Layout Design of Stiffened Plates for Large-Scale Box Structure under Moving Loads Based on Topology Optimization

As the main load-bearing structure of heavy machine tools, cranes, and other high-end equipment, the large-scale box structures usually bear moving loads, and the results of direct topology optimization usually have some problems: the load transfer skeleton is difficult to identify and all working conditions are difficult to consider comprehensively. In this paper, a layout designmethod of stiffened plates for the large-scale box structures under moving loads based on multiworking-condition topology optimization is proposed. Based on the equivalent principle of force, the box structures are simplified into the main bending functional section, main torsional functional section, and auxiliary functional section by the magnitude of loads and moments, which can reduce the structural dimension and complexity in topology optimization. *en, the moving loads are simplified to some multiple position loads, and the comprehensive evaluation function is constructed by the compromise programming method. *e mathematical model of multiworking-condition topology optimization is established to optimize the functional sections. Taking a crossbeam of superheavy turning and milling machining center as an example, optimization results show that the stiffness and strength of the crossbeam are increased by 17.39% and 19.9%, respectively, while the weight is reduced by 12.57%. It shows that the method proposed in this paper has better practicability and effectiveness for large-scale box structures.


Introduction
e large-scale box structures are widely used in heavy equipment such as machine tools, cranes, and so on. ey usually bear the moving loads with the continuous change of position and its stiffness, strength, and weight directly affect the mechanical performance of the equipment. For example, the crossbeam of a machine moves on the gantry and bears the loads from the cutting components. e stiffness directly affects the machining accuracy [1]. e main beam of a large bridge crane bears the moving loads when carrying goods, it moves on the end beam (fixed on the wall), and the strength directly affects the safety of the lifting process [2]. At present, the experience analogy method is mainly used in the design of the large-scale box structures, but the structures are always cumbersome because of the large safety factor, which causes large inertial loads and affects the operation sensitivity. erefore, the design of large-scale box structures with high stiffness, high strength, and low weight is the long-term goal of engineers. e box structures are composed of external skin and internal stiffened plates, and the essence of lightweight design is to optimize the layout and size parameters of the internal stiffened plates [3]. At present, the researches on the layout optimization of two-dimensional (2D) stiffened plates have been widely concerned by many scholars [4][5][6], while the research on the large-scale three-dimensional (3D) box structures is very few. Some scholars try to realize the lightweight design of the box structures by means of structural bionics. Gao et al. [7,8] studied the distribution law of the main vein and the secondary vein in the leaf vein, and the bionic design of the internal stiffened plates of a machine tool column was carried out to improve the structural performance based on the principle of similarity. But the design idea is subjective in the selection of the biological prototype as well as structural design, which lacks a theoretical basis. In references [9][10][11][12], a method for optimizing the layout of stiffened plates in the box structures is proposed according to the growth mechanism of the biological branching system in nature. e stiffened plates grow, bifurcate, and degenerate towards the direction of the maximum total stiffness under the given loads and constraints, and the layout with an effective load path is obtained. However, the layout calculated is complex; the processing cost is very high, especially for the large-scale box structures with the moving loads.
Topology optimization is a method that is used to seek an optimal configuration for the hollow location and number in some certain and continuous regions. It has been widely used in structural lightweight design [13][14][15], and some scholars apply topology optimization to the layout optimization of 3D box structure. Qin and Zhu [16] established a topology optimization model based on the method of moving asymptotes for the bridge crane girder structures, and some satisfying results were obtained. However, the method is only suitable for the discrete box girder structures and cannot be applied to the continuum structures studied in this paper. Konstantinos et al. [17] focused on the application of structural topology optimization to design steel perforated I-sections to replace the traditional cellular beams, and an optimum web opening configuration was suggested. But the applied load is uniform and invariable, and the beam section can be equivalent to the 2D structures, which cannot be applied to the 3D box structures. Young-Sop et al. [18] proposed a reliability-based topology optimization for the 3D structures using bidirectional evolutionary structural optimization and the standard response surface method. e results show that the optimal topology obtained for the 2D and 3D cantilever beams is very similar, and the thickness of the optimal topology gradually increased from the free end to the fixed end. However, due to the large aspect ratio of the large-scale box structures, the 3D topology optimization directly is easy to generate material aggregation [19,20] and the inclined beam [21], resulting in the problems of difficult identification of the optimization results, which cannot be manufactured by traditional machining. e Additive Manufacturing (AM) can manufacture the structures with complex features, but it is still limited by the size and technology [22] and cannot be applied to the large-scale 3D box structures. On the other hand, the large-scale box structures usually bear the moving loads with the continuous change of position. e optimizations of extreme working conditions are easy to cause the problem of load sickness [23,24].
Based on the above problems, this paper proposes a layout design method for the large-scale box structures under moving loads based on multiworking-condition topology optimization, which transforms the 3D topology optimization with moving loads of the large-scale box structures into the 2D topology optimization with multiple position loads. Section 2 describes the existing problems of topology optimization for large-scale box structures. e design method of structural decomposition process based on the functional sections and multiworking-condition topology optimization are introduced, respectively, in Section 3. en, a crossbeam of a superheavy turning and milling machining center is taken as a case study and optimized by the proposed method.

Problem
2.1. SIMP Topology Optimization. SIMP topology optimization [25,26] is a common method for topology optimization of the continuum structures, which introduces a material with a hypothetical relative density varying between 0 and 1 and uses a penalty factor to disperse the intermediate density value to 0/1, so as to eliminate the elements with intermediate density. In this paper, the optimal topology with maximum stiffness is calculated under the constraint of a certain material removal rate based on the theory of SIMP topology optimization. A topology optimization problem with the maximum stiffness as the objective can be expressed as follows: where x is the relative density, c(x) is the structural compliance; p is the penalty factor, p > 1. U and F are the displacement vector and the force vector. K(x) is the stiffness matrix of FEM. u e and K e are the displacement vector and stiffness matrix corresponding to the eth element. V(x) is the objective volume value and V 0 is the initial volume value.
x min and x e represent the minimum of relative density and the relative density of eth element, respectively, f is the prescribed volume fraction. e optimization problem could be solved using several different approaches, such as Optimality Criteria (OC) methods, Sequential Linear Programming (SLP) methods, or the Method of Moving Asymptotes (MMA) and others [27]. For simplicity, we will here use a standard OC-method in this paper. Following Bendsøe [28], a heuristic updating scheme for the design variables can be formulated as follows: where a � max(x min , x e − m), b � min(1, x e + m), m is a positive move-limit, η is a numerical damping coefficient, and B e is found from the optimality condition as follows: where λ is a Lagrangian multiplier that can be found by a bisectioning algorithm. e sensitivity of the objective function is found as follows:  (4)) is used to calculate the load transfer skeleton in the box structure under two working conditions, and the results are shown in Figure 2.

Topology
Due to the large aspect ratio of the structure shown in Figure 1, the results show that there is a serious material deposition after topology optimization of two working conditions, and the result of case 2 appears inclined rib plates in three dimensions, which brings great trouble to the manufacturing. In addition, it can be seen from the comparison between Figures 2(a) and 2(b) that the load transfer skeletons under two working conditions are completely different because of the applied load in a different position. So, it is difficult to guarantee the safety of other working conditions if only the extreme working condition is considered, which may result in the problem of load sickness [29]. erefore, we can get a conclusion: the direct topology optimization of the large-scale box structures has some problems: the load transfer skeletons are difficult to identify and all working conditions are difficult to consider comprehensively, which cannot provide guidance for the rational layout design of the internal stiffened plates. So, it is necessary to develop new design ideas to optimize large-scale box structures.

Method
According to the above problems, we assume that the material redundancy problem may be solved if we convert the 3D topology optimization problem into a 2D problem. e moving loads can be simplified to multiple position loads, which will restore the actual working condition of the box structures.

Decomposition of the Functional Section.
e decomposition method of the functional sections refers to a method of decomposing the complex 3D structure into 2D sections by analyzing loads of complex working conditions. For the structures with complex working conditions, the loads can be simplified according to the equivalent principle of force in theoretical mechanics. As shown in Figure 3, the Cartesian coordinate system is established by selecting a point on the structure (such as the center of mass) as the origin, and then the spatial force system is simplified to this point so that the loads (F x , F y , F z ) and moments (M x , M y , M z ) are decomposed into three coordinate axes.
For the convenience of calculation, the XY plane, XZ plane, and YZ plane are defined as 2D functional sections, and the loads corresponding to each functional section are calculated and sorted. Take the plane with the largest load as the main bending functional section and the plane with the largest moment as the main torsional functional section. For example, if F x > F y > F z , the XY plane is defined as the main bending functional section and the XZ plane as the secondary bending functional section. If M x > M y > M z , the YZ plane is defined as the main torsional functional section and the XZ plane as the secondary torsional functional section. e last plane is the auxiliary functional section. After determining the functional sections, the bearing types and boundary conditions of each functional section are analyzed and simplified. e Finite Element Model (FEM) is established, and topology optimization can be carried out by equation (1). So, the topology optimization of the large-scale box structures is transformed into the topology optimization of 2D functional sections. Finally, the 3D reconstruction of the topology optimization results of each functional section is carried out to obtain a lightweight 3D box structure.

Topology Optimization under the Moving Load.
In this paper, the moving loads on the large-scale box structures are equivalent to several working conditions according to the position of loads. It is necessary to unify the optimization objectives of each working condition to consider the load transfer skeletons at any position in the process of topology optimization, which is a problem of multiobjective topology optimization.
A comprehensive evaluation function is needed to transform the multiobjective problem into a single objective problem.
e linear weighting method is usually used to make it in the traditional multiobjective topology optimization. But it is to calculate weight average value for all functions and cannot reflect the prominent influence from some certain functions, which does not guarantee that all functions obtain the relative optimal solutions. e compromise programming method [30] can get a group of a better relative optimal solution by calculating the sensitivity of all functions to design variables and adjusting each objective to balance each other.
So, the objective function of the static multiworkingcondition stiffness is established by the compromise programming method, as shown in equation (5). C(x) is the comprehensive evaluation value of the static stiffness, and the smaller the value, the larger the structural overall stiffness.
where n is the total number of working conditions. w i is the weight coefficient of the ith working condition while q is the penalty coefficient (q ≥ 2). C i (ρ) is the structural compliance of the ith working condition. C max i and C min i are the maximum and minimum compliance of the ith working-condition, respectively.

Topology Optimization of Crossbeam
In this paper, a large-scale crossbeam of superheavy turning and milling machining center is taken as an example to verify the proposed method. e turning and milling machining center is composed of crossbeam, sliding parts, workbench, slide carriage, machine tool bed, portal frame, and other components, as shown in Figure 4. e crossbeam is installed on the portal frame, which is the supporting part of the sliding parts and also the main part bearing the cutting forces. Its static and dynamic performance directly affects the accuracy of the machine tool. e crossbeam is 10.4 m long, 7.5 m span, 1.28 m wide, 1.8 m high, and 40058 kg weight, and it is welded by a Q235 steel plate. It belongs to a typical box structure because of its large volume and mass, large inertia load in the process of moving up and down. To improve the overall mechanical performance of the crossbeam, the decomposition method of functional sections and multiworking-condition topology optimization are used to optimize the layout of the internal stiffened plates.

Finite Element Analysis.
e crossbeam and sliding parts not only contain many parts but also have complex features. e efficiency and accuracy of the Finite Element Analysis (FEA) for all parts are very low, which is easy to lead to errors in simulation analysis. In order to improve the calculation efficiency, the features such as small holes, small corners, small gaps, and welds on the crossbeam are ignored, and a simplified model is established, as shown in Figure 5. According to the moving range of the sliding parts on the guide rail (0∼7400 mm), taking the distance from the slider to the right boundary of the crossbeam as reference distance, 11 positions of the sliding parts along Y-direction are selected for FEA. When the sliding parts are in 3700 mm along Y direction, they are located at the middle of the crossbeam. e boundary condition of the crossbeam can be equivalent to a simply supported beam. e sliding parts   slide on one side of the crossbeam, and the crossbeam bears offset moving loads. erefore, the loads that cause deformation of the crossbeam include self-gravity, gravity of the sliding parts, distortion caused by offset loads, and cutting forces. e cutting forces of the turning and milling machining center under a typical working condition are shown in Table 1. Since the cutting forces are much smaller than the self-gravity (400580 N), only the deformation caused by gravity is regarded as the static characteristics of the crossbeam. In addition, the rotation of the sliding parts is not considered because it has little influence on the static response of the crossbeam. e displacement constraints are applied to the crossbeam: X-direction constraint is applied to the large guide rail surface of the crossbeam and the portal frame (DOF_ X in Figure 6), Y-direction constraint is applied to the small guide rail surface of the crossbeam and the portal frame (DOF_ Y in Figure 6), and Z-direction constraint is applied to the left and right screw holes (DOF_ Z in Figure 6). e model is imported into the FEA software ANSYS. e tetrahedral element is used to divide the parts with complex features, while the hexahedral element (hexdominant method) is used to divide other parts. e loads and constraints shown in Figure 6 are applied and the FEM is shown in Figure 7 (Y � 3700 mm).
As the sliding parts move to different positions on the crossbeam, the static response is different. 11 key positions are selected along the Y-direction for FEA, and the response curve of static maximum displacement is shown in Figure 8. e curve clearly reflects that the displacement of the crossbeam increases first, then decreases, and then increases from 0 to 7400 mm in Y-direction. When the sliding parts move to the middle of the crossbeam (Y � 3700 mm), the maximum deformation is 0.1289 mm, and the corresponding displacement distribution is shown in Figure 9(a). At this position, the stress distribution is shown in Figure 9(b), and the maximum stress is 12.77 MPa, which is less than the material yield strength (235 MPa). erefore, it can be seen that the overall stress value of the crossbeam is relatively small, and there is a large lightweight space.

Establish Functional Sections.
In this section, the decomposition method of functional sections is used to reduce the dimension of the crossbeam in topology optimization. Firstly, the coordinate system (shown in Figure 10) is established with the center of mass of the crossbeam as the origin.
According to the equivalent principle of force, loads of the crossbeam under the typical cutting condition mainly include self-gravity G 1 , gravity G 2 of the sliding parts, cutting forces (main cutting force F c , radial force F r , feeding force   Mathematical Problems in Engineering F f ), and moments M x \M y \M z from above loads on the center of mass. It can be seen from Section 4.1 that the gravity of the crossbeam and the sliding parts is far greater than the cutting forces and F c > F f > F r (Table 1). erefore, it is obvious from Figure 10 that the equivalent loads at the center of mass have a relationship as follows: Based on the principle of determining functional sections proposed in Section 3, the YZ plane is defined as the main bending functional section, the XZ plane is defined as the main torsional functional section (also the secondary bending functional section), and the XY plane is defined as the auxiliary functional section. As the main function of the crossbeam is to resist overall bending deformation and torsional deformation caused by the offset loads, the main bending functional section and the main torsional functional section are only selected for topology optimization. e main bending functional section is shown in Figure 11(a). As the sliding parts slide on the guide rail of the crossbeam, and the guide rail is not taken as the optimization object. So, the length that can be optimized is less than the length of the guide rail, and the size is set as 6850 × 1580 × 10 mm. e moving load is equivalent to nine working conditions with the same distance, as shown in Figure 11(b). When the load is at different positions of the section, there are significant differences in the load transfer skeleton by topology optimization. So, it is necessary to carry out multiworking-condition topology optimization for the main bending functional section. e main torsional functional section is shown in Figure 12(a). e torsional load mainly comes from the pressure exerted by the sliding parts on the guide rail, and the section shape is complex. So, the sectional size is simplified to a cube of 1000 × 1000 × 20 mm, and the equivalent working condition is shown in Figure 12(b).

Main Bending Functional Section.
In this section, topology optimization of the main bending functional section under nine working conditions (n � 9 in fd5(5)) is carried out. It is necessary to first determine the weight coefficient w i of nine working conditions when establishing the comprehensive evaluation function of the crossbeam. According to the deformation law of the simply supported beams in theoretical mechanics, the closer the concentrated force is to the middle position, the larger the deformation is. In this paper, the response curve of displacement shown in Figure 8 is taken as the index, and the weight coefficients of each working condition are set as 0.07, 0.08, 0.1, 0.15, 0.2, 0.15, 0.1, 0.08, 0.07.
In addition, C max i and C min i in equation (5) are the maximum and minimum compliance of the ith workingcondition, respectively, which can be obtained from the single-working-condition topology optimization. erefore, the FEM of nine working conditions are established, respectively, and the single-working-condition topology optimization is carried out with equation (1). e results of C max i and C min i are shown in Table 2. Taking the relative density as the design variable and a material removal rate of 30% as the constraint condition, aiming at the minimum comprehensive evaluation value of the static stiffness under multiple working conditions, the mathematical model of multiworking-condition topology optimization is established as shown in the following equation: e optimization result is shown in Figure 13, and the importance degree of each region is decreasing when the color changes from red to blue. e load transfer skeleton of the YZ section is clearly given and the stiffened plates are established as shown in Figure 14.
In order to show the advantages of multiworking-condition topology optimization, the topology optimization of the fifth working condition (F gk5 in Figure 11(b)) is calculated. e result ( Figure 15) shows that the load transfer skeleton can well bear the loads under the fifth working condition, but it is obvious that the layout of the stiffened XZ-section    plates is not suitable for other working conditions. On the contrary, the result of Figure 13 shows multiple stiffened plates at the location where the load is applied at the upper boundary of the functional section, which can meet the loads generated by the sliding parts at different locations of the crossbeam. erefore, the result of Figure 13 is better than that of Figure 15.

Main Torsional Functional
Section. e results of topology optimization for a main torsional functional section are shown in Figure 16, which shows that the best shape of a rectangular section is hollow and the corners are chamfered. So, the feature of chamfer is added to the cross section of the crossbeam in XZ plane, as shown in Figure 17.
Based on the above results, the new model of the crossbeam is established as shown in Figure 18.

Verification of Optimization Result.
In order to verify the effect of multiworking-condition topology optimization of the crossbeam, taking the new model as the research object and applying the same boundary conditions (the same as Figure 6), the displacement of 11 working conditions is analyzed by FEA again. e total displacement response is shown in Table 3, and the comparison curve is shown in Figure 19.      Mathematical Problems in Engineering e results show that the overall displacements of the crossbeam become smaller than the initial model, which indicates that the structural stiffness is strengthened. Figure 19 also shows that the total deformation of the new model is largest when the sliding parts are at the middle of crossbeam (Y � 3700 mm). e displacement and stress distribution under extreme working conditions are shown in Figure 20. e maximum displacement is 0.10655 mm, which is 17.39% lower than the initial model, indicating that the static stiffness of the crossbeam has been significantly improved. e maximum stress is 10.234 MPa, which is smaller than the material yield strength (235 MPa), meeting the strength requirements.
Compare the static mechanical performances when the sliding parts are in the middle of crossbeam (Y � 3700 mm), as shown in Table 4. It can be seen that the maximum displacement value of the new crossbeam is reduced by 17.39%, the maximum stress value is reduced by 19.9%, and the mass is changed from 40058 kg to 35023 kg, which is reduced by 12.57%, indicating that the lightweight effect is very good.

Conclusions
In this paper, a layout design method for the large-scale box structures under moving loads based on multiworkingcondition topology optimization is proposed to solve the problem of difficult identification and complex moving loads. According to the magnitude of loads and moments, the complex 3D structure is transformed into 2D functional sections including the main bending functional section, the main torsional functional section, and the auxiliary functional section, which makes the topology optimization simplify from 3D to 2D. e complex moving loads are equivalent to several working conditions, and the   comprehensive evaluation function is constructed by using the compromise programming method, which solves the problem of load sickness under the topology optimization of extreme single-working-condition and avoids that the result is only the local optimal solution rather than the global optimal solution. Taking a crossbeam of superheavy turning and milling machining center as an example, the optimization results show that the stiffness and strength of the crossbeam are increased by 17.39% and 19.9%, respectively, while the weight is reduced by 12.57%. It shows that the method proposed in this paper has better practicability and effectiveness for large-scale box structures.
Data Availability e data can be obtained from the corresponding author.

Conflicts of Interest
e authors declare that they have no financial and personal relationships with other people or organizations that can inappropriately influence their work, and there is no professional or other personal interest of any nature or kind in any product, service, and/or company that could be construed as influencing the position presented in this manuscript.