[Retracted] Analysis of Economic Relationship Using the Concept of Complex Pythagorean Fuzzy Information

Jan, Naeem; Rehman, Saif Ur; Nasir, Abdul; Aydi, Hassen; Khan, Sami Ullah

doi:https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/4513992

Security and Communication Networks

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Volume 2021 | Article ID 4513992 | https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/4513992

[Retracted] Analysis of Economic Relationship Using the Concept of Complex Pythagorean Fuzzy Information

Naeem Jan,¹Saif Ur Rehman,¹Abdul Nasir,¹Hassen Aydi,^2,3,4and Sami Ullah Khan¹

Academic Editor: Helena Rifà‐Pous

Received05 Apr 2021

Accepted26 May 2021

Published09 Jun 2021

Abstract

Fuzzy set theory and fuzzy logics are the powerful mathematical tools to model the imprecision and vagueness. In this research, the novel concept of complex Pythagorean fuzzy relation (CPFR) is introduced. Furthermore, the types of CPFRs are explained with appropriate examples such as CPF composite relation, CPF equivalence relation, CPF order relation, and CPF equivalence classes. Moreover, numerous results and interesting properties of CPFRs are discussed in detail. Furthermore, the impacts of economic parameters over each other are studied through the proposed concepts of CPFRs. In addition, the application also discusses the effects of economic parameters of one country over the other countries’ economic parameters.

1. Introduction

In 1965, Zadeh [1] initiated the concepts of fuzzy sets (FSs). A FS is characterized by a mapping whose range is the unit interval [0, 1]. This mapping is called a degree of membership. Zadeh’s FS theory is used to model imprecise information and vagueness. Later in 1986, Atanassov [2] introduced the notion of intuitionistic fuzzy sets (IFSs). An IFS is a collection of objects characterized by a pair of mappings whose values range are between 0 and 1. These mappings represent the degree of membership and the degree of nonmembership of the object. Moreover, the sum of both the degrees of membership and nonmembership in an IFS must not exceed 1. This limitation persuaded Yager [3] to introduce a modified version of IFS, called a Pythagorean fuzzy set (PFS). Like IFSs, PFSs also consist of the degree of membership and the degree of nonmembership that attain values from the unit interval [0, 1] provided that the sum of squares of both the degrees does not exceed 1. Deschrijver and Kerre [4] wrote on the relationships between some extensions of FS theory. Maiers and Sherif [5] proposed the applications of FS theory. Klir [6] worked on FS interpolation of possibility theory. De et al. [7, 8] discussed some operations on IFSs and provided an application of IFSs in medical diagnosis. Szmidt and Kacprzyk [9] measured distance between IFSs. Peng et al. [10, 11] conceived some results for PFSs and provided an application.

Ramot et al. [12] initiated the concept of complex fuzzy sets (CFSs). A CFS is characterized by the degree of membership that is a complex valued mapping, whose range is a unit circle in the complex plane. Since a complex number is a combination of real and imaginary numbers, the degree of membership is expressed in the polar form as , where and are the real numbers from the unit interval. is known as the amplitude term and is known as the phase term. Therefore, a CFS is capable to model problems having a periodic nature. Alkouri and Salleh [13] introduced the concept of complex intuitionistic fuzzy sets (CIFSs). These sets comprise of a pair of complex valued degrees of membership and degree of nonmembership. Both the degrees attain values from a unit circle in a complex plane provided that their sum also lied within the unit circle. In other words, the sum of amplitude terms lies in the unit interval, and the sum of both the phase terms also lies in [0, 1]. Ullah et al. [14] amended the concept of CIFSs and provided the notion of complex Pythagorean fuzzy set (CPFS). These sets also discuss the complex valued degrees of membership and nonmembership provided that both the degrees and the sum of their squares lie within the unit circle of complex plane. Yazdanbakhsh and Dick [15] carried out a systematic review of CFSs and logics. Tamir et al. [16, 17] provided the axiomatic theory of CF logics and the applications of CFS and CF logics. Rani and Garg [18] proposed the distance measures between CIFSs and applied them to decision-making processes. Ngan et al. [19] represented CIFS by quaternion numbers and applied them to decision-making. Yaqoob et al. [20] applied the concept of IFSs to cellular network provider companies. Dick et al. [21] wrote on Pythagorean and CFS operations. Ma et al. [22] worked on the group decision-making framework by CPF information, and Bi et al. [23] introduced the CF arithmetic aggregation operators.

The set relations have various applications in mathematics, engineering, social sciences, and many other fields. Klir and Folger [24] defined the crisp relations (CRs). Several types of relations, such as inverse relation, reflexive relation, symmetric relation, transitive relation, composite relation, and equivalence relation, are defined. Mendel [25] initiated the theory of fuzzy relations (FRs). The plus point of FRs is that these relations indicate the grade of the relationship by the degree of membership. Burillo et al. [26] instigated the notion of intuitionistic fuzzy relations (IFRs). These relations not only discuss the degree of membership of the relationship but also deliberate the degree of nonmembership. Bhattacharya and Mukherjee [27] discussed the FRs and fuzzy groups. Yeh and Bang [28] presented the FRs and fuzzy graphs and applied these notions in clustering analysis. Blin [29] proposed FRs in group decision theory. Deschrijver and Kerre [30] worked on the composition of IFRs. Bustince and Burillo [31] gave structures on IFRs. Bustince [32] constructed the IFRs with predetermined properties, and Naz et al. [33] came up with a novel approach to decision-making with PF information. Alshammari et al. [34] presented the topological structure of CPFSs, and Dinakaran [35] analyzed the online food delivery industries using PFRs and composition.

This article proposes a novel concept of complex Pythagorean fuzzy relation (CPFR). The CPFRs consider the degrees of membership and nonmembership of any relation between the elements of CPFSs. Moreover, the complex nature of the relation allows to model problems with phase changes, such as periodicity. Although IFRs also cover both the degrees of membership as well as nonmembership, but they restrict the choice of numbers that could be assigned to the members of sets. For example, we cannot assign the membership degree when the degree of nonmembership is because the sum of amplitude terms exceeds 1, i.e., . The same applies for the phase terms that their sum must not exceed 1. But, the advantage of proposed structure is that it eases these constraints by some modifications. It expands the choice of numbers to be assigned as the degrees. Furthermore, the types of CPFRs are explained with appropriate examples. Some of the types include CPF irreflexive relations, CPF antisymmetric relations, CPF equivalence relations, CPF order relations, and CPF equivalence classes. Additionally, some unique and interesting properties and results are achieved. Finally, in the support of the proposed work, an application is provided that helps in the investigation of quality of relationships among different economic indicators and the impacts that each economic parameter has on the other rest of the economic parameters. These concepts can be stretched to other frameworks of the fuzzy set theory which will give rise to many interesting structures. The range of applications of these complex natured structures might be so vast, since they can deal with problems that have multiple dimensions. In future, we would be looking to apply these notions to study the security and communication networks.

The study is arranged in the following way: Section 1 presents the introduction and the literature review. Section 2 reviews some of the predefined concepts that are used in current study. In Section 3, the complex Pythagorean fuzzy relations (CPFRs) and their types are discussed along with examples. Additionally, some results of the proposed relations have also been proved. The Section 4 proposes an application of CPFRs and its types for the investigation of direct and indirect effects of economic factors of one country on other countries. Finally, in Section 5, the research work is concluded.

2. Preliminaries

This section enlightens some related prerequisites such as fuzzy set (FS), complex fuzzy set (CFS), intuitionistic fuzzy set (IFS), complex intuitionistic fuzzy set (CIFS), Pythagorean fuzzy set (PFS), and complex Pythagorean fuzzy set (CPFS). Moreover, the Cartesian product and relations in above sets are also described with some examples.

Definition 1 (see [1]). Let be a universal set. Then, a set on is said to be an FS if it is of the formwhere is a fuzzy valued mapping, i.e., and symbolizes the membership degree of the FS .

Definition 2 (see [12]). Let be a universal set. Then, a set on is said to be CFS if it is of the formwhere is a complex valued mapping which symbolizes the membership degree of the CFS . This mapping is defined aswhere is the set of complex numbers, thusor

Definition 3 (see [16]). Let and , , be two on the universal set with the membership degrees symbolized by the complex valued mappings and , respectively. Then, the Cartesian product of and is denoted and defined aswhere the mapping symbolizes the membership degree of the product and is defined asSince is a complex valued mapping, one writesorwhere .

Definition 4 (see [16]). Let and be two CFSs on . Then, a fuzzy relation (FR) is any subset of the product . It is denoted and defined aswhere symbolizes the membership degree of FR and

Example 1. Consider a on .The Cartesian product isThe is

Definition 5 (see [2]). Let be a universal set. Then, a set on is said to be an IFS if it is of the formprovided that , where and are the fuzzy valued mappings which symbolize the membership and nonmembership degrees of the IFS , respectively.

Definition 6 (see [13]). Let be a universal set. Then, a set on is said to be a CIFS if it is of the formwhere and are the complex valued mappings which represent the membership degree and nonmembership degree of CIFS , respectively. These mappings are defined aswhere is the set of complex numbers. Thus,provided that orwhere , provided that and .

Definition 7. ([3]). Let be a universal set. Then, a set on is said to be a Pythagorean fuzzy set (PFS) if it is of the formprovided that , where and are the fuzzy valued mappings which symbolize the membership and nonmembership degrees of the PFS , respectively.

Definition 8 (see [14]). Let be a universal set. Then, a set on is said to be a CPFS if it is of the formwhere and are the complex valued mappings which symbolize the membership degree and nonmembership degree of CPFS , respectively. These mappings are defined aswhere is the set of complex numbers. Thus,provided that orwhere , provided that and .

3. Main Results

Definition 9. The Cartesian product of the CPFSs and is defined byThe mappings and represent the degrees of membership and nonmembership and is defined as and . Moreover, the complex numbers and for can be defined aswith the conditions

Definition 10. A complex Pythagorean fuzzy relation (CPFR) denoted by is a nonempty subset of , where and are the CPFSs.

Example 2. Take the CPFS,Now, find . We haveThe CPR is

Definition 11. The inverse of the CPFR of the CPFR is .

Example 3. Let the CPFR from (29),where . Now, the inverse of is

Definition 12. The CPFR is called a CPF reflexive relation ifwhile the CPFR is an irreflexive relation if .

Example 4. From Example 2, in (29), the following relations and are CPF reflexive relation and irreflexive relation, respectively:

Definition 13. A CPFR is called a CPF symmetric relation ifA CPFR is called a CPF asymmetric relation ifA CPFR is called a CPF antisymmetric relation if

Example 5. The following CPF relations , , and are CPF symmetric relation, CPF asymmetric relation, and CPF antisymmetric relation, respectively:

Theorem 1. A CPFR is a symmetric relation iff .

Proof. Let , then we haveSince , one writesHence proved that is a CPF symmetric relation.
Conversely, assume that is a CPF symmetric relation. Then,But, ifthis implies that .

Theorem 2. Let and are CPF symmetric relations, then their intersection, , is also a CPF symmetric relation.

Proof. Assume that and are two CPFR symmetric relations on CPFS . Then, from the definition of CPFR, and is CPR on . Now, assume thatSince, and are CPF symmetric relations. Therefore,

Definition 14. A CPFR is called a CPF transitive relation ifthis implies that

Example 6. A CPFR is a CPF transitive relation if

Definition 15. A CPF composite relation combines the CPFRs and as forthis implies that

Theorem 3. A CPFR is a transitive relation iff .

Proof. Assume that is a CPF transitive relation, then forone hasBut,Hence,
Conversely assume that , then forone hasBut, ; this implies thatHence, it is proved that is a CPF transitive relation.

Definition 16. A CPFR is called a CPF equivalence relation, if satisfies the properties of a CPF reflexive relation, a CPF symmetric relation, and a CPF transitive relation. While, a CPFR is called a CPF-order relation if satisfies the properties of a CPF reflexive relation, a CPF antisymmetric relation, and a CPF transitive relation.

Theorem 4. A CPF equivalence relation implies that .

Proof. We know that a CPF equivalence relation is also a CPF transitive relation, so in view of Theorem 3,We assume thatAs is an equivalence relation and verifies the axioms of a CPF symmetric relation and CPF is a transitive relation,In view of (57) and (58), we have that . By using the concept of a CPF composite relation, we haveNow, from (57) and (59), we get thatHence, from (56) and (60), we get that .

Theorem 5. The inverse CPFR of a CPF order relation is also a CPF-order relation.

Proof. The inverse CPFR of a CPF-order relation is also a CPF-order relation, if verifies the following three properties of a CPF-order relation: () . Since is a CPyF reflexive relation, . Hence, is a CPF reflexive relation () Let , . Since is a CPF antisymmetric relation, one gets Hence, is a CPF antisymmetric relation () Assume that ,Since is a CPF transitive relation,Hence, is a CPF transitive relation.
Thus, from (), (), and (), is also a CPF-order relation.

Definition 17. For a CPF equivalence relation , , the equivalence class of modulo , is .

Example 7. Let the CPF equivalence relationNow, the equivalence classes of a CPF relation are

Theorem 6. For a CPF equivalence relation iff .

Proof. Assume that , then for ,Since is symmetric, one writesHence, is a CPF symmetric relation. Similarly,since is transitive,Hence, is a CPF transitive relation.
Conversely assume that thenThus,as is a CPF transitive relation.Hence, we get thatSimilarly, we assume that , thenSince , one writes , as is a CPF symmetric relation. Now, we haveas is a CPF transitive relation. This implies thatHence,Now, from (72) and (76), we get that .

4. Application

In the section, an application of the proposed concepts is presented, which discusses the relationships among different economic indicators. Moreover, it also specifies the level of positive and negative impacts of one parameter on the others with respect to time phase.

Figure 1 demonstrates the algorithm and the procedure used in the application. The flow chart describes the stepwise progression for the investigation of quality of relationships between any two economic indicators. Initially, the economic parameters or indicators to be studied are collected. After that, the Cartesian product is found to achieve all the possible relations, which proves to be helpful in learning the relationships and the level of impacts of one parameter over the others. Next, different types and properties of CPFRs can be utilized to find out the unknown and indirect relationships. Last, the experiment is concluded by reading the complex Pythagorean fuzzy information, such that the first element in the pair of relation affects the second element. The amplitude term represents the level of effectiveness, and the phase term refers to the time phase. The degree of membership characterizes the positive effects, while the degree of nonmembership characterizes the negative effects of one parameter over the others.

Consider the set of a country’s economic indicators. The goal is to find out the impacts of each indicator over the other with respect to time. Note that, in this experiment, the unit of time is taken to be a year. Hence, a CPFS is induced from the set as

The investigation of relationships among the economic indicators tempts to find out the Cartesian product of . Hence,

Each element of the Cartesian product given by equation (78) describes the magnitude of impacts of one factor over the other. For instance, conveys that the degree of good impacts of the industry on the export of the country is 0.7 with respect to a year. Since, the imaginary part represents the time phase, so year. In addition, the degree of bad impacts is 0.4 with respect to one and a half year. Likewise, expresses that the degree of good and positive impacts of the agriculture over the industry of a country is 0.7 with respect to half a year, and the degree of bad and negative impacts is 0.5 with respect to one and a half year.

Suppose that the impacts of export on industry and the impacts of industry on employment are known, but the impacts of export over employment are not known. These unknown impacts can be easily found by using the complex Pythagorean fuzzy transitive relations because the Cartesian product is an equivalence relation.

Moreover, multiple sets of economic indicators of different countries can be considered, and the indirect impacts of one country’s economy over the other countries’ can be found using the CPF composite relations.

Consider three different countries: Pakistan (), China (), and Iran (). The aim is to relate their economies through some economic parameters. Henceforth following are the three FSs,

The CPFR between the set and is found to be

The CPFR between the sets and is found to be

Now, by using the CPF composition relation , the indirect relation between the sets and are found as given in Table 1. Trade () and employment () are the parameters of Iran, while trade () and agriculture () are the parameters of Pakistan.

5. Conclusion

In this study, the novel concept of complex Pythagorean fuzzy relation (CPFR) is defined. Additionally, the types of CPFRs are described with suitable examples. Some of the types are a CPF irreflexive relation, a CPF inverse relation, a CPF asymmetric relation, a CPF composite relation, a CPF equivalence relation, a CPF order relation, and a CPF equivalence class. Furthermore, some useful and interesting properties and results of CPFRs are elaborated in detail. Moreover, an application of the proposed method is presented that discusses the impacts of economic parameters of a country over each other. Furthermore, the application also explains the effects of economic parameters of one country over the economic parameters of the other countries. The introduced concepts can be extended to other generalizations of fuzzy sets which will produce very interesting structures. These novel structures might have a rich variety of applications in sciences, technology, and economics.

Data Availability

No data were used to support this study.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.

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Copyright © 2021 Naeem Jan et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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