Morphological, Physiological, and Biochemical Characterization of Drought-Tolerant Wheat ( Triticum spp . ) Varieties

Wheat is one of the most important cereal crops and extensively cultivated in wide ranges of altitudes in Ethiopia. With an alarming population growth in the era of climatic change, there is a need for further crop improvement for sustainable production. In this regard, the study was carried out at the Kulumsa Agricultural Research Center (KARC) in a rainout shelter to investigate the responses of durum and bread wheat varieties to soil water stress in terms of selected morphological, physiological, and biochemical parameters. The 2 factors were combined factorially and arranged in a randomized complete block design with 3 replications. The 12 wheat varieties, 6 bread wheat and other 6 durum wheat, were sown in pots under well-watered (100% ﬁeld capacity) and water-stressed (30% ﬁeld capacity) conditions. Results revealed that water stress resulted in 26%, 9%, 23%, 16%, and 11% reductions in plant height, spike length, number of spikelets spike − 1 , relative water, and chlorophyll contents, respectively. The tested wheat varieties under water stress produced 28% and 6% more proline content and total soluble sugar, respectively, as mitigation strategies against drought. Results further exhibited that wheat varieties signiﬁcantly diﬀered in all of the measured traits except for the plant height and relative water content. The present study veriﬁed that the biochemical parameters needs to be considered as better traits to select wheat ( Triticum spp.) varieties for drought tolerance under water stress conditions.


Introduction
Wheat is one of the most important cereal crops widely grown in an extensive range of altitudes by smallholder farmers under rain-fed conditions in Ethiopia [1]. Most wheat-producing areas in Ethiopia lie between 6°and 16°N latitude and 35°and 42°E longitudes at an altitude range from 1500 to 3000 meters above the sea level (m.a.s.l). However, the most suitable agroecological zones fall in between 1900 and 2700 m.a.s.l [1]. Wheat has the major share in Ethiopian agriculture in terms of area coverage. It ranks fourth next to tef (Eragrostis tef (Zuccagni), Trotter), maize (Zea mays L.), and sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L) Moench) in terms of area coverage [2]. Concerning production, wheat holds the fourth largest proportion (15.17%) next to maize (27.43%), teff (17.26%), and sorghum (16.89%) [2]. e total area under wheat coverage and its total production in the main season of 2018 was 1.7 million hectares and 4.6 million tones, respectively [2]. It is grown by an estimated 4.2 million farmers [2].
Drought is one of the most significant abiotic factors of dry land regions and leads to poverty, food insecurity, and malnutrition in sub-Saharan African countries including Ethiopia [3]. It can severely affect and reduce the yield and productivity of food crops worldwide up to 70% [4]. Studies showed that about 75% of the landmass of Ethiopia is classified under dry lands. ese regions have short growing season per year, usually 45-120 days and face soil moisture stress for majority of the days of the year [5]. In contrast to the increasing area coverage under dry land, the population of the country continues growing. Studies indicated that the population of Ethiopia increased from 83 million to 109 million between 2008 and 2018 [6]. During the same period, however, the production of cereals increased from 13.72 to 26.78 metric tons only [1,7]. is indicates that the productivity of crops needs to be increased at a higher rate in order to feed the ever-increasing population of the country. e stresses induced by drought negatively affect plant growth and development, causing a sharp decline in crops productivity [8]. is, in turn, can have a substantial impact on the agriculture of the affected region or country and bring significant harm to the economy [9]. Water scarcity is one of the stresses in drought-prone regions. Owing to the water stress, the productivity of crops in dry lands is usually lower than the optimum environments [10].
Water stress induces significant alterations in plants functioning [11,12]. Plants responses to water stress are complex due to unpredictable factors in the environment and the interaction with other abiotic and biotic factors which involve changes in their morphology, physiology, and metabolism [4,13]. e degree of adaptations to the environmental stresses induced by drought varies considerably among plants and species [11,12]. Some plants have a set of morphological, physiological, and biochemical adaptation strategies that allow them to cope up water stress conditions [12,14]. e response of plants to water stress is influenced by several factors such as the development stage, intensity, and duration of stress and cultivar genetics [15]. ese plants have tolerance limit to withstand stresses. As the water stress becomes more severe, functional damage and loss to plant parts can be occurred [13].
Agriculture in Ethiopia is predominantly traditional, and thus, mainly landraces are grown [1,16].
is is mainly attributed to the test of very few available Ethiopian improved varieties to adverse farming conditions that prevail among the smallholder farmers such as drought in terms of their physiological and biochemical traits [17]. It is also ascribed to the unavailability of seeds of improved varieties to farmers in sufficient quantity [18,19]. e phenomena encountered to wheat crop and extended duration of water stress can lead to severe reduction in overall production [20]. e development of drought tolerant varieties has been the approach used to alleviate the negative effects of water stress on crops and crop yields [21]. To date, the conventional plant breeding techniques have allowed the development of drought-tolerant and high-yielding crop varieties [17]. However, the shortcomings of this approach are that it is time consuming, labor intensive, and may lead to the loss of other desirable traits from the hosts' gene pool [22]. e other approach to cope up with the adverse effect of environmental stresses is screening of the available wheat varieties to water scarcity [23,24]. e adaptive responses to water deficit include morphological, physiological, and biochemical changes such as changes in growth rate, stomatal conductance, tissue osmotic potential, and antioxidant defenses [25][26][27]. Drought stress induces biosynthesis and significantly increases proline and total soluble sugar contents in comparison to plants under optimum production condition [28]. According to Manuchehri et al. [29], the amount of soluble sugars, proline concentration, and activity of free radical scavenging enzymes increased significantly under stress conditions to combat the accumulation of the reactive oxygen species. e varieties with enhanced capacity to syntheses such biochemicals in response to the water stress have relatively superior potential to offer higher yield and contributed to ensuring food security in the dry lands [14]. erefore, the objective of this research was to study the effect of soil water stress on selected morphological, physiological, and biochemical parameters of durum wheat (Triticum durum Desf.) and bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) varieties and to determine the traits, which can be used for identification of tolerant wheat varieties under water stress conditions.

Materials and Methods
e pot experiment was carried out at Kulumsa Agricultural Research Center (KARC) from March to July 2019 under rainout shelter. e site is located at 8°08'N and 39°08'E at an elevation of 2200 m a.s.l. in Arsi administrative zone of Oromia Regional State, 167 km southeast of the capital city, Addis Ababa. e agroecology of the study area is characterized as cool highland to semiarid climate. e area has a unimodal kind of annual rainfall, which extends from March to September; however, the peak season is from July to August. e data obtained from the weather station located at the KARC revealed that the area receives a mean annual precipitation of 809 mm, whereas the mean maximum and minimum temperatures are 23.08°C and 9.9°C, respectively. e dominant soil type of the study area is Vertic Luvisol [30].

Experimental Design and Treatments.
e pot experiment was designed to characterize drought-resistant bread and durum wheat varieties morphologically, physiologically, and biochemically. e seeds were sown, and the plants were grown in a rainout shelter, which is similar to the natural conditions with respect to natural daylight duration and air temperature of the period. e experiment had two factors, wheat varieties and water management. e total number of varieties tested was 12, while the treatments for water management were well-watered and stressed conditions. e treatments were combined factorially, which made up a total of 24 treatments, and were arranged in randomized complete block design with 3 replications. e 6 different bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) varieties, namely, Wane, Deka, Kakaba, Ogolcho, Pavon-76, and Kingbird and 6 durum wheat (Triticum durum Desf.) varieties, namely, Donmatio, Mangudo, Utuba, Alemtena, Ude, and Mukuye were used. e brief description of each of the 12 wheat varieties is summarized in Table 1. All those varieties were released to mid to lowlands. e major criteria considered for the selection of those varieties were their potential resistance to water stress. e bread and durum wheat varieties were collected from KARC and Debrezeit Agricultural Research Center (DARC), respectively.

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International Journal of Agronomy

Pot Repacking and Water Management.
e 12 wheat varieties were sown in pots with a capacity of 5 liters each (22 cm top diameter, 16 cm bottom diameter, and 18 cm height). e soil was collected from the nearby site where the experiment was conducted in a rainout shelter at Kulumsa, Ethiopia. e soil was air-dried, sieved to pass through a 2 mm mesh, and its residual moisture content (17%) and bulk density (1.05 g cm −3 ) were determined prior to repacking. Each pot was repacked with 4.5 kg air-dried soil. e repacked soil was saturated with water and kept overnight. e next day, 16 March 2019, a total of 15 and 10 seeds of bread and durum wheat, respectively, were sown in each pot. e germinated wheat was thinned to 10 and 8 plants of bread and durum wheat, respectively, after emergence to meet the recommended seed rate of wheat for sowing (125 kg ha −1 ). e numbers of seedlings per pot were attained considering the area of the pot (334 cm 2 ) and the mean kernel weight of 6 bread wheat (41.08 mg) and 6 durum wheat (54.25 mg) varieties. Based on the recommended package for wheat, 0.53 g nitrogen (N) and 0.50 g phosphorous (P) fertilizers from urea and triple super phosphate per pot were applied at sowing, which were equivalent to 73 and 30 kg N and P ha −1 , respectively. e water management under well-watered treatment was equivalent to 100% field capacity (FC) and was measured according to Khakwani et al. [31]. e 100% FC was equivalent to replenishing the same amount of water lost in the form of evapotranspiration at a certain period. e water stress was induced by refilling the soil to only 30% FC. e 100% FC was calculated considering the weather, soil, and crop properties. e weather variables were used to compute the reference evapotranspiration (ETo). e ETo per period and different development stages of the sown wheat crop in the studied soil and environment were calculated using a decision support computer program developed by FAO called CROPWAT 8.0 [32].
is program uses the FAO Penman-Monteith method [33] for calculating ETo. e daily input weather variables for computing ETo, minimum and maximum temperatures, wind speed, relative humidity, and sunshine hours were accessed from the nearby meteorological station located in the KARC. e remaining input weather variable, daily radiation, was calculated using the FAO CROPWAT 8.0 model [32]. Since there was no established crop coefficient (Kc) for wheat in the study area, the values developed by FAO were used [33]. e crop water requirmenet (CWR) at different periods was found by multiplying Kc values of each crop development stage with the computed ETo (CWR = Kc * ETo). e mean monthly weather data and the computed ETo values are summarized Table 2. e application of water treatments started after germination of the seeds and continued until maturity. e irrigation water requirement for the 100% FC, which is the amount of water that had to be applied to replenish the crop's evapotranspiration without significant reduction in yield, was computed based on the water requirement of the test crop (CWR) per its stages of growth and weather conditions. e 30% FC was calculated once the 100% FC value was obtained. Irrigation water was applied every 4 days since tillering to physiological maturity.

Evaluation of Morphological Traits.
e morphological and physiological data were recorded from the pot experiment conducted at KARC. e morphological traits measured for this experiment included plant height (PH), spike length (SPL), and number of spikelet per spike (NSPS). e measurement of each of the morphological traits was recorded from the randomly selected 3 sample plants from each pot at physiological maturity, and the values were expressed as a mean per each pot. e PH was measured using a meter scale from the surface of the pot (soil) to apex of the plant excluding awns. e SPL was measured using a meter scale from the base of spike to its tip excluding awns. International Journal of Agronomy e NSPS was counted from the randomly selected 3 plants, and the mean value was taken.

Determination of Relative Chlorophyll Content (RCC).
After the anthesis stage, the relative amount of chlorophyll present in wheat leaves (chlorophyll index), an indicative parameter to predict nitrogen fertilization in wheat, was measured with a hand-held portable device called SPAD 502 (Konica Minolta, Inc.) on randomly selected 3 sample flag leaves of the plant from each pot. e technique instantly measures the RCC of the leaves by simply clamping the meter over the leaf and obtaining the reading on a scale. e measurement values were expressed as a mean of 3 individual SPAD meter readings per pot.

Determination of Relative Water Content (RWC).
On one fully expanded leaf per pot, the RWC was determined according to the procedure of Schonfeld et al. [34]. e leaf from each pot was cut at the base of lamina, preserved within a polyethylene plastic bag and immediately brought to the laboratory. e fresh weight of the leaf was weighed immediately after reaching the laboratory using a sensitive balance (precision = 0.01 g), and the turgid weight was measured after saturating the leaf within distilled water for 24 h at room temperature. After saturating, the leaf was carefully transferred to a tissue paper, and its dry weight was recorded after drying it in an oven at 70°C for 24 h. RWC was calculated using the following equation: where FW, DW, and TW are the fresh weight, dry weight, and turgor weight, respectively.

Evaluation of Biochemical
Traits. e laboratory experiments for the biochemical tests were carried out at Melkassa Agricultural Research Center (MARC). e followings were the biochemical traits tested for wheat.

Proline Determination.
e analysis of proline (PRO) content in the leaves was measured by using acid ninhydrin reagent following the method of Bates et al. [35]. In order to examine the amount of PRO content in response to water stress, analysis of leaf samples was performed at the flowering stage after the water stress was induced. Fresh plant sample (0.5 g) was homogenized with 10 ml of 3% aqueous sulfosalicylic acid, and the homogenate was filtered using Whatman No. 2 filter paper. e filtrate was then used for the determination of PRO concentration. e 2 ml filtrate was taken and mixed with 2 ml of acid ninhydrin and 2 ml of glacial acetic acid in a test tube. e mixture was allowed to react for 1 h in a waterbath at 100°C. en, it was allowed to be cooled until producing reddish color. e reaction mixture was extracted with 4 ml of toluene, mixed vigorously in a test tube, and stirred for 15-20 seconds until separate layers were formed. e chromophore or upper toluene layer containing the color complex due to PRO ninhydrin reaction was separated from the aqueous phase to another test tube and was warmed at room temperature, and absorbance was read at 520 nm by a spectrophotometer. e PRO concentration was determined from the standard curve constructed from the known concentration of PRO and was expressed in μmol of proline per gram fresh weight of the leaf and calculated on a fresh weight basis as indicated in the following equation.
where the content of PRO was expressed in units of μmol g −1 fresh weight of leaves (μmol g −1 FW).

Total Soluble Sugar (TSS).
Total soluble sugar in the leaf samples was determined according to DuBois et al. [36] with some modifications [37]. Reagents used for this analysis was 5% phenol solution, which was prepared by mixing 5 g of phenol in 95 ml of double distilled water (DDW), and 90% ethanol, which was prepared by mixing 90 ml of ethanol and 10 ml of DDW. e fresh leaf material weighing 0.25 g was kept in 10 ml of 90% ethanol for 1 h at 60°C in a waterbath. e extract was then filtrated using filter paper into a volumetric flask, and the residue was reextracted. Final volume was made up to 25 ml by adding 90% ethanol. en, 1 ml of the aliquot was transferred to the test tube, and 1 ml of 5% phenol was added to it and mixed thoroughly. Later, 5 ml of 95% sulfuric acid was added to it and mixed thoroughly by vertical agitation. For exothermic reaction, the test tube was cooled in the air. Absorbance was recorded at 490 nm on a spectrophotometer, and soluble sugar was calculated from the standard glucose graph. e TSS was calculated using the following equation: 2.6. Data Analysis. e wheat physiological, morphological, and biochemical data were subjected to two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) using the Statistical Analysis System (SAS) version of 9.0 (SAS Institute Inc., Cary NC, USA). Means comparison for treatments with significant effects was performed using the least significant difference test at 5%. Simple correlation analysis between traits was also carried out using the same statistical tool. e graphs were plotted using Microsoft Excel 2010 (Microsoft® Corp., Redmond, Washington, USA).

Results and Discussion
e analysis of variance (ANOVA) revealed that there were significant differences (p < 0.001) among the wheat varieties in terms of the studied traits except for plant height and relative water content (Table 3). e influence of water stress was also highly significant (p < 0.001) on all the measured variables. e results further indicated that there were no significant interaction effects between variety and water stress for all the studied traits (Table 3). us, only the main effects were presented and discussed.

Morphological Traits of Wheat.
e influence of water stress was highly significant (p < 0.001) and reduced the plant height (PH), spike length (SPL), and number of spikelet per spike (NSPS) ( Table 4). Overall, the mean PH of wheat was very significantly reduced under water stress (48 cm) compared to the well-watered treatment (65 cm), which accounted for a decrease of 26%. e stunted growth in wheat varieties could attribute to more leaf senescence, decrease in relative turgidity, and dehydration of the protoplasm, which in turn is associated to the loss of turgor as well as reduced division, expansion, and enlargement of cells [38]. e current result is in agreement with Mushtaq et al. [39] who reported reduction in PH of wheat from 77 cm to 61.66 cm when irrigation was skipped at the tillering stage of crop growth. Reduction in PH due to water stress was also reported by Gupta et al. [40] who evaluated drought tolerance on 2 spring wheat varieties. Reduction in plant height of 14.7% caused by drought was also identified by Bayoumi et al. [41]. e SPL of wheat varieties was found shorter under water-stressed treatment (5 cm) in contrast to well-watered treatment (5.5 cm) (Table 4), which resulted in 9% reduction. e difference in SPL is governed by genetic makeup of varieties and environmental effects [42].
is result is in agreement with Jemal et al. [43] who reported 9% decline in spike length with increasing water stress. Memon et al. [44] also reported a similar effect of deficit irrigation on spike length in wheat. Compared to the well-watered treatment (12), the mean NSPS under water stress (9) was reduced by 23% (Table 4). Significantly decreased number of grains (kernels) per spike caused by water stress was also reported by Rahim et al. [45].

Physiological Characteristics of Wheat.
e water scarcity resulted in significantly lower (p < 0.001) relative water content (RWC) under water-stressed condition (63.54%) compared to the well-watered treatment (75.51%) indicating the plant water status under drought condition was inferior by 16% (Table 4). During water stress, the water balance of plants is disrupted, as a result of which the RWC and water potential of leaves decrease [46]. e RWC values in well-watered and water stress treatments were in consistent with Abdul Raziq et al. [47] who reported 36.7% reduction in the RWC of the leaves due to water deficit. Decreased RWC with water stress in all the tested varieties was also reported in common bean [48]. Changes in the RWC of leaves are considered as a sensitive indicator of drought stress and more useful integrator of plant water balance than the leaf water potential [49]. e water stress (41.62 SPAD units) resulted in 11% reduction in the relative chlorophyll content (RCC) in contrast to the well-watered treatment (46.83 SPAD units) ( Table 4). e decline in RCC under the water stress treatment could be attributed to the destruction of the chlorophyll and inhibition of its synthesis. Several researchers including Lessani and Mojtahedi [50] reported the damage of leaf pigments because of water scarcity. is is also supported by the findings of Sikuku et al. [51] who noted the inhibition of chlorophyll synthesis and inability of wheat to withstand water scarcity. A further reason for the diminution in RCC in response to water scarcity was the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) such as O 2− and H 2 O 2 due to drought or heat stress, which lead to lipid peroxidation and thus chlorophyll destruction [52]. Also, with decreasing chlorophyll content due to the change of the color of leaf from green into yellow, the reflectance of the incident radiation is increased [53]. e presented results are in agreement with the work of Araus et al. [54].
Higher relative chlorophyll content (RCC) in plants' leaves is a desirable characteristic because it indicates a low degree of photo inhibition of photosynthetic apparatus, therefore, reducing carbohydrate losses for grain development [55]. Chlorophyll is one of the major components of chloroplast, which helps for photosynthesis [38]. e RCC has a positive relationship with photosynthetic rate, while flag leaf chlorophyll content is an indicator of the photosynthetic activity and its stability for the conjugation of assimilate biosynthesis. Several researchers have successfully employed this trait for screening and selection of drought tolerance in wheat cultivars [56]. us, wheat cultivars with higher RCC can be considered as potential candidates for the droughtprone environments.

Biochemical Characteristics of Wheat.
e influence of water scarcity was highly significant (p < 0.001) on the production of proline (PRO) and total soluble sugar (TSS) in wheat varieties (Table 3). e results revealed 28% increases in PRO synthesis in wheat in response to water stress (3.85 µmol g −1 ) as compared to the well-watered condition (3.01 µmol g −1 ) (Table 3). is implies that the tested varieties produced significantly higher amount of PRO under the water stress condition as a mitigation strategy to cope up with the drought. e accumulation of PRO in plants tissues is a clear indication of their inherent ability for tolerance against environmental stress, particularly in plants under drought stress.
e PRO accumulation may also be part of the stress signal influencing adaptive responses [57]. erefore, the more the PRO, the better the ability of plants to withstand water stress, which is one of the most common compatible osmolytes in drought-stressed plants.
Similarly, the ANOVA revealed 6% rise in the amount of total soluble sugar (TSS) under water stress (49.84 mg g −1 ) than well-watered condition (46.84 mg g −1 ). is also implies that the tested varieties under water stress treatment produced significantly higher amount of TSS in response to the water scarcity as a stress escaping strategy. e leaf osmotic adjustment through the synthesis of soluble sugars has been a well-known mechanism to withstand water stress in many plants [58,59]. e synthesis of soluble sugars plays a great role in osmotic adjustment for water scarcity. e osmotic cell potential in plants can be adjusted by increasing the concentration of TSS, which can decrease water potential of cells without inhibiting the function of the enzyme and does not reduce turgidity of the cell. Increased concentration of sugar because of water scarcity helps to maintain the stability of the membrane, which in turn prevents and protects membrane fusion and keeps protein so as to stay functional [59,60]. According to Zhang et al. [26], solutes accumulated during stress serve as an aid to cope with the existing condition. e current result is in accordance with Hou et al. [61] who reported that the sugar content in the leaves of the plant could increase under drought conditions.

Morphological, Physiological, and Biochemical
Characteristics of Wheat Varieties (Table 3), the pooled mean values for the variables of wheat varieties measured over the two water management practices have been presented and discussed. e ANOVA indicated that there were marginally significant (p = 0.05) differences among the tested wheat varieties in plant height (PH) ( Table 3; Figure 1). e tallest plant (61.1 cm) was recorded from the Ude variety. However, this result was statistically similar to Ogolcho (58.4 cm), Deka (58.2 cm), Mangudo (58.2 cm), Pavon-76 (56.4 cm), and Utuba (56.3 cm) varieties (Figure 1). e shortest wheat variety in this study was Donmatio (50.9 cm), which was inferior compared to the aforementioned varieties ( Figure 1). Donmatio was found the shortest amongst the tested varieties under optimum Note. ns, not significant at p < 0.05, * significant at p < 0.01, and * * * significant at p < 0.001. CV, coefficient of variation; LSD V , list significant difference of varieties; LSD WM, list significant difference of water management.  [43] and environmental factors such as water scarcity [42], which results in the decline of the cell enlargement and more leaf senescence [38]. e results further revealed that the tested wheat varieties highly significantly (p < 0.001) contrasted in spike length (SPL) ( Table 3; Figure 2). e longest and statistically superior SPL (6.9 cm) was recorded from Ogolcho variety ( Figure 2). ough statistically lesser compared to the Ogolcho variety, the next longest SPL was recorded from Kingbird (6.2 cm), Deka (6.1 cm), Pavon-76 (5.9 cm), and Kakaba (5.6 cm) varieties, which were statistically similar to each other. e shortest SPL was recorded from Mukuye variety (4.2 cm); however, it was statistically similar to Ude (4.4 cm), Alemtena (4.5 cm), Utuba (4.5 cm), Mangudo (4.7 cm), and Wane (4.9 cm) varieties. Compared to Ogolcho, the SPL of Mukuye, Ude, Alemtena, Utuba, Mangudo, and Wane varieties was found shorter by 39%, 37%, 36%, 35%, 32%, and 29%, respectively.

Morphological Traits of Wheat Varieties. Given the nonsignificant interaction effects
Likewise, there were very highly significant (p < 0.001) differences among the tested varieties regarding the number of spikelet per spike (NSPS) ( Table 3; Figure 3). e Donmatio variety gave the highest NSPS (12.2); however, this result was statistically similar to Alemtena (12.0), Kingbird (11.4), Mangudo (11.2), and Deka (11.1) varieties (Figure 3). e lowest NSPS was recorded from Wane (8.6) variety, which was found statistically similar to Kakaba (8.8) variety (Figure 3). Wane and Kakaba varieties yielded 30% and 28% lower NSPS in contrast to the Donmatio variety. e number of spikelet per spike is an important yield component since it determines the potential of wheat yield.
Considering the relative water content (RWC), ANOVA did not present statistically significant differences (p < 0.05) among the tested varieties (Table 3). is implies that the abilities of the tested varieties in maintaining their RWC by absorbing water from the soil and curtailing water loss through their stomata were more or less similar.

Biochemical Characteristics of Wheat Varieties.
e ANOVA presented highly significant (p < 0.001) differences among the tested varieties concerning the production of proline   International Journal of Agronomy 7 (PRO) ( Table 3). Utuba variety yielded the highest PRO (4.78 µmol g −1 ) followed by Alemtena (4.65 µmol g −1 ), Donmatio (4.37 µmol g −1 ), and Mukuye (4.28 µmol g −1 ) varieties ( Figure 5). e lowest PRO was synthesized by Deka variety (2.22 µmol g −1 ). is result, however, was found statistically equivalent to Ogolcho (2.25 µmol g −1 ), Wane (2.75 µmol g −1 ), and Pavon-76 (2.9 µmol g −1 ) varieties ( Figure 5). Overall, the later varieties yielded 54%, 53%, 42%, and 39% reductions in the PRO content, respectively, compared to Utuba variety. e synthesis of high content of PRO in wheat varieties might increase their ability for osmotic regulation against the protection from the damage of soil water deficits. Furthermore, PRO is a compatible solute, which plays a great role as an enzyme-stabilizing agent. us, it has the ability of osmotic balance in the cytoplasm and vacuole to stabilize subcellular structure and for protection of membrane and proteins from oxidative damage during water stress [62][63][64]. PRO is one of the osmoprotectants that is accumulated in many crops in response to different kinds of stresses including drought [65]. Given higher level of PRO and TSS synthesis, in plant leaves, Utuba, Alemtena, and Donmatio varieties among durum wheat and Ogolcho, Kakaba, and Kingbird varieties among bread wheat were found to be relatively resistant to waterstressed environments compared to others. e ANOVA exhibited that the tested varieties varied highly significantly (p < 0.001) in total soluble sugar (TSS) production (Table 3; Figure 6). Ogolcho yielded the highest TSS (51.32 mg g −1 ) followed by Utuba (51.05 mg g −1 ), Alemtena (49.6 mg g −1 ), Kakaba (49.62 mg g −1 ), and Kingbird (49.03 mg g −1 ) varieties ( Figure 6). e lowest TSS was manufactured by Mangudo variety (44.1 mg g −1 ), which was comparable to Mukuye (46.87 mg g −1 ) and Pavon-76 (46.9 mg g −1 ) varieties ( Figure 6). Overall, these varieties yielded 8.6-14% reductions in the TSS production compared to Ogolcho variety.

Wheat Species as Influenced by Water Management.
Pooled over the tested species, bread and durum wheat significantly differed in spike length, number of seeds spike −1 , relative chlorophyll, and proline contents when exposed to water stress (Table 5). Generally, durum wheat tended to have a better capacity to undertake mitigation strategy to cope up with drought compared to bread wheat. is is because the largest number of spikelets spike −1 (11), higher relative chlorophyll (47.4 SPAD unit), and proline (4.1 µmol g −1 ) contents were recorded in durum than bread wheat. e larger the number of spikelets spike −1 , the higher is the potential yield of wheat [66]. Similarly, the higher the RCC in the leaves, the higher is the capacity of the plant to synthesis food and consequently boost yield compare to the plant with lower RCC [67]. Plants with higher proline content in their body develop resistance to cope up with water stress and result in better yield compared to other plants with lower proline content [68]. e longer spike length (5.9 cm), however, was obtained in bread than durum wheat (Table 5). e ANOVA further indicated that bread and durum wheat species did not significantly differ in plant height, relative water content, and total soluble sugar under water stress condition (Table 5), which implies that they have a more or less similar capacity in retaining RWC by extracting moisture from the soil and synthesis of total soluble sugar.

Correlation Analysis among Traits.
e result of correlation analysis among morphological, physiological, and biochemical traits of wheat as influenced by the genotype and water scarcity is presented in  Figure 5: Means for the main effects of variety and water stress on the proline content of durum and bread wheat in Kulumsa. 49 Figure 6: Means for the main effects of variety and water stress on the total soluble sugar content of durum and bread wheat in Kulumsa. 47 Figure 4: Means for the main effects of variety and water stress on the relative chlorophyll content of durum and bread wheat in Kulumsa. 8 International Journal of Agronomy that plant height strongly and positively correlated with number of spikelet per spike (0.69), relative chlorophyll content (0.39), relative water content (0.35), and spike length (0.32) ( Table 6). e result further revealed that significant negative correlation coefficients were found between leaf proline content (0.44) and total soluble sugar (0.37) ( Table 6). e tall wheat varieties were reported to be more tolerant to postanthesis drought stress because of their capability to partition more stem reserves towards grain filling (Butler et al., 2005) [69]. is depicts that as the PH increased, the NSPS, RCC, RWC, and SPL also increased correspondingly. is demonstrated that PRO and TSS decreased as the PH increased. e uppermost inverse correlation (0.54) during this study was attained between SPL and PRO (Table 6). Highly significant and positive correlation coefficients were found between NSPS and RCC (0.53). e relation between NSPS and RWC (0.27) was also found positively significant. Moderately but negatively significant relation (0.35) was also obtained between NSPS and TSS (Table 6). e correlation of RWC was highly significant but negatively correlated with TSS (0.39), and the relation between RWC and RCC (0.25) was also found positively significant. Highly significant (p < 0.01) and opposite correlation was also observed between RCC and TSS (0.31). Except for PRO and SPL, all the traits were highly significant but negatively correlated with TSS.

Conclusions
e current results showed that water scarcity significantly influenced all the measured traits, while traits linked to morphology, physiology, and biochemistry of the wheat were more influenced by the variety. e results revealed 28% and 6% increases in proline and total soluble sugar synthesis, respectively, in wheat in response to water scarcity. e differences in the synthesis of proline and total soluble sugar with an increase in water scarcity among the selected wheat varieties showed the diverse ability of the tested varieties to cope up with drought. Utuba, Alemtena, and Donmatio varieties among durum wheat and Ogolcho, Kakaba, and Kingbird varieties among bread wheat were found to have better capacity to endure water stress by synthesizing more proline and total soluble sugar as mitigation strategies. e plant water status and relative chlorophyll content under water scarcity were reduced by 16% and 11%, respectively. Compared to the well-water treatment, the mean plant height, spike length, and number of spikelet per spike under water stress were reduced by 26%, 9%, and 23%, respectively. e results further revealed that both bread and durum wheat varieties differed significantly with respect to all the measured variable expect for plant height and relative water content. Overall, durum wheat was found to have a better capacity than bread wheat to withstand water stress through biochemical changes. us, except for the plant height and relative water content, the other morphological, physiological, and biochemical parameters could be used as effective indicators to identify tolerant wheat varieties in the water-limited environments. Moreover, the relative effectiveness of selection could be better when two or more traits are considered than using single trait as an independent factor. e dependability of the observed traits for the selection of tolerant wheat varieties for specific area could be recommended to be verified under  Note. ns, not significant at p < 0.05. * Significant at p < 0.05, * * significant at p < 0.01, and * * * significant at p < 0.001. PH, SPL, NSPS, RWC, RCC, PRO, and TSS are the plant height, spike length, number of spikelet per spike, relative water content, proline content, and total soluble sugar contents, respectively. different environmental conditions to solve problems related to water scarcity. e results of this investigation could also provide usable genetic variability for wheat yield improvement and would be of great importance in the selection of appropriate wheat varieties as well as for selection of desirable parents for the breeding program to develop the wheat varieties resistant to drought stress conditions.

Data Availability
e data used to support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon request.

Conflicts of Interest
e authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.