A Chelating Resin of EDTA-Type Modified Cross-Linking Polystyrene to Preconcentrate Trace Metals for Seawater Detection

Li, Chao; Duan, Linna; Han, Mingchao; He, Hongwei; Yuan, Mengxiang; Wang, Hairong

doi:https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/2080600

Journal of Analytical Methods in Chemistry

On this page

Abstract Introduction Experimental Results and Discussion Conclusions Data Availability Conflicts of Interest Authors’ Contributions Acknowledgments References Copyright Related Articles

Research Article | Open Access

Volume 2022 | Article ID 2080600 | https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/2080600

A Chelating Resin of EDTA-Type Modified Cross-Linking Polystyrene to Preconcentrate Trace Metals for Seawater Detection

Chao Li,¹Linna Duan,¹Mingchao Han,²Hongwei He,²Mengxiang Yuan,³and Hairong Wang¹

Academic Editor: Alessandro Buccolieri

Received10 Jan 2022

Revised10 Aug 2022

Accepted26 Sept 2022

Published14 Oct 2022

Abstract

The determination of trace metals in seawater is an important project of marine environmental monitoring. However, the presence of many alkali metal ions with high concentration, such as sodium ion, seriously interferes with the detection limit and accuracy of atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS, flame/graphite furnace integrated). The conventional chemical methods for the enrichment of trace metals are complex, and low boiling point organic solvents are used. In this paper, a kind of commercial cross-linked polystyrene resin microspheres was chloromethylated and aminated to introduce EDTA-type amino polycarboxylic groups and then loaded in a column as the absorption filler. A set of seawater pretreatment and enrichment devices was designed and assembled. The enriching process and conditions of trace Cu, Zn, Pb, and Cd in standard seawater were studied. 10 g of the modified resin could enrich the equivalent seawater and remove successfully the light metal ions. pH = 5∼9 and 0.2 mL/min of the flow rate were the suitable conditions for preconcentration. The enriched metal ions in the eluent were analyzed on the AAS. Compared with the conventional solvent method, the novel material and enrichment device have high preconcentration efficiency, strong anti-interference ability, and low cost and could be directly applied for routine seawater detection.

1. Introduction

Trace amounts of trace metals are widely present in various waters, and common analytical methods are hard to detect them [1–5]. In particular, the measurement of trace trace metal ions is often subject to a large degree of interference because there is the presence of a higher concentration of alkali (Earth) metal ions in these waters, such as seawater, salt-lake water, and salty industrial wastewaters, which strongly affect the test results of atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS, flame/graphite furnace) being applied widely and accepted as a standard means. In fact, the salty sample to be sure of contents of trace trace metals must be pretreated to concentrate trace metal ions and remove alkali (Earth) metal ones before being tested on AAS. [6–8].

At present, the main methods for testing trace trace metal in seawater include some national standard methods (Chinese GB 17378.4–2007), mainly using ammonium pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate (APDC) and sodium diethyldithiocarbamate (DDTC) as complexing agents and organic solvent methyl isobutyl ketone (MIBK) as extraction media to concentrate trace metal ions [9–11]. However, this method has got a complicated operation process and uses much higher purity reagents, which is easy to introduce impurities and not economical. At the same time, the organic solvent is inevitably volatilized during the operation, which takes the deviation of the test concentration and does certain harms to operators and the environment as well. Therefore, in recent years, the concentration and enrichment of trace metals in high salt water, especially in seawater, have gradually been given more and more attention [12–14]. The core part (material) of a typical preconcentration system is a chelating column filled with functional resins. Minami et al. [15] and Biller and Bruland [16] developed a concentration system using Chelate-PA1 chelating resin, respectively, and Jiménez et al. [17] used Chelex 100 resin to build a similar concentration enrichment device for measuring trace metal ion content in seawater. However, the structures of commercial adsorption resins are not uncovered, and the performance robustness for the long-term use of the adsorption/desorption process of trace metal ions is not elucidated clearly. Ethylene diamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA) was a good chelating agent in chemistry, and EDTA-like or EDTA-modified recyclable resins had been designed and applied in removal of trace metal ions for purification of water [18, 19]. The stability of the obtained resins through polymerization by using acrylate monomers is insufficient for long-term use because there will be decomposition of the esters of acrylate to a certain extent when purged by acid or buffer solution during desorption, which may lead to the disintegration of the resin system. There were other chelating polymeric resins developed by introducing inorganic graphene [20], multiwalls carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) [21], magnetic hollow porous oval shape NiFe₂O₄ [22] or organic ionic liquid [23], chitosan etc. [24]. Due to the fixedness and stability, these modified resins had no good recyclability and repeatability in the process of adsorption-desorption. Sometimes, there was only one or a few ions exhibiting a response of adsorption-desorption [24].

Polystyrene (PS) and divinyl benzene cross-linking resin is a sort of stable alkyl one having good resistance of acid, alkali, and organic solvents. Consequently, PS cross-linking resin is often modified to be a cationic or anionic adsorbent. In this work, the commercially and facilely obtained PS cross-linking resin beads were surface-modified and grafted with EDTA-type structure having polycarboxy and amino groups and used to preconcentrate trace metal salts from standard seawater samples. The self-built enrichment device was employed, and trace metal ions enriched successfully to remove the light metal ions, such as Na⁺ with high concentration, in which the trace Cu, Zn, Pb, and Cd were determined by a AAS integrated flame/graphite furnace, and the testing results coincided with the values given by the conventional organic extraction method.

2. Experimental

2.1. Reagents and Materials

The cross-linking PS beads were purchased from Dae (Tianjin) Technology Co., Ltd. Chloromethyl methyl ether (CMME), tin tetrachloride (SnCl₄), ethylenediamine (EDA), 4-dimethylaminopyridine (DMAP), sodium chloroacetate, N,N-dimethyl formamide (DMF), trichloromethane (CHCl₃), isobutyl ketone (MIBK), cyclohexane, and ethanol were of analytical grade, bought from Aladdin Co. (China), which were used without further purification. Nitric acid (HNO₃), acetic acid (AcOH), and ammonium acetate (NH₄Ac) were of trace metal grade, and deionized (ultrapure) water was given with a Milli-Q Integral 5 system.

Ammonium pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate (APDC) and sodium diethyldithiocarbamate (DDTC) as complexing agents (GB 17378.4–2007) with 99.9% purity were purchased from Aladdin Co. Ltd and used without further purification. Standard seawater was obtained from Beijing Putian Tongchuang BioTech Co., Ltd, and it contained mainly metal ions of Na (10.76 g/L), Mg (1.3 g/L), Ca (0.41 g/L), and K (0.40 g/L), and trace metals of Cu (5.0 ± 0.4 µg/L), Zn (70 ± 3 µg/L), Pb (10.0 ± 0.6 µg/L), and Cd (1.00 ± 0.06 µg/L).

2.2. Preparation of EDTA-Type Modified PS Beads

2.2.1. Chloromethylation of PS Bead Surface (CPS), [25]

20 mL of CH₂Cl₂ and 3 g of PS beads were added in a 100 mL 4-neck round flask equipped with a condenser and magnetic stirrer at room temperature. After the solution was left under these conditions for 20 minutes, 7 mL of CMME was added dropwise with continuous stirring for 45 minutes. Then, 3 mL of CMME and 0.4 mL of anhydrous SnCl₄ were added dropwise in 10 min to the mixture. The reaction was kept for a period of 8 hours. Then, the reaction was terminated, and the solid chloromethylated PS beads were afforded after filtration and washed three times by 50 mL × 3 of CHCl₃.

2.2.2. Amination of PS Bead Surface (APS)

20 mL of CH₂Cl₂, 2.4 g of DMAP, and 1.2 g of EDA were added in a 100 mL 4-neck round flask equipped with a magnetic stirrer at room temperature. After the solution was stirred for 20 minutes, 2.0 g of CPS beads were added with continuous stirring. The reaction was kept for a period of 8 hours. Then, the reaction was terminated, and the solid aminated PS beads were given after filtration and washed three times by 50 mL × 3 of CH₂Cl₂.

2.2.3. Polycarboxyl Introduction to APS (CAPS)

20 mL of DMF, 2.4 g of DMAP, and 2.3 g of sodium chloroacetate were added in a 100 mL 4-neck round flask equipped with a magnetic stirrer at room temperature. After the solution was stirred for 20 minutes, 2.0 g of APS beads were added with continuous stirring. The reaction was kept for a period of 24 hours. Then, the reaction was terminated, and the solid amino-polycarboxylic PS beads were given after filtration and washed three times by 50 mL × 3 of ethanol Scheme 1.

The given CAPS beads were observed by using a digital camera and scan electron microscope (SEM, TESCAN-VEGA3, USA). The structures of PS and CAPS beads were characterized by Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR, Nicolet iS10, Thermo Fisher Scientific, USA).

2.3. Enriching System and Concentration Process

Before loaded in a column, the amino polycarboxylic PS beads (CAPS chelating resin) were processed or washed by using acetone, 3 mol/L HNO₃, ultrapure water, and 0.1 mol/L NH₄Ac, shown in Figure 1. Then, over 8.0 g of the CAPS beads were loaded in a cylinder with 8 mm in inner diameter and 50 mm in length, and then the enriching system was built. The effect on enriching efficiency was explored, such as mass of resin, pH of seawater, and the flow rate.

A typical process was followed. 20 mL of the standard seawater sample was injected by using a pump (speed: 0.2 mL/min) and passed by using a 4-way valve and column filled with processed 10 g of CAPS resin, and then 10 mL of ultrapure water was injected to purge. The eluate during this period flowed down into a tank of “waste liquids.” Switching the 3-way valve to the mode of “eluate (HNO₃)” and 4-way valve to no.3 inlet, the desorption process of trace metal ions by 2 mL of 1 mol/L HNO₃ started, which also meant the regeneration of column. After purging of HNO₃ liquid was accomplished, the HNO₃ eluate was collected for determination of Cu, Zn, Pb, and Cd by means of AAS (PerkinElmer PinAAcle 900T, flame/graphite furnace integrated design with longitudinal Zeeman background subtraction system) and flame AAS for Zn and graphite furnace one for Cu, Pb, and Cr, respectively. The flame AAS has an air-acetylene burner used for determination of Zn. Spectral bandwidth (0.7 nm), the flow rate of acetylene gas (1.4 L/min), and the nebulizer flow rate (10.0 mL/min) are the conventional working parameters. For graphite furnace AAS, these parameters are spectral bandwidth (0.7 nm), lamp current 7 mA, ashing temperature 400°C, and atomization temperature 2300°C. Finally, the column was purged by 20 mL of deion water, 20 mL of buffer solution (0.05 M AcOH/AcONH₄, pH 6), and 20 mL of deion water in turn.

To explore the effect of resin mass, the flow rate and pH of water sample on the enriching results of trace metals as well as the different enrichment conditions are shown in Table.1. The samples to be enriched and tested were the standard seawater containing Zn, Cu, Pb, and Cd.

2.4. Determination of the Limit of Detection (LOD)

The standard seawater and its diluted samples (1/2, 1/4, 1/8, 1/10 of the original standard seawater sample in concentration) were processed and tested. 100 mL of every (diluted) seawater sample was enriched by 10 mL of HNO₃ eluent for detection of AAS. The LOD was calculated from the curves of absorbances with concentration. Every sample was measured 10 times to determine the standard deviation of the blank. The absorbance of each enriching eluent was measured three times. The relationship of the average value of the absorbance intensity of every metal ion with the concentration of their eluent was built and plotted. The LOD was calculated usingwhere S_d is the standard deviation of the blank experiments, and k is the slope value of the linearity plot.

3. Results and Discussion

3.1. Characterization of Polycarboxyl Amino Modified PS Beads

As shown in Figure 2, the as-obtained pure PS beads and then EDTA-type modified ones, CAPS are regular balls and have a smooth surface, whose average size is 400–600 μm in diameter. The structures of these beads were characterized by means of FT-IR (KBr pellets), as shown in Figure 3. Compared with the two IR spectra, there were main peaks of PS, 1450 cm⁻¹, 1490 cm⁻¹, and 1600 cm⁻¹ assigned to benzene ring and 2846 cm⁻¹ and 2923 cm⁻¹ to -CH₂- groups. The peaks at 1733 cm⁻¹ and 3415 cm⁻¹ which only appeared in the CAPS spectrum were attributed to carboxyl groups, and they were not strong due to low amount of these groups being merely on the surface. Similarly, the bending vibration of other bonds in CAPS, C-N, broadened the peak width at 756 cm⁻¹ assigned to the bending vibration of C-H (benzene ring).

(a)

(b)

3.2. Enrichment and Determination of Trace Metal Ions in “Standard” Seawater

To evaluate the novel resin filled in the column, 10 mL of standard seawater containing trace metals of Cu (5.0 µg/L), Zn (70 µg/L), Pb (10.0 µg/L), Cd (1.0 µg/L), and many more other kinds of ions, such as sodium, potassium, and so on, was flowed by 1 mL/min through the column, and 10 mL of the HNO₃ eluant was collected for flame/graphite furnace AAS analysis, as shown in Figure 4. At the same time, the same amount of seawater was processed and complexed by APDC/DDTC based on the specification for marine monitoring–Part 4: Seawater analysis (GB 17378.4–2007).

(a)

(b)

The concentrated metal ion solution was measured on the AAS instrument, and the results are shown in Table 2. The modified PS beads and the preconcentrating device exhibit the same detection results as all that the APDC/DDTC process does.

When all the trace metals ions flowed through the column, trace metal ions were adsorbed and chelated with amino polycarboxylic groups on the surface of modified PS beads, as shown in Figure 5. These ions could be desorbed easily when HNO₃ solution purged the same column and the HNO₃ eluent containing the ions was sent to the AAS instrument for detection. The contents of the ions given by AAS were coincided with their standard values, which showed that the chelating resin of modified PS beads was effective on enriching the trace ions. After the HNO₃ eluent ended, at the same time, the column was regenerated and could be used in the next enrichment process.

3.3. Investigation on Enrichment Efficiency

Generally, the seawater quality in the world is improving, and especially, the contents of heavy metals ion are decreasing, such as coastal waters of China. The standard seawater was diluted to 1/2, 1/4, 1/8, and 1/10 to evaluate the enrichment efficiency. The concentrations were shown in Table 3, in which these values were given by AAS and then multiplied by 2, 4, 8, and 10, respectively.

As shown in Figure 6, the correlation coefficient of this method for Zn, Pb, Cu, and Cd was 0.9911, 0.9921, 0.9976, and 0.9912, respectively, which stated clearly that the enriching process was efficient.

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

The LODs of Cu, Zn, Pb, and Cd were given, as shown in Table 4, which indicated that the developed enrichment method had high efficiency. Accordingly, the LODs of metal ions were lower than those given by APDC/DDTC treatment (GB 17378.4-2007).

To explore the effect of resin mass, the flow rate and pH of the water sample on the enriching ability or capacity of trace metals and the different enrichment conditions were adopted and testing results as shown in Figure 7. The mass of resin was more important for preconcentration, and at least 10 g was suitable for 20 mL of standard seawater. Compared with other kinds of resin, [4] the quantity of usage was much higher, which could be attributed to the lower specific surface area of commercial PS beads with big diameter and the grafted EDTA-type absorption groups on the surface. 0.2 mL/min was suitable for the enriching process (Figure 7(b)), and high speed, 0.4 mL/min easily caused the incomplete absorption of trace metals. The enriching capacity was not affected obviously by pH value of samples Figure 7(c). The enriching process was repeated 8 times to verify the resin’s absorption ability, which showed good results (Figure 7(d)).

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

3.4. Applications in Detection of Waters

The seawater samples were taken in Jiaozhou Bay, Tangdao Bay, and Aoshan Bay of Qingdao costal sea, Shandong, China. They were detected by the newly developed enriching method and, in contrast, also detected by means of APDC/DDTC treatment. As shown in Table 5 and Figure 8, the results were close, and all the seawater satisfied the standard of National class I sea water in China. Compared with the open sea of Tangdao Bay and Aoshan Bay, the continental sea, the water quality of Jiaozhou bay was the worst, and Pb content exceeded the National Standard in sampling time.

4. Conclusions

In general, a novel chelating resin, synthesized from commercial cross-linking PS beads modified by EDTA-type, amino polycarboxylic groups, was fabricated facilely and applied as a column filler to enrich trace metals, Cu, Zn, Pb, and Cd and to remove light metals, such as Na⁺ with high content, in seawaters, which eliminated interference when trace metals were analyzed on AAS (flame/graphite furnace). Correspondingly, a preconcentrating device was self-built based on this column and standard seawater introduced to evaluate this enriching filler and device. Some important parameters were investigated and optimzied, such as mass of resin, flow rate, and pH of the sample. More than 10 g of resin and 0.2 mL/min of flow rate were more suitable for preconcentrating trace metals from 20 mL of seawater, but pH value did not affect obviously the detecting results. Compared with the current organic extraction agents, APDC/DDTC, applied in GB 17378.4-2007, the modified PS resin beads exhibited higher enriching efficiency, lower LOD, and good repeatability, and the device had strong anti-interference ability and low cost, which could be directly applied for routine water detection.

Data Availability

The data that support the findings of this study are available from the author upon reasonable request.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

Authors’ Contributions

Chao Li, Linna Duan, and Mingchao Han contributed equally to this work.

Acknowledgments

This research was supported by an open fund (no: 201810) of the Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environment and Disaster Prevention and Mitigation.

References

Y. Lu, X. Liang, C. Niyungeko, J. Zhou, J. Xu, and G. Tian, “A review of the identification and detection of heavy metal ions in the environment by voltammetry,” Talanta, vol. 178, pp. 324–338, 2018.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
J. Koelmel and D. Amarasiriwardena, “Imaging of metal bioaccumulation in Hay-scented fern (Dennstaedtia punctilobula) rhizomes growing on contaminated soils by laser ablation ICP-MS,” Environmental Pollution, vol. 168, pp. 62–70, 2012.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
H. Xiang, Q. Cai, Y. Li et al., “Sensors applied for the detection of pesticides and heavy metals in freshwaters,” Journal of Sensors, vol. 22, 2020.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
T. Dasbasi, S. Sacmaci, N. Cankaya, and C. Soykan, “A new synthesis, characterization and application chelating resin for determination of some trace metals in honey samples by FAAS,” Food Chemistry, vol. 203, pp. 283–291, 2016.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
K. Siraj and S. A. Kitte, “Analysis of copper, zinc and lead using atomic absorption spectrophotometer in ground water of Jimma town of Southwestern Ethiopia,” International Journal of Chemical and Analytical Science, vol. 4, pp. 201–204, 2013.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
A. A. Gouda, R. El Sheikh, A. O. Youssef, N. Gouda, W. Gamil, and H. A. Khadrajy, “Preconcentration and separation of Cd (II), Co (II), Cu (II), Ni (II), and Pb (II) in environmental samples on cellulose nitrate membrane filter prior to their flame atomic absorption spectroscopy determinations,” International Journal of Environmental Analytical Chemistry, vol. 14, 2020.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
I. Narin, M. Soylak, L. Elci, and M. Dogan, “Determination of trace metal ions by AAS in natural water samples after preconcentration of pyrocatechol violet complexes on an activated carbon column,” Talanta, vol. 52, no. 6, pp. 1041–1046, 2000.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
S. Saracoglu, M. Soylak, and L. Elci, “Separation/preconcentration of trace heavy metals in urine, sediment and dialysis concentrates by coprecipitation with samarium hydroxide for atomic absorption spectrometry,” Talanta, vol. 59, no. 2, pp. 287–293, 2003.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
V. Kazantzi, A. Kabir, K. G. Furton, and A. . Anthemidis, “Fabric fiber sorbent extraction for on-line toxic metal determination by atomic absorption spectrometry: determination of lead and cadmium in energy and soft drinks,” Microchemical Journal, vol. 137, pp. 285–291, 2018.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
V. Kazantzi, E. Drosaki, A. Skok, A. B. Vishnikin, and A. Anthemidis, “Evaluation of polypropylene and polyethylene as sorbent packing materials in on-line preconcentration columns for trace Pb (II) and Cd (II) determination by FAAS,” Microchemical Journal, vol. 148, pp. 514–520, 2019.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
T. R. Crompton, Preconcentration Techniques for Natural and Treated Waters: High Sensitivity Determination of Organic and Organometallic Compounds, Cations and Anions, Taylor&Francis Group, London, UK, 2002.
N. S. La Colla, C. E. Domini, J. E. Marcovecchio, and S. E. Botte, “Latest approaches on green chemistry preconcentration methods for trace metal determination in seawater–a review,” Journal of Environmental Management, vol. 151, pp. 44–55, 2015.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
M. D. Granado-Castro, M. J. Casanueva-Marenco, M. D. Galindo-Riano, H. El Mai, and M. Diaz-de-Alba, “A separation and preconcentration process for metal speciation using a liquid membrane: a case study for iron speciation in seawater,” Marine Chemistry, vol. 198, pp. 56–63, 2018.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
B. Duval, A. Gredilla, S. Fdez-Ortiz de Vallejuelo, E. Tessier, D. Amouroux, and A. de Diego, “A simple determination of trace mercury concentrations in natural waters using dispersive Micro-Solid phase extraction preconcentration based on functionalized graphene nanosheets,” Microchemical Journal, vol. 154, 2020.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
T. Minami, W. Konagaya, L. Zheng et al., “An off-line automated preconcentration system with ethylenediaminetriacetate chelating resin for the determination of trace metals in seawater by high-resolution inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry,” Analytica Chimica Acta, vol. 854, pp. 183–190, 2015.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
D. V. Biller and K. W. Bruland, “Analysis of Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Cd, and Pb in seawater using the Nobias-chelate PA1 resin and magnetic sector inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS),” Marine Chemistry, vol. 130-131, pp. 12–20, 2012.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
M. S. Jimenez, R. Velarte, and J. R. Castillo, “Performance of different preconcentration columns used in sequential injection analysis and inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry for multielemental determination in seawater,” 2001, https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0584854701004013.
View at: Google Scholar
S. He, C. Zhao, P. Yao, and S. Yang, “Synthesis of silica-supported multidentate ligands adsorbents for the removal of heavy metal ions,” Environmental Engineering Science, vol. 32, no. 7, pp. 593–601, 2015.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
B. F. Şenkal and N. Biçak, “Glycidyl methacrylate based polymer resins with diethylene triamine tetra acetic acid functions for efficient removal of Ca (II) and Mg (II),” Reactive and Functional Polymers, vol. 49, no. 2, pp. 151–157, 2001.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
A. Chałupniak and A. Merkoçi, “Graphene oxide–poly (dimethylsiloxane)-Based lab-on-a-chip platform for heavy-metals preconcentration and electrochemical detection,” ACS Applied Materials and Interfaces, vol. 9, no. 51, pp. 44766–44775, 2017.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
C. R. T. Tarley, K. M. Diniz, F. A. Cajamarca Suquila, and M. G. Segatelli, “Study on the performance of micro-flow injection preconcentration method on-line coupled to thermospray flame furnace AAS using MWCNTs wrapped with polyvinylpyridine nanocomposites as adsorbent,” RSC Advances, vol. 7, no. 31, pp. 19296–19304, 2017.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
M. Liu, L. Yang, and L. Zhang, “Functionalization of magnetic hollow porous oval shape NiFe₂O₄ as a highly selective sorbent for the simultaneous determination of five heavy metals in real sample,” Talanta, vol. 161, pp. 288–296, 2016.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
G. Elias, S. Díez, and C. Fontàs, “System for mercury preconcentration in natural waters based on a polymer inclusion membrane incorporating an ionic liquid,” Journal of Hazardous Materials, vol. 371, pp. 316–322, 2019.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
W. T. Suarez, M. O. K. Franco, L. F. Capitan-Vallvey, and M. M. Erenas, “Chitosan-modified cotton thread for the preconcentration and colorimetric trace determination of Co (II),” Microchemical Journal, vol. 158, 2020.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
A. Y. León-Bermúdez and R. Salazar, “Synthesis and characterization of the polystyrene-asphaltene graft copolymer by FT-IR spectroscopy,” C.T. and F Ciencia, Tecnologia, Futuro, vol. 3, no. 4, pp. 157–167, 2008.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar

Copyright

Copyright © 2022 Chao Li et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

PDF Download Citation

Download other formats

Order printed copies

Views

447

Downloads

444

Citations