiveness of the studied extracts [21].With a few small adjustments, we followed previous standard protocols here [16,23,[25][26][27][28]. Te worms (roughly 5-7 cm long and 0.3-0.5 cm wide) were carefully cleansed with normal saline to eliminate flth, and they were occasionally housed in lab conditions to adapt them to the surroundings before being utilized in the study.For the bioassay, we used three diferent concentrations (25, 50, and 75 mg/mL) of all extracts to measure the paralytic time and death rate of the worms.As a positive control, we used albendazole, while normal saline was used as a negative control.Periods of paralysis (completely no movement except when the worms were intensely shaken) and death (no mobility even if hot water was applied) in the experimental worms were noted.
2.9.In Vivo Studies 2.9.1.Animal Experimental Design.For in vivo investigations, experimental mice were divided into multiple groups, each consisting of fve to six animals according to the standard protocols for various experiments (Table 1).Te extracts were administered in three diferent doses (200, 400, and 600 mg/kg) and saline solution was administered via oral gavage.
(1) Analgesic Activity.Te peripheral writhing triggered by acetic acid and central tail immersion pain tests were used to examine the analgesic efect of the examined extracts.
(1) Peripheral analgesic test (acetic acid-induced writhing method) Te acetic acid writhing test was used to assess the peripheral analgesic efect in accordance with prior investigations with a little modifcation [29][30][31].
Initially, diclofenac sodium (standard) and plant extract samples were given orally to the animal models.Each mouse received an intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection of 0.6% acetic acid at a dose of 10 mL/kg body weight 40 min after receiving all treatments to elicit writhing (abdominal constrictions).Te animals were placed in inverted fasks individually fve min after the acetic acid injection, and the abdominal contractions and bending of the hind limbs were cumulatively timed for 30 min.In order to determine the analgesic activity, the average number of writhes and the % inhibition of writhing were computed [29,30] as follows: where N represents the average number of writhing for each group.
(2) Central analgesic test (tail immersion method) Te central analgesic efciency of the examined extracts was gauged by the technique of Karthik et al. [31].In this experiment, extracts were administered orally to the animals at doses of 200, 400, and 600 mg/kg body weight.Following treatment, each mouse's tail up to 5 cm long was carefully placed in an organ bath with a thermostat set to 55 ± 1 °C.Te test was conducted on the animals that removed their tails from hot water in less than fve seconds.Te rodents' pain reaction time, or PRT (the amount of time in seconds needed for a mouse to retract its tail), was computed at intervals of 0, 30, and 60 min after the administration of the treatments.Te following formula was used to compute the percentage of time the tail was submerged in relation to reference (morphine): Advances in Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences %thermal stimulus protection � In this instance, T test denotes the test group's reaction time to pain, while T control denotes the control group's reaction time to pain. (

2) Neuropharmacological Assessment of Plant Extracts
(1) Sleep test using thiopental sodium Te sedative activity of the examined extracts was evaluated using the thiopental sodium-induced sleeping time assessment, as described by Haque et al. [2].Tirty min after oral ingestion of plant samples and reference diazepam (1 mg/kg), each mouse was administered sodium thiopental (40 mg/ kg, i.p.) to induce sleep.Te latent time (the interval between the administration of sodium thiopentone and the loss of the adjustment refex) and sleep length (the interval between the loss and recovery of the adjusted refex) in rodents were recorded.(2) Rotarod test Te motor coordination and performance of rodents were evaluated by a rotarod test according to the previously described method [32].Animals were initially placed for two min on a horizontal, 20 rpm spinning hardwood bar with a diameter of 3 cm.Mice that passed the test were selected for the fnal assay.Te selected mice were equally divided into 20 groups (5 mice each).Te rodents of each group were individually kept on the rotarod for 2 min after receiving diferent treatments (group I: 1% tween 80; group II: diazepam: 1 mg/kg; and group III to group XX examined extracts: 200, 400, and 600 mg/kg).
(3) Assessment of Antihyperglycemic Activity by Oral Glucose Tolerance Test (OGTT).Te oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) was conducted according to Ayele et al.'s technique [33] on overnight fasted mice (18 h) with minimal variation.Mice of either sex were split into 20 groups (each group consisted of 5 mice) at random.Baseline blood glucose level (BGL) was measured (shortly before distributing each agent based on their grouping).Animals orally received 2.5 g/kg of glucose solution 30 min after the administration of each treatment.Later, blood glucose levels were assessed after 30, 60, and 120 min.
(4) Assessment of Antidiarrheal Activity.Te antidiarrheal efcacy of the investigated extracts was assessed using castor oil-induced and magnesium sulfate diarrheal models and gastrointestinal transit tests.
(1) Castor oil-induced diarrheal test Te technique suggested by Andargie et al. was followed in this investigation with simple minor amendments [15].One hundred fasted mice (for SFJC (600 mg/kg) group) and orally treated as indicated in the grouping and dosing segment.Each animal received one mL of castor oil orally to cause diarrhea after one hour of therapy.Te animals were then separately kept in a plastic cage with a clean white paper-lined background and observed for the next 4 h to test for diarrhea, which was characterized as sloppy (wet), unformed feces and compared to the negative control group.Outcomes for the control group were regarded as being 100%.Each group's performance was evaluated using the percent inhibition (%) of diarrhea.Te percentage of defecation inhibition was estimated as follows [34]: where D stands for the average number of episodes of defecation in each group.(2) Magnesium sulfate-induced diarrheal test With a few minor adjustments, the previously reported approach was used in this model to cause diarrhea in rodents [35].Prior to the experiment, the animals fasted for 18 h while still having access to fresh water.One hundred mice were distributed into twenty groups of fve arbitrarily.All groups received the dosage and care described earlier in the castor oil-induced diarrhea paradigm.Inhibition percentages for feces and diarrhea were used to represent the results.(3) Gastrointestinal transit test Tis procedure is used to ascertain how experimental extracts afected rodent's gastrointestinal transit [35].Te test animals fasted for eighteen hours, just consuming water instead of food.For the castor oilinduced diarrhea test, the mice that were chosen were split into 20 groups (n = 5).All of the animals were given 1 mL of the charcoal meal (10% charcoal suspension in 5% gum acacia) orally once again after 30 minutes.All animals were sacrifced 30 minutes after the charcoal meal was administered, and the length of the intestinal tract that the charcoal meal covered, from the pylorus to the caecum, was calculated and reported as a percentage of the total distance travelled.

Statistical Analysis.
All experimental data were reported as mean ± SEM (standard error of the mean).Te results were statistically analyzed using analysis of variance (one-way ANOVA) followed by Dunnett's post hoc test for multiple comparisons to compare outcomes between groups, with p < 0.05 considered as signifcant.All statistical analyses were carried out using the IBM SPSS statistical software for the social sciences, version 26 for Windows (SPSS Inc., Armonk, New York, USA).Based on the color intensity, precipitation, and height of foam formation in comparison to the control (without the crude extract), the presence of phytochemicals included in the extracts was visually evaluated.Te presence of plenty of valuable secondary metabolites was evident in the crude methanolic extracts of fruit and seeds, as well as in their fractions.Seed extracts were demonstrated to have a higher concentration of phytoconstituents than fruit extracts.All of the examined phytochemicals had been identifed in seed extracts; however, fxed oil was not confrmed in the fruit extracts.Among all the biocomponents, carbohydrates were the most prevalent secondary metabolite, whereas fxed oil was found in the least amount in all the samples analyzed.

Quantitative Determination of Phytochemical
Constituents.Te results of the quantitative analysis of diferent plant extracts are given in Table 2. From the table, we can observe that each experimented extract contains a number of valuable active bioactive components.Among all phytoconstituents, lipid was found in negligible amounts in all samples except SFJC (5.00 ± 0.74%).

Color intensity
Color intensity 0

Peripheral and Central Analgesic Efectiveness of the
Tested Extracts.Te acetic acid-induced writhing method was used to test the extracts' ability to relieve peripheral pain, and all of the studied extracts signifcantly (p < 0.05; p < 0.01) decreased the number of writhes in mice when compared to the negative control at all doses.Diclofenac-Na recipients had the fewest writhing episodes (6.83 ± 1.47) when all treatment groups employing extracts were compared.Among all extracts, SFJC and PFJC exhibited the highest degree of inhibition (%) at a dose of 600 mg/kg, with comparable values of 66.43% and 62.56%.Te outcomes are given in Table 6.
Te tail immersion method was used to check the central analgesic properties of the studied samples.Like the acetic acid-induced writhing test, the investigated extracts also exhibited signifcant (p < 0.05; p < 0.01) antinociceptive properties in a dose-dependent manner (Table 7).Reaction times for the negative control group did not alter signifcantly over time.Te maximal analgesic activity for the standard group (morphine: 2 mg/kg) was noted at 30 min (p < 0.01), and its impact persisted for more than 90 min (p < 0.01).Compared to the negative control group, all analyzed sample groups showed notable reaction times at 60 min (p < 0.05; p < 0.01), and their efects remained for more than 90 min (p < 0.01).Among the tested extracts, SFJC, SFJM, and PFJM showed potent analgesic properties at the utmost dose (600 mg/kg).

Neuropharmacological Assessment of Plant Extracts.
To assess the sedative potency and motor coordination of the examined extracts, the thiopental sodium-induced sleep time and rotarod tests were performed, respectively.In the thiopental-induced hypnosis test, the examined plant extracts showed dose-dependent (Table 8) slowing of the onset of sleep and an increase in sleep duration (p < 0.05; p < 0.01).Te extracts showed sleep-inducing efects akin to those of the reference medication diazepam.When compared to the negative control group, diferent extracts at varying doses signifcantly reduced the length of thiopental sodium-induced sleep and its latency in experimental mice.
According to the rotarod test outcomes, the extracts at a level of 200 mg/kg did not alter motor coordination (Table 9).However, compared to diazepam, which was more neurotoxic, extracts seem to be more neuroprotective since diazepam signifcantly lowered the mean latency of fall (28.2 ± 1.304 sec; p < 0.01).

Oral Hypoglycemic Efect of the Examined Extracts.
Table 10 provides a summary of how F. jangomas extracts afected oral glucose-loaded nondiabetic mice.Oral administration of the test samples caused mice in the glucose   Advances in Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences 13 in this investigation was shown by PFJC and SFJC extracts (at dosages of 400 and 600 mg/kg) and this activity persisted for 2 h after treatment (Table 10).

Antidiarrheal Efcacy of the Investigated Extracts.
All investigated extracts signifcantly (p < 0.05; p < 0.01, compared to group I) and dose-dependently reduced the   11).SFJC demonstrated the most potent inhibitory activity out of all the extracts that were studied, and this activity changed with the dose.Te study found that administering 200, 400, and 600 mg/kg of the SFJC extract, respectively, signifcantly reduced diarrhea to the levels of 40.29%, 64.18%, and 67.16%.Loperamide (2 mg/ kg) demonstrated a more noticeable and signifcantly stronger (p < 0.01 compared to control) inhibitory efect on castor oil-induced fuid accumulation in comparison to the higher dose of SFJC (600 mg/kg).
Te investigated extracts dose-relatedly decreased intestinal fuid secretion brought on by magnesium sulfate (Table 12).Compared to all extracts, the standard drug loperamide (2 mg/kg) produced a more pronounced and signifcantly greater (p < 0.01) inhibitory efect (80%) on fuid accumulation triggered by magnesium sulfate.In the same way as castor oil caused diarrhea, SFJC at 600 mg/kg dose considerably reduced (p < 0.01, compared to the negative control) the overall amount of diarrheal feces and showed the largest and most signifcant percentage of diarrheal inhibition (73.75%) among all tested extracts (Table 12).
In the case of the gastrointestinal motility test, we observed that all extracts signifcantly inhibited the gastrointestinal motility of charcoal meal in a dose-dependent manner as compared with the vehicle-treated group.Te maximum efect was achieved by the PFJC extract at 600 mg/kg with the charcoal meal traversing 62.14% of the total length of the small intestine (Table 13).Besides the PFJC extract, the SFJC extract also showed promising inhibition at 400 and 600 mg/kg dose levels (57.56% and 59.11%, respectively).

Discussion
Phytochemicals have a substantial impact on the biological efcacy of medicinal plants.Secondary plant metabolites are currently used to make a signifcant number of medications.Te development of novel plant-based medications is ongoing because herbal remedies are more afordable, low toxic, and associated with fewer health concerns than synthetic drugs.In addition, they are more readily available on the market.Most plant derivatives exhibit a variety of biological efects because of the presence of these bioactive components, such as analgesic, CNS depressant, hypoglycemic, antidiarrheal, antineoplastic, anticancer, antiinfammatory, antioxidant, thrombolytic, and antiarthritis.Teir presence also ensured their medicinal potential and therapeutic efcacy [1-7].From ancient times, fruits and diferent plant parts of F. jangomas have been used to treat various diseases such as gastrointestinal issues, infammation, fever, diabetes, microbiological infections, asthma, diarrhea, jaundice, and liver difculties [8][9][10][11][12] but only few research studies were conducted on its pharmacological properties which provoked us to conduct the various in vivo (analgesic, sedative, hypoglycemic, and antidiarrheal) and in vitro (thrombolytic, anthelmintic, antiarthritic, and antioxidant) pharmacological characteristics of crude extracts of fruit and seed of F. jangomas.In the qualitative and quantitative phytochemical screening, the examined extracts showed the existence of copious valuable bioactive compounds such as carbohydrates, glycoside, resin, alkaloids, tannins, saponins, proteins, amino acids, favonoids, fxed oil, and phenols (Figure 1 and Table 2) which supported the previous literature [6,[8][9][10][11][12].Prior to conducting any in vivo research, acute oral toxicity testing is typically carried out since it can yield preliminary data regarding a substance's potential detrimental efects, establish an animal's dosage, and calculate the LD 50 value of unknown extracts and phytochemicals [15,[35][36][37].For this reason, we tested the investigated extract's acute oral toxicity in rodents.In the acute toxicity test, experimented extracts  16 Advances in Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences did not exhibit either mortalities or any abnormal alterations in general behavior, a noteworthy diference in weight allied with the treatment of extracts, or food/water intake as an indicator of serious poisoning in test rodents.Based on the approach of classifying acute toxicity, it may be inferred that the LD 50 of the extracts is 1000 mg/kg, indicating that the extracts are typically thought to be harmless in acute consumption [35][36][37].As a result, in vivo dosages of three high doses of the examined extracts (200, 400, and 600 mg/kg) were selected.Free radicals weaken the body's resistance against disease and contribute to ageing, cancer, Alzheimer, atherosclerosis, angina pectoris, metabolic disorders, Parkinson's, complications from diabetes, rheumatoid arthritis, and other conditions [38,39].As a result of this, researchers are becoming more interested in creating plant-based natural antioxidants that can shield the body from the oxidative harm brought on by free radicals.Te DPPH scavenging assay is the method that is most frequently used to evaluate the antioxidant capacity of plant materials.Teir ability to donate hydrogen is thought to be what starts their antioxidant activity on DPPH [2,40].Despite having less activity than ascorbic acid (21.77μg/mL), our investigation was able to demonstrate that all extracts had a signifcant scavenging efect (IC 50 values ranging from 69.89 to 48.84 μg/mL; Figure 2) in a dose-dependent manner.A comparison of the antioxidant efcacies of the researched plant's seed and fruit extracts revealed that the chloroform fraction of the seed demonstrated good antioxidant property (IC 50 : 48.84 μg/ mL).Previous research proved that bioactive phytochemical components, particularly phenolic compounds (favonoids, phenolic acids, and tannins), are crucial for both the antioxidant and free radical scavenging efects of plants (which were also identifed in our tested extracts; Figure 1).Te molecular patterns of polyphenols are also predictable; phenolic groups act as hydrogen donors and inhibit free radical oxidation.Te extract's capacity to scavenge free radicals may be due to these polyphenolic chemicals [2,[38][39][40].
Numerous vascular issues are triggered by the formation of thrombi.Most of the thrombolytic drugs now on the market stimulate plasminogen, which in turn sparks the proteolytic breakdown of the cross-linked fbrin mesh by other enzymes.Tese drugs have severe side efects that are a signifcant clinical drawback and are connected to a number of restrictions, which prompted the need for an alternate treatment.Furthermore, epidemiologists' recent research using herbal and natural components has shown that natural thrombolytic/fbrinolytic drugs, as opposed to synthetic ones, lessen the incidence of thrombosis [22,23,41,42].In our investigation, crude methanolic fruit and seed extracts of F. jangomas and their fractions revealed notable thrombolytic activity in comparison to reference drug streptokinase (Figure 3).Among all extracts, SFJC exhibited the highest percentage of clot lysis (60.99 ± 2.28%) followed by PFJC (54.56 ± 2.40%).A number of investigations showed that tannins, favonoids, alkaloids, and saponins are responsible for the clot-lysing activity.Researchers found that these phytochemicals prevent the formation of thrombus by inhibiting platelet aggregation, delaying the plasma recalcifcation time, and disrupting the fbrinogen and fbrin in a clot, resulting in fbrinolysis [34,35] and the fnal dissolution of the clot.In our current study, we also confrmed the presence of the Advances in Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences abovementioned bioactive constituents in qualitative and quantitative phytochemical screening tests, which supports the thrombolytic function of the studied extracts.One of the main manifestations of arthritic disease is protein denaturation, which can produce autoantigens in numerous circumstances.Extrinsic stress, heat, organic solvents, strong acids, or bases can cause the loss of secondary and tertiary protein structures, a process known as protein denaturation [22][23][24].Variations in electrostatic, hydrogen, hydrophobic, and disulfdec bonding are part of the denaturation mechanism [23,43].Comparing the extracts to the reference medication diclofenac sodium, the in vitro antiarthritic model protein denaturation experiment in this study showed a similar dose-dependent antiarthritic efect.At a dosage of 500 µg/mL, the chloroform fraction of F. jangomas seed (SFJC) displayed the maximum inhibition (79.25 ± 0.83%, Table 3).Te increases in test sample absorbance compared to control showed that F. jangomas extracts can reduce the heat denaturation of protein (albumin).Lysosomes are essential to the infammatory process because they release bactericidal enzymes, proteases, and activated neutrophils.In order to prevent infammatory tissue damage, the release of these components must be regulated by stabilising the lysosomal membrane.Te efect of any drug on RBC stabilization can be extrapolated to lysosomal membrane stabilization due to the similarities between RBC and lysosomal membranes [24].Furthermore, RBC's strength depends on the integrity of their membranes, and membrane lysis occurs when RBCs come into contact with a hypotonic media [44].Furthermore, damage to the lysosome membrane triggers the release of phospholipase A2 and lysosomal components, which in turn cause the breakdown of phospholipids to create infammatory mediators [43].Tus, another mechanism of the antiarthritic action is the suppression of RBC hemolysis in the hypotonic medium.Plant extracts and fractions demonstrated a tolerable dose-dependent stabilization of the RBC membrane in the current investigation (Table 4).Te ability of F. jangomas to stabilize membranes may be related to its ability to obstruct the release of neutrophil lysosomal content.Te potential protective efect on erythrocyte lysis could be recognized as a clear sign of the tested extracts' antiarthritic properties.According to the literature, plants with favonoids and phenolic compounds have antiarthritic properties, and our phytochemical screening confrmed the presence of the aforementioned biomolecules in the analyzed extracts [22-24, 44, 45].
Worm or parasitic infections, one of the most common human infections, have a huge infuence on a sizeable portion of the world's population.Te advent of resistant strains, the discovery of anthelmintic medication residues in animal products, and the toxicity of synthetic pharmaceuticals have reignited interest in using natural remedies [46].New physiologically active molecules that are compatible with human physiology and have no negative efects or less than those of synthetic chemicals can also be produced by natural resources such as plants [25-28, 45, 46].In the anthelmintic investigation, we make a distinction between plant extracts and regular albendazole based on how long earthworms remain paralyzed until they die.We found a statistically signifcant correlation between extract-graded concentrations, exposure times, and adult parasite mortality in this instance (Table 5).Te earthworms' time to paralysis or death was inversely correlated with the efectiveness of plant extracts.Te chloroform fraction of seed showed possible reductions in paralysis (33.33 ± 1.52 min) and death (40.67 ± 2.08 min) periods compared to the reference drug (paralysis: 28.67 ± 1.15 min and death: 40.33 ± 1.52 min respectively) at a higher dose (75 mg/mL).Several studies revealed that the anthelmintic activity is caused by tannins, favonoids, alkaloids, and phenolic compounds.Tannins have the capacity to attach to free proteins in the gastrointestinal system of an animal or to glycoprotein on the cuticle of a parasite, both of which can be lethal [46].Saponins predominantly irritate the mucous membranes simultaneously, which leads to paralysis or possibly death in the end.Alkaloids may potentially have an immediate efect on helminths' neurological systems and preparasitic stages [27,47].Phenolic chemicals, alkaloids, favonoids, tannins, and saponins were found in our phytochemical investigation.In light of this, we can consider that the seed and fruit extracts of F. jangomas are alternative potential sources for the development of novel anthelmintic drugs.
In order to assess the anticipated mechanism of action of the extracted ingredient, the antinociceptive properties of F. jangomas fruit and seed extracts were evaluated using the authentic peripheral (acetic acid-induced writhing) and central (tail immersion) techniques [29,48].Te acetic acidinduced writhing test is a highly suggested model for screening the peripheral analgesic potentials of test compounds due to its sensitivity and capacity to identify antinociceptive efects of natural products and test compounds at dose levels that remain inactive for other methods [29,31].Pain sensation is represented by the writhing model of acetic acid induced through initiating locally infaming response and hypothesized that peritoneum mast cells, acid-sensing ion channels, and prostaglandin paths mediate the response by releasing histamine, prostaglandins (PGs), bradykinin, serotonin, cyclooxygenase (COX), and cytokines [29,[48][49][50][51][52][53][54][55][56].Tese infammatory chemicals are produced by the COX pathway during the metabolism of arachidonic acid, and they cause chemosensitive nociceptors to become active, which in turn causes infammatory pain [49,50].Recent studies showed that due to the injection of acetic acid, a huge amount of PGE2 and PGF2á was liberated and caused constriction of the muscle of the abdomen by the expansion of front paws and prolongation of the body (writhing) within the frst 30 min.In addition, intraperitoneal acetic acid injections (painkillers) have been shown to promote vascular fuid permeability and vasodilation [48][49][50][51][52][53][54][55][56].Te number of abdominal writhes caused by acetic acid in mice was considerably decreased by oral administration of the plant extracts in the current investigation (p < 0.01; p < 0.05) (Table 6).Terefore, the antinociceptive efects of PFJM, PFJE, PFJC, SFJM, SFJE, and SFJC may be attained by either preventing the release of endogenous nociceptive mediators or by preventing the penetration of both the blood-brain barrier and vascular fuid levels.Despite being an extremely Advances in Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences sensitive pain test on animals, the acetic acid-induced method is not a discriminating one.Terefore, the tail immersion test was also conducted, which represents the centrally acting analgesic action, to confrm that the plant exhibits analgesic activity [31,[48][49][50][51]. Tail immersion is involved in spinal refexes that act through the opioid μ 2 and δ receptors [48].When compared to the negative control groups, we saw that all of the investigated extracts considerably (p < 0.01; p < 0.05) sped up the mice's reaction times.Te chloroform fractionate of F. jangomas fruit (PFJC) was found to be most efective (Table 7) and active for more than 90 min (5.00 ± 0.29 sec).By stimulating the periaqueductal grey matter (PAG), which releases endogenous peptides such as endorphin and enkephalin, the investigated plant extracts (PFJM, PFJE, PFJC, SFJM, SFJE, and SFJC) may have antinociceptive efects on the central nervous system.At the synaptic connection of the dorsal horn, these endogenous peptides travel down the spinal cord and prevent the transmission of pain impulses [50][51][52][53][54][55].Based on the results of the two antinociceptive tests, it is possible that our molecules have both central and peripheral analgesic actions, similar to NSAIDs and opioids.It was previously reported in the literature that plants with substantial analgesic efcacy contained terpenoids, tannins, glycosides, alkaloids, saponins, phenols, favonoids, and steroids extracted from medicinal plants [2,21,31,[53][54][55][56][57][58].We can therefore infer that the analgesic efects displayed by the extracts may be caused by the presence of these previously described phytoconstituents and now these phytoconstituents were also recognized in our samples.
Te thiopental-induced sedation test revealed that the tested extracts considerably lowered the sleep latency and increased sleep duration in the test animals in a doseresponsive way (Table 8).An indication of the extracts under investigation's sedative potential was the extension of thiopental-induced sleep.Dopamine, serotonin, opioid, GABA, and GABA-BDZ receptor complexes are known to play a role in the extension of sleep [59].As a result, it can be assumed that the extracts under investigation might extend thiopental-induced sedation by interacting with one or more of the aforementioned receptors.Furthermore, a number of neurotransmitter systems, including acetylcholine (ACh), dopamine, serotonin, GABA, opioid, and noradrenaline, modulate spontaneous locomotor activity and rotarod performance (skeletal muscle relaxation) [60][61][62].Te current investigation demonstrated that, in a dosemodulated way, all extracts signifcantly (p < 0.05; p < 0.01) decreased rotarod performance (Table 9).Terefore, it may be concluded that examined extracts may have acted on the dual receptor complex of GABA and opioid receptors to create inhibitory efects on locomotor activity and rotarod performance.According to studies, plant extracts high in terpenoids, saponins, alkaloids, and glycosides have sedative and anxiolytic characteristics that interfere with their actions at the benzodiazepine site of the GABAergic complex structure or act as immediate or aberrant modulators that are in charge of increases in GABA activity in the brain that result in drowsiness and facies [60][61][62][63][64][65].More research is required to pinpoint the particular phytoconstituents responsible for the neuropharmacology activities and the related mechanisms of action.
In clinical and research settings, the oral glucose tolerance test is a crucial tool for determining insulin release and insulin resistance.Te "standard of excellence" for identifying diabetes mellitus is a test known as the oral glucose tolerance test, or OGTT.In cases of reduced glucose tolerance, the body takes a lot of time to eliminate the difcult glucose.Te maintenance of blood glucose homeostasis is hampered by the reduction of glucose tolerance because it reduces the absorption of glucose by muscle and fat [33,66,67].Tis method is referred to as the physiological induction of diabetes mellitus since it temporarily raises the animal's blood glucose level without harming the pancreas [66].So, the efect of the investigated extracts on glucose homeostasis was assessed using the oral glucose tolerance test.Compared to the reference drug metformin, the crude methanolic extracts of seeds and fruits and their fractions considerably reduced blood sugar levels in mice's OGTT test over the course of up to 2 h (p < 0.05; p < 0.01; Table 10).According to previous investigations, plant extracts reduced blood glucose levels by boosting insulin secretion, improving insulin sensitivity and glucose uptake at peripheral tissue, increasing glucose excretion, and blocking glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis [13,68].Te precise mechanism of action is unknown, but the investigated extracts' ability to lower blood sugar may be due to increased insulin secretion, improved insulin sensitivity and glucose uptake in peripheral tissues, increased glucose excretion, and inhibition of glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis [66,67].Te efect of the test extracts, however, was very signifcant (p < 0.01) at the higher dose of 600 mg/kg, indicating that the extracts under investigation had reached the maximum level of their antihyperglycemic action.Tis may be because the test extracts have a sufcient amount of active phytochemicals at this dosage.
Te efectiveness of the investigated plant extracts as antidiarrheal agents was assessed using castor oil and magnesium sulfate-induced diarrheal models.Dietary macronutrients and phytochemical content, some particular foods (fruits and oilseeds), and the diet as a whole have the capacity to quickly alter the gut microbiota [68].Castor oil has a long history of being used to cause diarrhea [69].Tere are a number of theories put forth to explain why castor oil causes diarrhea: (i) intestinal lipases produce its active metabolite ricinoleic acid which has irritating laxative action by creating localized irritation and infammation of the intestinal mucosa, which leads to the release of prostaglandins and ultimately increases gastrointestinal motility, net secretion of water, and electrolytes; (ii) it also inhibits intestinal Na+/K + -ATPase activity, which reduces normal fuid absorption; and (iii) it activates adenylate cyclase or mucosal cAMP-mediated active secretion and nitric oxide [70,71].Tese provoked us to utilize castor oil to cause diarrhea in this study because it is comparable to the pathophysiology of diarrhea.Te studied extracts demonstrated an antidiarrheal efect at the test dosages used, as shown by a signifcantly (p < 0.05; p < 0.01) delayed onset of diarrhea and decreased number of fecal matter frequency Advances in Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences (number of wet feces) (Table 11).Te examined extracts' ability to increase fuid and electrolyte absorption through the gastrointestinal is one of the possible explanations for their antidiarrheal efectiveness.Again, previous reports showed that magnesium sulfate causes diarrhea because of its osmotic characteristics, which prevent water ions from being reabsorbed and increase the volume of the intestinal contents.In addition, this salt encourages the release of cholecystokinin from the duodenal mucosa, which boosts secretions.Furthermore, it inhibits the reabsorption of water and sodium chloride as well as has a motor action on the small intestine [70].Te studied extracts (PFJM, PFJE, PFJC, SFJM, SFJE, and SFJC) signifcantly reduced diarrhea brought on by magnesium sulfate (Table 12).Since the extracts slowed the gastrointestinal transit in mice compared to the negative control, they may increase the absorption of water and electrolytes from the gastrointestinal tract.Teir antidiarrheal efcacy may have been enhanced, at least in part, by the extract's induction of a delay in the gastrointestinal transit, which gave more time for absorption.Te percentage of inhibition was signifcantly (p < 0.05; p < 0.01) increased at all trial doses in comparison to the standard, and the quantity of diarrheal feces was also noticeably reduced.Te tested extracts signifcantly (p < 0.01; p < 0.05) increased the reabsorption of water in the gastrointestinal transit test and decreased the intestinal transit of charcoal meal, indicating a dose-dependent antimotility efect.Tis allows for the absorption of water and electrolytes, which in turn has an antidiarrheal efect (Table 13).All of these fndings suggest that the antisecretory properties of extracts may be related to the presence of favonoids, tannins, terpenoids, and saponins as well as to the synergistic interactions between these [70][71][72][73][74]. F. jangomas fruit has been used for centuries to treat a wide range of human ailments in Bangladesh [7][8][9][10][11][12].Our recent study also demonstrated that the aforementioned plant's fruit and seed are rich in secondary bioactive components with a range of health-promoting efects, such as antiarthritic, thrombolytic, anthelmintic, analgesic, CNS depressant, antidiarrheal, and hypoglycemic features.Further investigation is necessary to elucidate the precise mechanism and bioactive components.

Conclusion
Te traditional uses of the fruit and seed of F. jangomas as antiarthritic, thrombolytic, anthelmintic, analgesic, CNS depressing, antidiarrheal, and hypoglycemic medicines are validated by our current fndings.Te research backs up the conventional theories as well; nevertheless, more investigation is required to pinpoint the precise chemical components that give rise to the previously listed characteristics.We will carry out additional studies to identify the bioactive compounds and comprehend the exact molecular mechanisms in order to develop a safe and efective dosage and to confrm the likelihood of its usage in the prevention and treatment of various diseases.

Figure 1 :
Figure 1: Te heatmap shows the evaluation of phytochemical constituents in plant extracts.Te red to green color indicates the amount from the absence (0 score) to the highest presence (3 score) of the phytochemicals in each sample.Te color scale is shown on the right side of the heatmap.

Figure 2 :Figure 3 :
Figure 2: IC 50 of the experimented extracts and standard.All experiments were performed in triplicate.Data are expressed as mean ± SD (n � 3; p < 0.05; p < 0.01) for all tested dosages.

Table 1 :
Treatment design.(2% w/v of gum acacia with normal saline) only for the tail immersion test Group II positive control Standard (1 mg/kg of diazepam for motor coordination and thiopental-induced sleeping experiments, 25 mg/kg of diclofenac sodium for the writhing test, 2 mg/kg morphine for the tail immersion test, 10 mg/kg of metformin for the hypoglycemic test, and 2 mg/kg of loperamide for castor oil-and magnesium sulfate-induced diarrheal assessments) drug for the respective test * Test.Te LD 50 value of the studied extracts was established as 1000 mg/kg when administered orally to mice based on the fndings of acute toxicity experiments.In order to conduct in vivo studies, three dose

Table 2 :
Table of quantitative phytochemicals of F. jangomas extracts.
10JM, methanolic extract of the fruit; PFJE, ethyl acetate extract of the fruit; PFJC, chloroform extract of the fruit; SFJM, methanolic extract of the seed; SFJE, ethyl acetate extract of the seed; SFJC, chloroform extract of the seed.Results are reported as the mean standard deviation of triplicate measurements (mean ± SEM; n � 3) and analyzed by one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) trailed by Dunnett's test; a * p < 0.05 and b * * p < 0.01 are signifcant compared to the standard drug (diclofenac sodium).10Advances in Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences

Table 4 :
In vitro anti-infammatory efcacy of F. jangomas extracts.PFJM, methanolic extract of the fruit; PFJE, ethyl acetate extract of the fruit; PFJC, chloroform extract of the fruit; SFJM, methanolic extract of the seed; SFJE, ethyl acetate extract of the seed; SFJC, chloroform extract of the seed.Results are reported as the mean standard deviation of triplicate measurements (mean ± SEM; n �3) and analyzed by one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) trailed by Dunnett's test;

Table 5 :
Anthelmintic activity of F. jangomas extracts at diverse concentrations.
12JM, methanolic extract of the fruit; PFJE, ethyl acetate extract of the fruit; PFJC, chloroform extract of the fruit; SFJM, methanolic extract of the seed; SFJE, ethyl acetate extract of the seed; SFJC, chloroform extract of the seed.Results are reported as the mean standard deviation of triplicate measurements (mean ± SEM; n � 3) and analyzed by one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) trailed by Dunnett's test; a * p < 0.05 and b * * p < 0.01 are signifcant compared to the positive control (albendazole).12Advances in Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences tolerance test to exhibit signifcantly more hypoglycemic activity (p < 0.05; p < 0.01) than the negative control group.Tere was no discernible diference between the initial fasting blood glucose levels (FBGLs) of any group when compared to the others.However, 30 min after the oral glucose challenge, all groups demonstrated a signifcant increase (p < 0.05; p < 0.01) in FBGL, demonstrating the induction of hyperglycemia.However, at the lowest dose (200 mg/kg), the investigated extracts were unable to produce observable changes over time.Te uppermost activity

Table 6 :
Analgesic efect of F. jangomas extracts in the acetic acid-induced writhing model.
PFJM, methanolic extract of the fruit; PFJE, ethyl acetate extract of the fruit; PFJC, chloroform extract of the fruit; SFJM, methanolic extract of the seed; SFJE, ethyl acetate extract of the seed; SFJC, chloroform extract of the seed.When compared to the control group, the data values are shown as mean SEM (n � 6); a * p < 0.05 and a * * p < 0.01 compared to the control group; b * p < 0.05 and b * * p < 0.01 compared to the standard group (one-way ANOVA with post hoc Dunnett's test).

Table 7 :
Analgesic efect of F. jangomas extracts in the tail immersion test.PFJM, methanolic extract of the fruit; PFJE, ethyl acetate extract of the fruit; PFJC, chloroform extract of the fruit; SFJM, methanolic extract of the seed; SFJE, ethyl acetate extract of the seed; SFJC, chloroform extract of the seed.When compared to the control group, the data values are shown as mean SEM (n � 5); a * p < 0.05 and a * * p < 0.01 compared to the control group; b * p < 0.05 and b * * p < 0.01 compared to the standard group (one-way ANOVA with post hoc Dunnett's test).
PFJM, methanolic extract of the fruit; PFJE, ethyl acetate extract of the fruit; PFJC, chloroform extract of the fruit; SFJM, methanolic extract of the seed; SFJE, ethyl acetate extract of the seed; SFJC, chloroform extract of the seed.When compared to the control group, the data values are shown as mean SEM (n � 5); a * p < 0.05 and a * * p < 0.01 compared to the control group; b * p < 0.05 and b * * p < 0.01 compared to the standard group (one-way ANOVA with post hoc Dunnett's test).

Table 9 :
Efect of F. jangomas extracts on motor coordination in the rotarod test.

Table 10 :
Blood glucose level in oral glucose tolerance test of F. jangomas extracts.

Table 12 :
Efect of F. jangomas extracts on magnesium sulfate-induced diarrhea in mice., methanolic extract of the fruit; PFJE, ethyl acetate extract of the fruit; PFJC, chloroform extract of the fruit; SFJM, methanolic extract of the seed; SFJE, ethyl acetate extract of the seed; SFJC, chloroform extract of the seed.When compared to the control group, the data values are shown as mean SEM (n � 6); a * p < 0.05 and a * * p < 0.01 compared to the negative control group; b * p < 0.05 and b * * p < 0.01 compared to the standard group (one-way ANOVA with post hoc Dunnett's test). PFJM

Table 11 :
Efect of F. jangomas extracts on castor oil-induced diarrhea in mice.
PFJM, methanolic extract of the fruit; PFJE, ethyl acetate extract of the fruit; PFJC, chloroform extract of the fruit; SFJM, methanolic extract of the seed; SFJE, ethyl acetate extract of the seed; SFJC, chloroform extract of the seed.When compared to the control group, the data values are shown as mean SEM (n � 6); a * p < 0.05 and a * * p < 0.01 compared to the negative control group; b * p < 0.05 and b * * p < 0.01 compared to the standard group (one-way ANOVA with post hoc Dunnett's test).

Table 13 :
Efect of F. jangomas extracts on the gastrointestinal transit test in mice., methanolic extract of the fruit; PFJE, ethyl acetate extract of the fruit; PFJC, chloroform extract of the fruit; SFJM, methanolic extract of the seed; SFJE, ethyl acetate extract of the seed; SFJC, chloroform extract of the seed.When compared to the control group, the data values are shown as mean SEM (n � 6). a * p < 0.05 and a * * p < 0.01 compared to the negative control group (one-way ANOVA with post hoc Dunnett's test). PFJM