Numerical Investigation of Relationship between Bursting Proneness and Mechanical Parameters of Coal

As one of the most catastrophic dynamic hazards in underground coal mines, coal bursts have been a major safety concern around the world for many years. Although the coal bursts can occur in all cases of hard to soft coal if the right stress environment is created, the occurrence of coal bursts is closely related to the intrinsic mechanical properties of coal, such as the bursting proneness. In this study, a total of 27 coal specimens are selected in the open literature studies to obtain a group of fundament data, such as the mechanical parameters, four bursting proneness indices, stress-strain curves, and their geological conditions where the specimens were taken. &e relationship between bursting proneness indices and the cohesion of the coal specimens is established by numerically fitting the stress-strain curves and theoretically deduction. By taking into account the coal heterogeneity, eight probability distribution functions are employed to assignment nonuniform cohesion to the numerical model and to study the influence of heterogeneity on bursting proneness. &e results reveal that the coal cohesion, which combines the common advantages of the four proneness indices, can be used as bursting proneness index. In the research of heterogeneity, the coal bursting proneness will decrease with the increasing of cohesion scatter degree. &e larger the cohesion scatter degree increase is, the lower the bursting proneness will be.&e failure of coal specimen is more andmore severe with the decrease of cohesion scatter degree. In addition, this paper provides two methods for assigning heterogeneous parameters to the numerical model. &e contours of shear strain rate and plastic state between homogeneous and heterogeneous coal specimens are compared to study the failure types of coal specimens and to reveal the mechanism of violent failure in coal bursts.


Introduction
As one of the most catastrophic dynamic hazards in an underground coal mine, coal bursts have been a major safety concern around the world for many years [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8]. e sudden and violent failure of coal and rock masses accompanied by loud noise and ground vibration frequently occurs during the coal bursts. For example, on October 20, 2018, a severe coal burst accident occurred in the Longyun coal mine, Shandong Province, China, and resulted in heavy casualties and serious disruption to the mine operations [9]. In addition, in 2010 and 2011, two serious coal burst accidents occurred successively in Yima mining area in China caused casualties, equipment damage, and economic losses [10]. Between 1983 and 2017, 283 coal burst accidents were reported to the Mine Safety and Health Administration (MSHA) in the United States [10]. In 2014, two miners were killed and the mining machine was severely damaged in a coal burst accident in the Austar coal mine in New South Wales, Australia [11,12].
ere are a large number of factors associated with the occurrence of coal bursts. However, although the coal bursts can occur in all cases of hard to soft coal if the right stress environment is created, the occurrence of coal bursts is closely related to the intrinsic mechanical properties of coal, such as the bursting proneness [13][14][15][16]. Generally, the bursting proneness is determined by a group of indices including uniaxial compressive strength (R c ), elastic strain energy (W ET ), bursting energy (K E ), and dynamic fracturing duration (D t ) [17][18][19][20][21]. Kidybiński used these four indices to study the ability of coal seam to store and release elastic strain energy and evaluate and classify the coal burst risk [18]. By tracing the progressive fracture process of rock material and studying the stress-strain curve in the uniaxial compressive tests, Lippmann reviewed the advantage and limitation of these four bursting proneness indices [19]. Haramy and McDonnell pointed out that coal had the capacity to store strain energy and highly recommended the use of the elastic strain energy index (W ET ) to evaluate the ability of coal to burst [20]. Singh conducted a series of tests to search a parameter which can be used to measure the burst proneness of coal and suggested that the burst energy index (K E ) be used as the main index in assessing the burst prone [21]. Lee et al. used elastic strain energy (W ET ) to evaluate high-potential rockburst in a tunnel with overburden depth greater than 400 m [22]. Su et al. employed these indices to evaluate the bursting proneness of coal seam in the Chengjiao coal mine in China and studied the correlation among these indices [23]. Wang et al. investigated the intrinsic properties of coal by these indices and studied the relationship between the intrinsic and external factors contributing to the occurrence of coal bursts [3].
As Kidybinski stated, the bursting proneness was the natural ability of coal to store and release elastic strain energy. erefore, the bursting proneness of coal is an issue of distribution between energy storage and release. To gain in-depth understanding of the relationship between the bursting proneness and coal bursts, apart from these four indices, numerous studies have been carried out to obtain novel bursting proneness indices based on the investigation of energy storage and release, e.g., surplus energy [24][25][26], modified brittleness [27], and energy dissipation indices [24,28], burst energy speed [29], and energy release speed [30]. Zhang et al. put forward an index of residual energy emission speed to evaluate the released energy per second [25]. Qi et al. pointed out that the brittleness index and moisture content of coal material can also be used to study the coal burst proneness [31]. Based on studying the relation between busting strain energy and wave velocity, Cai et al. introduced a bursting strain energy index to quantitatively map the coal burst risk contour in a coal mine in China and they developed a fuzzy comprehensive evaluation method by considering the results of microseismic monitoring [32]. Faradonbeh and Taheri intended to assess the coal burst risk by three novel indices including genetic algorithm-based emotional neural network (GA-ENN) and gene expression programming (GEP) [33]. By considering a current available database, Afraei et al. presented aggregative predictor variables combining the overburden thickness, tensile strength, and brittleness ratio of rock strata [34]. Gale pointed out that coal burst was related to the energy available and rib side resistance and comprehensively used indices of burst velocity, strain energy resistance, seismic energy, and gas energy to evaluate the coal burst risk [35]. Gong et al. proposed a residual elastic energy index to quantitatively study the relationship between stored elastic energy density, dissipated energy density, and total input energy density [26].
In fact, the bursting proneness of coal is closely related to the internal composition and microstructure of coal [6,[36][37][38]. Zhang et al. revealed that the burst proneness was related to the heterogeneous degree of rock material [36]. Similarly, Feng and Zhao pointed out that the intrinsic properties of coal with bursting proneness depended on the microscopic homogeneity of rock or coal [39]. Pan et al. revealed that the joint density is closely related to the ability of the rock mass to store high strain energy. e higher the joint density is, the weaker the ability to accumulate the elastic strain energy of rock mass is and the lower the rockburst proneness is [40]. Pan et al. revealed that the composition and structure inside the rock played an important role on the bursting proneness of rock and found that the strength and Young's modulus of rock masses would increase with the increase of the noncrystalline quartz content and decrease with the increase of the montmorillonite and kaolinite [5,41]. Su et al. conducted a series of uniaxial compressive tests and found that crack propagation in coal specimen with high bursting proneness was extremely violent [42]. Wang et al. indicated that the coal sample with high bursting proneness contained large amounts of noncrystalline quartz [6]. Song et al. studied the strength, components, and microstructures of coal specimen by the methods of scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and electromagnetic radiation (EMR) and found that the failure characteristics of burst coal was regarded as brittle failure because of the heterogeneous composition and microstructure [43].
According to the review of literature studies about the bursting proneness indices and relationship between bursting proneness and microstructure of material, it can be seen that the current studies of bursting proneness are mainly focused on the proneness index definition and application. However, there is limited information available in the open literature about the relationship between the indices R c , W ET , K E , and D t . In fact, there is a common mechanical parameter among the four indices, which is of great significance to assessing the bursting proneness. In addition, although the effectiveness of material composition and microstructure on the bursting proneness has been investigated for many years, there is little information about the numerical method for simulating the distribution of heterogeneous parameters, failure types of heterogeneous coal specimens, and its influence on the mechanism of violent failure in coal bursts. In this study, a total of 27 coal specimens are selected in the open literature studies to obtain a group of fundament data, such as the mechanical parameters, four bursting proneness indices, stress-strain curves, and their geological conditions where the specimens were taken. e relationship between bursting proneness indices and the cohesion of the coal specimens is established by numerically simulation and theoretically deduction. e reason that cohesion can be used as an index to assess the bursting proneness is analyzed based on the in-depth understanding on the common advantages of the four proneness indices. By taking into account the coal heterogeneity, the nonuniform distribution of cohesion in coal specimens is mapped by eight commonly used probability distribution functions to study the influence of heterogeneity on bursting proneness. In addition, the internal and external factors contributing to coal bursts are analyzed to reveal the mechanism of occurrence of coal bursts.

Overview of Coal Specimens with Bursting
Proneness Selected from Open Literature Studies

Standard Indices and Classification of Bursting Proneness.
Bursting proneness is an inherent property of coal. It is used to evaluate the risk of coal bumps by assessing the energy accumulation capability of coal. According to the current standard in China, bursting proneness is classified into three levels: high, low, and none [17]. e standard proneness indices include the elastic strain energy index (W ET ), the bursting energy index (K E ), the duration of dynamic fracture (D t ), and uniaxial compressive strength (R c ) [18,21,33].
As shown in Figure 1, these four indices are determined by conducting the uniaxial compressive tests. e uniaxial compressive strength (R c ) is the peak stress of stress and strain curve (Figure 1(a)). e elastic strain energy index (W ET ) (Figure 1(b)) is the ratio of the elastic energy accumulated, and the dissipated plastic energy before 80-90% of the peak strength of the coal is achieved. e bursting energy index (K E ) (Figure 1(c)) is defined as the ratio of the strain energy accumulated before peak strength and the strain energy released after peak strength. e larger the elastic strain energy index and bursting energy index are, the higher the bursting proneness of the coal will be. e duration of dynamic fracture (D t ) (Figure 1(d)) refers to the time span from peak strength to complete failure of coal specimen and is expressed in milliseconds. Since the index D t represents the speed of accumulated energy release, the smaller the value of D t is, the higher the bursting proneness of coal will be. Table 1 presents the classification of the bursting proneness of coal with the indices of R c , W ET , K E , and D t .

Coal Specimens with Bursting Proneness.
A total of 27 coal specimens are taken from the open literature to establish a group of fundament data of the stress-strain curves and bursting proneness indices of specimens [23,42,[44][45][46][47][48][49]. As the uniaxial compressive tests in these references are conducted under the same testing standard, the data from these tests are collected and sequenced in order of the values of uniaxial compressive strength (UCS), as listed in Table 2. In this study, the USC is actually the bursting proneness index R c . e elastic strain energy index (W ET ), the bursting energy index (K E ), and the duration of dynamic fracture (D t ) of these coal specimens are also listed. e comprehensive results of bursting proneness are determined according to the current standard in Table 1. Among the 27 specimens, 17 specimens are of high bursting proneness, 6 are of low bursting proneness, and 4 coal specimens are of none bursting proneness. Table 2 also lists the geological conditions of the coal mines in which these specimens were taken. For example, the geological conditions of the Qianqiu coal mine in Yima mining area, Henan Province, China, are characterized with the occurrence of large synclines, reverse fault structures, and extreme thick roof strata [38,44,50]. e stress-strain curves of these 27 coal specimens in the uniaxial compressive tests were also obtained, as shown in Figure 2. ese curves are grouped and shown into nine subfigures based on coal mines at which specimens were taken. It should be noted that the bursting proneness results obtained from the stress-stain curves merely represent the mechanical characteristics of these 27 specimens rather than the coal seam in these nine coal mines.
Although the stress-strain curves and bursting proneness are gained in the uniaxial compressive tests, it is impossible to obtain other important parameters of the specimens such as Young's modulus, cohesion, friction angle, and tensile strength through the same tests. In this study, the 27 stressstrain curves will be numerically fitted to obtain these parameters.

Numerical Model and Simulation Scheme.
According to the ISRM-suggested methods for rock mechanics, a cylinder with diameter of 50 mm and height of 100 mm is built in ANSYS (Analysis Systems). is ANSYS model is then transferred into FLAC 3D (Fast Lagrangian Analysis of Continua in 3-Dimensions) code as the numerical model for simulation, as shown in Figure 3. In this numerical model, FLAC 3D mesh elements with size of 2.2 mm × 1.4 mm × 2.5 mm are presented. e failure criterion is the strain-softening model which is based on the Mohr-Coulomb model with nonassociated shear and associated tension flow rules. In this model, the cohesion, friction, and tensile strength may soften after the onset of plastic yield by a user-defined piecewise linear function. Since Young's modulus, Poisson's ratio, cohesion, friction angle, and tensile strength of the 27 coal specimens were not given in the cited literature studies, the initial mechanical parameters are empirically determined according to the UCS, as listed in Table 3 [51]. Based on the stress-strain curve in Figure 2, the numerical curves will be fitted by adjusting the initial parameter until curves are well fitted with a set of appropriate parameters which are then taken as the parameters of the specimens.
A coordinate system is selected with the x-and y-axes located in the base of the cylinder and the z-axis pointing along the cylinder axis. On the basis of applying fixed displacement boundary conditions at the bottom of model, a constant velocity of 5 × 10 − 5 mm/step is applied in the zdirection at top of the cylinder to induce compression of the specimen, as shown in Figure 3.

Shock and Vibration 3
In this study, the numerical simulation is performed according to the following procedure: Step 1: numerical fitting of the stress-strain curves of the 27 coal specimens with uniform distribution of mechanical parameters.
Step 3: study on heterogeneity by probability distribution.
Step 4: nonuniform parameter assignment to the numerical model.
Step 5: study of the influence of nonuniform distribution of mechanical parameters on UCS of coal specimen.
Step 6: study of coal bursting proneness and failure.

Numerical Fitting of Stress-Strain Curve and Relevant
Parameters. Figure 4 presents the numerical fitted stressstrain curves of the 27 specimens. In order to ensure the accuracy of the fitting results, the fitting degree between the numerical fitting curve and the experimental curve is calculated. e fitting degree refers to the fitting degree of the regression line to the observed value. e statistical measure of the goodness of fit is the determinable coefficient (also   [17].

Indices
No bursting proneness Low bursting proneness High bursting proneness Elastic energy index (W ET ) Shock and Vibration known as the determination coefficient) R 2 , and the distribution interval is (0, 1). e larger the R 2 is, the better the fitting degree is: where SSR is the sum of squares of regression, SSE is the sum of squares of residuals, and SST is the sum of squares of total deviations. e calculation formula of R 2 is further derived, and the results are as follows: where y i is the real observation value, the stress value of the test curve is substituted in the calculation, y is the average value of the real observation, the average value of the stress value of the selected test curve is substituted in the calculation, y is the fitting value, and the stress value of the curve obtained by numerical fitting is substituted in the calculation.     It is revealed that numerical fitted stress-strain curves can be used to study the mechanical parameters of coal specimens as most of fitting coefficients R 2 between test and numerical results are greater than 98%. To calculate the dissipated plastic energy before 80-90% of the coal peak strength, Figure 4 presents the unload stress-strain curve. Table 4 lists the numerical parameters determined by numerically fitting the 27 stress-strain curves in the uniaxial compressive test. In the process of fitting, we find that the elastic modulus affects the time of the peak value appears. e larger the elastic modulus is, the earlier the peak value of the curve appears, the cohesion affects the peak value of the curve, the higher the cohesion, the greater the peak strength of the curve, and the friction angle affects the peak strength and the postpeak section of the curve. e larger the friction angle, the greater the peak value of the curve and the greater the brittleness of the postpeak segment is. Tensile strength and Poisson's ratio have little influence on the curve. According to the data in Table 4, when the uniaxial compressive strength changes from 27.26 MPa to 4.98 MPa, the cohesion changes from 6.82 MPa to 1.19 MPa, and the change amplitude is the most obvious among all the parameters. erefore, the remaining parameters are regarded as constants, ignoring the influence of these parameters on bursting proneness. It should be pointed out that in this paper, No. 7 and No. 8 coal are determined as high bursting proneness according to R C , W ET , and K E indexes, and low bursting proneness according to D t indexes; No. 16 and No. 17 coal are determined as bursting proneness according to R C and W ET indexes, and low impact tendency according to K E and D t indexes. ere are still similar problems in the data in the table, which are not listed here one by one. erefore, the existing identification index has the problem of inconsistent identification results.
As shown in Figure 1, the bursting proneness indices are calculated by the area under the stress-strain curves. It can be seen from Figure 4 that the prepeak strength curves, postpeak strength curves, and the unload curves are approximately regarded as linear lines. To list these three linear equations for 27 specimens, the No. 12 coal specimen is taken as an example to approximately present, as shown in Figure 5.
In this study, the functional equations of these three curves can be assumed as respectively, and the parameters of E 1 , E 2 , E 3 , b 2 , and b 3 are the slope and intercept of these three linear curves. By calculating the fitted stress-strain curves, the values of slope and intercept for the 27 coal specimens are listed in Table 5. In this table, the UCS of coal specimens is listed as well. Figure 6 shows the relation between the parameters of E 1 , E 2 , E 3 , and the UCS. It is revealed that the E 1 and E 2 approximately increase linearly with the increase of the UCS while an exponential relation between E 3 and UCS can be         Shock and Vibration 9 assumed.
erefore, the relational equation between the parameters of E 1 , E 2 , E 3 , and UCS can be assumed as where k 1 , k 2 , k 3 , e 1 , e 2 , and e 3 are constant coefficients of these three equations; R c is the UCS of coal specimens. According to the coefficients of curves in Figure 5, the intercepts of unload and postpeak strength curves are, respectively, where the parameter n is a ratio between 80% and 90% of the peak strength of coal. According to the numerical parameters of these coal specimens in Table 4 and corresponding bursting proneness indices in Table 2, Figure 7 is drawn to study the relationship between the bursting proneness indices and cohesion and to reveal the effectiveness of coal properties on the bursting    Shock and Vibration proneness of coal. In addition, the theoretical relation between bursting proneness indices and cohesion is deduced for comparison with the numerical results, as shown in Figure 7. e two dash lines in these figures are drawn to represent the minimum boundary of high bursting proneness (red lines) and minimum boundary of low bursting proneness (orange lines). Figure 7(a) presents the relation between bursting proneness index R c and cohesion. It is revealed that the index R c linearly increases with the increase of cohesion. According to the theory of Mohr-Coulomb criterion, the UCS or index R c is related to cohesion and friction angle by

Relation between Index R c and Cohesion.
where C is cohesion and φ is friction angle of coal specimens.
According to equation (9), if the friction angle φ is constant, the theoretical linear relation between cohesion and index R c can be obtained. eoretical and numerical results are in good agreement, as shown in Figure 7(a). In addition, it also can be seen that coal is of high bursting proneness when its cohesion is approximately greater than 3.5 MPa and it is of low bursting proneness when the cohesion is approximately greater than 2.0 MPa. Figure 7(b) presents the relation between bursting proneness index W ET and cohesion. It can be seen from the numerical results that the index W ET approximately linearly increases with the increase of cohesion.

Relation between Index W ET and Cohesion.
According to the current standard in China, the index W ET is calculated as a ratio of the elastic energy accumulated and the dissipated plastic energy before 80-90% of the coal peak strength [17]. As shown in Figures 1 and 5, elastic energy accumulated (S e ) and the dissipated plastic energy (S p ) before 80-90% of the peak strength are calculated as Substituting equations (4), (5), and (7) into equations (10) and (11), then the index W ET is calculated as Substitution of equation (9) into equation (12) gives the relation between index W ET and cohesion as erefore, if the friction angle φ is constant, an approximate linear relation between index W ET and cohesion holds.
is theoretical relation is identical with the numerical results, as shown in Figure 7(b). It also can be revealed that a specimen is of the high bursting proneness when its cohesion is greater than 3.5 MPa and the low bursting proneness is regarded when the cohesion is approximately greater than 1.5 MPa. Figure 7(c) presents the relation between bursting proneness index K E and cohesion. It can be seen that the index K E increases with the increase of cohesion. e index K E gradually increases as the cohesion increases from 1.5 to 3.5 MPa, and then it

Shock and Vibration 13
sharply increases when the cohesion is greater than 3.5-4.0 MPa. According to the current standard in China, the bursting energy index (K E ) (Figure 1(b)) is a ratio of the strain energy accumulated before peak strength and the strain energy released after peak strength [17]. As shown in Figures 1 and  5, strain energy accumulated before peak strength (S pre ) and strain energy released after peak strength (S post ) are, respectively, calculated with equations (14) and (15) as Substituting equations (4), (6), and (8) into equations (14) and (15), then the index K E is calculated as Substitution of equation (9) into equation (16) gives the relation between index K E and cohesion as If the friction angle φ is constant, a power functional relation between index K E and cohesion is obtained. is theoretical relation is consistent with the numerical results, as shown in Figure 7(c). It also can be seen that the high bursting proneness is warranted when the cohesion is approximately greater than 4.0 MPa and the low bursting proneness is assumed when the cohesion is approximately greater than 1.5 MPa. Figure 7(d) presents the relation between bursting proneness index D t and cohesion. It can be seen that the index D t decreases with the increase of cohesion. e index D t sharply decreases when the cohesion increases from 1.5 to 3.5 MPa while it gradually decreases when the cohesion is over 3.5-4.0 MPa.

Relation between Index D t and Cohesion.
According to Figure 1, the postpeak strain and dynamic fracturing duration (D t ) are equivalent to illustrate the span from peak strength to complete failure of coal specimen. erefore, the dynamic fracturing duration (D t ) can be replaced by the postpeak strain in this part to study the relation between index D t and cohesion. e postpeak strain can be calculated as Substitution of equation (9) into equation (18) gives the relation between postpeak strain and cohesion as If the friction angle φ is constant, a power functional relation between the postpeak strain and cohesion can be obtained, which is found to be in good agreement with the numerical results, as shown in Figure 7(d). It also can be seen that the specimen is of high bursting proneness when the cohesion is approximately greater than 4.0 MPa and the low bursting proneness is reached when the cohesion is greater than 1.5 MPa.

Numerically Assignment of Nonuniform Distribution of Coal Parameter.
Coal heterogeneity is a major factor to influence its mechanical behaviors, such as the UCS, shear strength, failure behavior, crack evolution, and bursting proneness [39,[52][53][54][55][56]. Probability distribution is a widely used method to statistically describe the distribution in mechanical properties of materials and analyze the characteristics of rock and coal heterogeneity.
In this study, the influence of nonuniform distribution of cohesion on the coal strength (UCS) is mainly analyzed. Eight types of probability distribution functions are employed to assignment cohesion to the numerical model. Table 6 lists these eight probability density functions and their relative parameters such as mathematical expectation, variance, and standard deviation. e mathematical expectation can be approximately regarded as the average value, and standard deviation is a parameter to represent the scatter degree of cohesion in the numerical model. e greater the standard deviation is, the larger the scatter degree of cohesion in the numerical model will be. e No. 12 coal specimen is taken again as an example in this part. e cohesion of this specimen is 4.82 MPa under homogeneous conditions, as listed in Table 4 Table 7 lists the standard deviation of the probability distributions for these eight intervals.
Since the coal specimen is an axisymmetric cylinder which is obtained by laboratory drilling, the strength of the specimen center is generally greater than that of the specimen edge. erefore, nonuniform cohesion will be assigned to the numerical model from the center to edge of cross section according to the above eight distribution functions. Figure 8 shows the nonuniform cohesion assignment results in coal specimen under the eight cohesion scatter intervals. In these figures, the curves reflect the cohesion variation in the model cross section from center to edge while the contours present the distribution of cohesion in the cross section.

Influence of Scatter Degree of Cohesion on the UCS.
Since the UCS is one of the indices to evaluate the bursting proneness of coal, it is selected to study the bursting proneness in this part. Figure 9 presents the stress-strain curves of No. 12 coal specimen under nonuniform cohesion distribution in the model. In these figures, the stress-strain curve under the uniform assignment of cohesion is also drawn to analyze the differences between the homogeneous and heterogeneous mechanical characteristics. It can be seen that the UCS decreases with the increasing of scatter degree. All of the stress-strain curves suggest that the UCS of coal specimen with nonuniform cohesion is lower than that of homogeneous coal. With the decreasing of cohesion scatter degree, the stress-strain curve of coal specimen is more and more close to the stress-strain curve under homogeneous condition. In addition, the stress-strain curves of coal specimen are getting closer and closer to each other with the decreasing of cohesion scatter degree. However, the relationship between the UCS and cohesion scatter degree is not linear. To in-depth study their relationships, Figure 10 presents the numerical results of UCS under the different standard deviations for eight probability distributions. In this figure, it is revealed that the UCS nonlinearly decreases with the increasing standard deviation. e greater the standard deviation is, the larger the scatter degree of cohesion in the numerical model will be. erefore, the UCS of coal specimen will nonlinearly decrease with the increasing of cohesion scatter degree. In other words, UCS of coal specimen will decrease rapidly with the increasing of cohesion scatter degree. Since USC is a bursting proneness index, the coal bursting proneness will decrease with the increasing of cohesion scatter degree. e larger the cohesion scatter degree increase is, the lower the bursting proneness will be. Chi-square

Shock and Vibration
In addition, as shown in Figure 10, different probability distributions describe different effects of nonuniform cohesion on the UCS of coal specimen. In these eight probability distributions, with the increasing of cohesion scatter degree, the UCS decrement of coal specimen assigned by Weibull and Normal distributions was smaller than that by the other six distributions. e UCS of coal specimen assigned by Fisher distribution decreases fastest among these eight distributions with the increasing of cohesion scatter degree. It is important to note that these eight probability functions employed in this study are the most commonly used distributions to describe the heterogeneous coal. e    purpose of Figure 10 is to provide a number of widely used probability distributions to study the heterogeneity based on their characteristics rather than list all of the existing distributions.

e Failure Characteristics of Coal Specimen with the Nonuniform Cohesion.
In this study, shear strain rate (SSR) is employed to study the failure characteristics of coal specimens [57][58][59]. e SSR means square root of the second invariant of the deviatoric strain in FLAC 3D [60]. It is a FLAC 3D element variable in which the maximum SSR will return at each calculation step. e contours of SSR represent the most likely failure zone in which both the tensile and shear failure may occur. Figure 11 presents eight groups of stress-strain curves of coal specimen with nonuniform cohesion assignment by Weibull probability distribution. In these figures, the contours of SSR at different stages of the stress-strain curves are presented. e curve of the specimen with uniform cohesion is also presented as a comparison. It can be seen that the contours of SSR gradually distribute across the coal specimens when it reaches the postpeak strength. In addition, with the decrease of cohesion scatter degree, the change of one shear zone to two zones can be observed. It shows that the failure of coal specimen is more and more severe with the decrease of cohesion scatter degree. In other words, nonuniform cohesion reduces the coal strength and also reduces its failure intensity. Attention should be paid to the difference between homogeneous and heterogeneous specimens in terms of failure characteristics. It is suggested that the SSR is more regularly distributed in homogeneous specimens than that in heterogeneous specimens. e difference of these two kinds of specimens is that the heterogeneous specimen experiences more complex failure process than homogeneous specimen. It should be noted that the numerical simulation of failure characteristics of heterogeneous specimens is good agreement with the test results, as shown in Figure 12.

A Suggested Coal Bursting Proneness Index.
It can be revealed that the current indices used to identify bursting proneness have their own advantages and limitations. e index R c can be directly used to determine bursting proneness. However, the released strain energy and the accumulated strain energy in the compressive test are not considered in this index. Although both K E and W ET are used to assess the bursting proneness with respect to the strain energy, W ET focuses on the capacity of coal to absorb external inputs of energy before it achieves peak strength, while K E considers not only the accumulated elastic energy before peak strength but also the energy released after the peak strength. e index D t can reflect the speed of energy release, but it is not easy to be captured in the compressive test. Su studied the influence of crystal size of material on the bursting proneness and concluded that the shear deformation associated with cohesion will influence the bursting proneness [61]. Zhang et al. simulated the yielding surface by changing the cohesion in the strain-softening model to study the coal burst risk in the coal pillar [62]. Hoek and Brown stated that the establishment of nonlinear failure criterion for intact rock should take account of the effect cohesion and friction [63]. Le et al. found that the whole process from initial yielding to final failure can be captured by considering the cohesive-frictional effect of the jointed rock [64]. erefore, the cohesion and cohesive effect plays significant roles in the failure characteristics and process regardless of intact or jointed rocks. According to the numerical and theoretical results in Figure 7, the functional equations can be established between all of the bursting proneness indices and cohesion. e high bursting proneness coal has relatively greater cohesion, and low bursting proneness coal has relatively lower cohesion. In addition, according to the linear functional relation between the indices of R c and W ET and the cohesion (see Figures 7(a) and 7(b)), it can be seen that the coal cohesion can be directly used to reflect the elastic strain energy accumulation before coal peak strength. Since the release of strain energy after peak strength is a nonlinear process, the indices of K E and D t have gradual and sharp variation stages with the variation of strain. e power functional equation between these two indices and cohesion can reflect this nonlinear characteristic (see Figures 7(c) and 7(d)).
Due to the inconsistency of identification results in the existing bursting proneness indexes, each identification index has certain limitations. erefore, a new identification index is needed. According to the data given in Tables 2 and  4, the change of cohesion is most obvious in the change process of bursting proneness from high to none. Other scholars have also proved that there is an obvious corresponding relationship between bursting proneness and cohesion [61][62][63]. We also proved that there is a good correspondence between cohesive and bursting proneness through theoretical derivation. erefore, cohesion can be used as an index to identify the bursting proneness, as listed in Table 8. Figure 13 shows the contours of SSR after the peak strength calculated by FLAC 3D when the cohesion is uniformly distributed in coal specimens. e contours of SSR gradually transform from two zones to one zone when the cohesion changes from high to low. e shear strain zones distribute across the coal specimens when reaching the postpeak strength. In addition, the SSR of high bursting proneness coal is greater than that for the low or none bursting proneness coals. Since the bursting proneness can be identified by cohesion, the subfigures in Figure 13 are sequenced in order of cohesion. For example, as shown in Figure 13(a), specimens with cohesion of 6.07 MPa and 5.25 MPa are high bursting proneness coal and the specimens with 3.89 MPa, 3.03 MPa, and 2.79 MPa cohesion are low bursting proneness coal while 1.46 MPa specimen is the no bursting proneness coal. e appearance of contours of SSR does not necessarily mean that the shear failure will occur along the zones. e contours of plastic state after the peak strength are calculated to further study the failure characteristics. As shown in Figure 13(b), in the legend, shear-n and tension-n are abbreviations of shear-now and tension-now, indicating the position where shear plastic strain and tensile plastic strain are occurring; shear-p and tension-p are abbreviations of shear-past and tension-past, indicating the position where shear plastic strain and tensile plastic strain have occurred. e results show that there are more tensile failure zones in the coal specimens with high or low bursting proneness and there are more shear failure zones in the coal specimens with no bursting proneness. erefore, the failure of high bursting proneness coal is more violent than that for the low or no bursting proneness coal. e failure characteristics are gradual variation from tensile failure to shear failure when the bursting proneness changes from high to none. Figure 8, nonuniform cohesion is assigned to the numerical model from t center to edge of cross section according to the distribution functions. However, since the cohesion is quite randomly distributed in coal, it is necessary to study the influence of the random distribution of cohesion on the coal UCS or bursting proneness. Taking the No. 12 coal specimen as an example, the cohesion will be randomly distributed in the numerical model by Weibull function. e parameter m is set from 2 to 10, and the x 0 is set as 4.82 MPa for the cohesion of this specimen. Figure 14 presents cohesion assignment in the numerical model with the different parameter m. It can be seen that the distribution of cohesion tends to be more uniform in the numerical model with the increasing of parameter m. erefore, the implication of Figure 14 is that the scatter degree of coal properties can be adjusted by the parameters m when using the Weibull function. e smaller the parameter m is, the greater the scatter degree of coal properties will be. Figure 15 shows the stress-strain curves of No. 12 coal specimen under the random assignment of cohesion by Weibull function. e curve of the specimen with uniform cohesion is also presented as a comparison. In this figure, the modeling results suggest that, since the scatter degree of cohesion in the numerical model will increase with the increasing of m value, the UCS of coal specimen increases with the increasing of parameter m. However, there is not much difference in the UCS of coal specimen for each parameter m under the method of random assignment of cohesion to the numerical model. Figure 16 shows the plastic strain contour of the specimen under different m parameters. It can be seen from the figure that when m is small, the plastic strain will occur at all positions of the specimen due to the large scatter degree of cohesion. When m is large, the failure mode of the specimen is similar to the homogeneous model due to the small dispersion of cohesion, and the plastic strain is concentrated in one or two strips. erefore,    it can be considered that when m is small, the ultimate failure mode of the specimen is fragmentation failure, while when m is large, the ultimate failure mode of the specimen is splitting failure caused by one or two main cracks. By comparing the stress-strain curves of Figures 9 and 15, it can be seen that the large variation of UCS can be observed by the assignment method from the model center to edge. e assignment method from the model center to edge is to place a group of smaller cohesion at the edge of the numerical model and a group of larger cohesion at the center of the model. e method of random assignment does not determine the position of cohesion in the numerical model in advance.

Assignment Method of Nonuniform Coal Cohesion to the Numerical Model. As shown in
erefore, the numerical model may be failed gradually from edge to center under the assignment method from the model center to edge. e failure of numerical model does not necessarily follow this pattern under the method of random assignment of cohesion, as shown in Figure 17. Figure 17(a) shows the SSR contour from the center to the edge with the interval of 1.32 MPa-8.32 MPa, and Figure 17(b) shows the random assignment SSR contour with m � 2. It can be seen from Figure 17(a) that, by employing the method of assignment from center to edge, the edges of the model begin to fail under the axial compressive pressure and the failure zones gradually develop from edge to center until the model is completely destroyed. However, Figure 17(b) shows that the failure zones appear first at the center of the numerical model which is assigned the parameters randomly. It is important to point out that, since the numerical parameters are randomly assigned to model, the failure zones may be different from the Figure 17(b) if the next assignment is conducted. In addition, it should be noted that the purpose of this comparison is to provide two methods of numerical parameters assignment to model rather than evaluating the advantages or disadvantages of these two methods.

Analyses of Factors Contributing to Coal Bursts.
As discussed previously in this paper, coal bursts are closely related to the intrinsic bursting proneness of coal

24
Shock and Vibration [4,5,7,[12][13][14][15][16][17][18]. In addition, the failure characteristics of coal specimens show that the high bursting proneness coal includes tension, shear, and mixed tension-shear failures. However, Mark and Gauna pointed out that the occurrence of coal bursts is combined results of highly stressed environments [1]. Wang et al. found that no coal burst has been observed in some coal seams identified as high bursting proneness [15]. Afraei et al. stated that overburden thickness, stress state, and rock properties are the available factors to influence the prediction of coal bursts [34]. As shown in Table 2, the statistics of geological conditions of coal specimens suggests that large amounts of faults, primary folds, subsidiary fold structures, overturned rock strata, extreme thick roof strata, and island longwall mining face can be detected in most of the coal mines. ese geological conditions are significant external factors contributing to the occurrence of coal bursts. On November 3, 2011, a severe coal burst accident occurred in the Qianqiu coal mine of Yima mining area, Henan Province, China, and it is believed that the frequent large reverse fault reactivation and slip contribute to these coal bursts [6,32,[65][66][67][68][69].
In conclusion, a coal burst is the interactional results of bursting proneness, unstable geological structure, extreme thick roof strata, and island longwall mining face. In addition, due to the greater cohesion between the particles in coal specimens, coal with high bursting proneness provides an ideal internal environment for energy accumulation. To weaken this environment, the technologies including coal seam softening by water injection, borehole drilling in front of mining face, and advanced blasting in coal seam are wildly applied in coal mines to eliminate the bursting proneness [70][71][72][73].

Conclusions
Relationship between the coal bursting proneness and coal homogeneity and heterogeneity are studied in this paper.
e main conclusions are summarized as follows: (1) By numerically fitting the stress-strain curves of 27 coal specimens, the relationship between bursting proneness indices and cohesion of coal is statically established and the functional equations between them are theoretically obtained. It is suggested that the proneness indices R c and W ET linearly increase with the increase of cohesion while the index K E and cohesion have a positive power function relation. However, the negative power function between the index D t and cohesion is established. (2) e linear functional relation between the indices of R c and W ET and the cohesion suggests that the cohesion of coal can be directly used to reflect the elastic strain energy accumulation before coal peak strength. In addition, because of the power functional equation between cohesion and K E and D t , the coal cohesion could also be used to illustrate the nonlinear process of strain energy release after peak strength. erefore, coal cohesion combines the common advantages of the four indices and it can be used as an index to identify the bursting proneness. It is suggested that coal is of high bursting proneness when the cohesion is greater than 4.0 MPa and the low bursting proneness is warranted when the cohesion is greater than 1.5 MPa.
(3) By taking into account the coal heterogeneity, eight probability distribution functions are employed to assign the cohesion to the numerical model and to study the influence of heterogeneity on the bursting proneness. With the increasing of cohesion scatter degree, the UCS decrement of heterogeneous coal specimen assigned by Weibull and Normal distributions was smaller than that by the other six distributions. e UCS of heterogeneous coal specimen with Fisher distribution decreases fastest among the other distributions with the increasing of cohesion scatter degree. e coal bursting proneness will decrease with the increasing of cohesion scatter degree.
e larger the cohesion scatter degree increase is, the lower the bursting proneness will be. e failure of coal specimen is more and more severe with the decrease of cohesion scatter degree. (4) ere are many methods to assign heterogeneous parameters to the numerical models. is study provides two methods including the assignment from center to edge and random assignment. e selection of different method determines the different failure characteristics of the numerical model. By employing the method of assignment from center to edge, the edges of the model begin to fail and the failure zones gradually develop from edge to center until the model is completely destroyed. e selection of random assignment may simulate the characteristics in which failure zones appear first at the center of the numerical model. (5) e underground coal seam with high bursting proneness provides an ideal internal environment for energy accumulation. e high bursting proneness may be just an internal factor inducing coal burst accidents while the geological conditions are the significant external factors contributing to the occurrence of coal bursts. erefore, the coal bursts are the interactional results of high bursting proneness, unstable geological structure including thrust faults and overturned folds, extreme thick roof strata, and island longwall panel mining.

Data Availability
e data used to support the findings of this study are included within the article.

Conflicts of Interest
e authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.