A Novel Model-Free Intelligent Proportional-Integral Supertwisting Nonlinear Fractional-Order Sliding Mode Control of PMSM Speed Regulation System

,is study proposes a novel model-free intelligent proportional-integral supertwisting nonlinear fractional-order sliding mode control (MF-iPI-ST-NLFOSMC) strategy for permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM) speed regulation system. First of all, a model independent intelligent proportional-integral (iPI) control strategy is adopted for the motor speed regulation system. Next, a novel model-free supertwisting nonlinear fractional-order sliding mode control (ST-NLFOSMC) strategy is constructed based on the ultralocal model of PMSM. Meanwhile, a linear extended state observer (LESO) is used to estimate the unknown terms of the ultralocal model. ,en, this study presents the novel hybrid MF-iPI-ST-NLFOSMC strategy which integrates the model-free ST-NLFOSMC strategy, the model-free iPI control strategy, and the LESO. Moreover, the stability of the proposed hybrid MF-iPI-ST-NLFOSMC strategy is proved by the Lyapunov stability theorem and fractional-order theory. Finally, the simulations and comparison results verify that the hybrid MF-iPI-ST-NLFOSMC strategy proposed in this paper has better performance than the other model-free controllers in terms of the static characteristic, dynamic characteristic, and robustness.


Introduction
A permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM) has the advantages of simple structure, small size, high efficiency, and high power factor, which has been widely used in many industrial applications [1][2][3][4].
By using a PMSM mathematical model, many prior scholars have designed various advanced controllers for the speed system of PMSM efficiently, examples of such algorithms include model predictive control [5], finite-time feedback control [6], adaptive control [7,8], and H-infinite control [9]. In this paper, we refer to control strategies of the above as the model-related control strategy. However, due to the existence of various uncertainties in real engineering systems, including parameter uncertainties, incomplete modeling dynamics, and unknown external disturbances, it often poses challenges to the above modelrelated control strategies [10][11][12]. In view of the above challenges and difficulties, many scholars put forward a model-free control strategy based on an ultralocal mode. In recent years, more and more attention has been paid to the model-free control strategy. Fliess and Join [13] proposed an intelligent proportional-integral (iPI) control strategy based on the ultralocal model. e model-free iPI control strategy has been widely used in the control of various systems, such as single-link flexible-joint manipulator [14], DC/DC power buck converter [15], flexible-link manipulator [16], and PMSM [17]. Unfortunately, the main drawback of the iPI control strategy is that the tracking error of the system cannot be guaranteed to zero rapidly. A sliding mode control (SMC) strategy has the advantages of strong robustness and easy implementation, which has been widely studied [18][19][20][21]. Reference [22] introduces the sliding mode control (SMC) into the model-free iPI control strategy to overcome this main drawback. A compound control strategy was proposed based on the model-free theory, the iPI control, and the SMC, which combines the advantages of the above control strategies in reference [22]. Recently, fractional-order (FO) theory has been widely used in various fields [23,24]. At present, the fractionalorder sliding mode control (FOSMC) strategy has become a popular academic research because of its high precision control, strong robustness, and strong flexibility without significantly increasing the difficulty of implementation [25,26]. e FOSMC scheme has widely been used in many fields such as robot manipulator [27], doubly fed induction generator-based wind farm [28], PMSM position regulation system [29], microgyroscope [30], stand-alone modern power grids [31], and fractional-order complex systems [32]. However, the conventional FOSMC has the disadvantages of simple and rough signal processing to limit its application [33][34][35]. We presented the nonlinear fractional-order sliding mode controller (NLFOSMC), which can effectively settle the abovementioned issues [36][37][38].
e chattering phenomenon will be leaded by the traditional switch control law of the SMC strategy. In order to overcome the inherent chattering problem of the SMC strategy, many methods have been proposed by many scholars. e supertwisting (ST) structure, as one famous high-order SMC, can effectively eliminate the chattering phenomenon [39]. is paper constructs a supertwisting nonlinear fractional-order sliding mode control (ST-NLFOSMC) strategy based on the NLFOSMC strategy and the ST structure. e authors of references [40,41] proposed linear extended state observer (LESO). e LESO has the advantages of simple structure and needs less information about the controlled object, which has widely been used in many fields, such as multiaxis servo systems [42], intrusion detection in industrial control system [43], networked interconnected motion system [44], and hypersonic vehicles [45].
In order to overcome the above difficulties, inspired by the above studies and our previous researches [36][37][38], a novel model-free intelligent proportional-integral supertwisting nonlinear fractional-order sliding mode control (MF-iPI-ST-NLFOSMC) strategy is proposed for the PMSM speed regulation system in this study. e proposed control strategy is based on the ultralocal model of the PMSM. e unknown uncertain dynamics of the ultralocal model is estimated by an LESO. e novel hybrid MF-iPI-ST-NLFOSMC strategy is proposed in this paper which integrates the ST-NLFOSMC strategy, the model-free iPI control strategy, and the LESO. Most importantly, the proposed MF-iPI-ST-NLFOSMC strategy not only solves the problem that the error cannot reach zero quickly in the traditional iPI control strategy of the ultralocal mode but also has the advantages of the NLFOSMC and the ST structure.
Compared with previous studies, the main contributions of this article can be summarized as (1) A hybrid MF-iPI-ST-NLFOSMC strategy is proposed for PMSM speed regulation system, which integrates the ST structure, the NLFOSMC strategy, the iPI control strategy, and the LESO. Especially, the proposed control strategy does not depend on the actual mathematical model of PMSM. (2) A novel LESO based on the hybrid MF-iPI-ST-NLFOSMC strategy is proposed for the PMSM drives. e stability of the proposed hybrid MF-iPI-ST-NLFOSMC strategy is proved by the Lyapunov stability theorem and fractional-order theory. (3) e simulations and comparison results verify that the proposed hybrid MF-iPI-ST-NLFOSMC strategy has better performance than the other model-free controllers in terms of the static characteristic, dynamic characteristic, and robustness.
e remaining parts of this paper are arranged as follows: In Section 2, some mathematical preliminaries are briefly presented. Control strategies and stability analysis are given in Section 3. e simulation experiment and comparison results are shown in Section 4. Finally, Section 5 concludes the study.

Mathematical Preliminaries
is section introduces some important knowledge of fractional-order calculus, as well as the traditional mathematical model and the ultralocal model of PMSM.
e Riemann-Liouville fractional derivative and integral of continuous function f(t) are given as follows: where z ∈ R; ε and u are the fractional derivative order and fractional integral order, respectively; and m − 1 < ε < m; m ∈ N. e Caputo fractional derivative of order u of a continuous function f: R + ⟶ R is defined as follows: where m is the first integer larger than u.
Lemma 1 (see [48]). For the fractional-order integration and differentiation, the following properties hold: 2 Complexity (3) PMSM electromagnetic torque equation is described as follows [49]: where T e represents the electromagnetic torque; ϕ f is the permanent magnet flux linkage; p n is the pole pairs number; L d and L q represent the inductances of the d and q axes; and i d (t) and i q (t) are the components of armature currents of d and q axes, respectively. For surface-mount PMSM, L d � L q � L in this paper. e PMSM mathematical model can be gave as [49] where ω(t) is the actual mechanical speed and J, T L , and B are the rotational inertia, the load torque, and the friction coefficient, respectively. e control objective of this paper can be expressed as follows: where ω r (t) is the reference speed and e(t) is the speed error.
Definition 2 (see [13,50]). e PMSM mathematical model can be replaced by the ultralocal model as where y(t) and u(t) are the output and input of the ultralocal model, respectively; a is the constant parameter; and F is the unknown term of the system. e objective of the ultralocal model system being controlled is where y r (t) and e(t) are the desired output and the tracking error, respectively.

Design of Second-Order LESO.
A second-order LESO is chosen to estimate the unknown term of the system and any disturbances in this paper. According to Definition 2, the mathematical model of the PMSM can be expressed as where x 1 � y(t), x 2 � F, and ℓ(t) represents the differential of x 2 . e second-order LESO is designed as [40,41] where β 1 and β 2 are the positive constants, b 0 is the design parameter, and Z 21 and Z 22 are the estimates of y(t) and F, respectively.

Design of Control Strategies
Definition 3 (see [13,50]). e iPI control strategy is defined as where K p > 0, K i > 0, and u 1 (t) is the control law of the iPI control strategy. Substituting (10) into (11), the iPI control strategy can be rewritten as According to Definition 2, (8) and (12), the following equation can be obtained: Applying the Laplace transformation for (13), the following equation can be gained: e steady-state error of the system can be derived from the final value theorem as follows: As a result of equation (15), the tracking error cannot be quickly equal to zero in the iPI control strategy. A detailed description of the iPI control strategy can be found in references [13,22,50].
According to reference [22], a traditional model-free iPI SMC (MF-iPI-SMC) strategy is designed based on the traditional SMC strategy, the model-free control theory, and the iPI control strategy. e traditional sliding mode surface [51,52] is given as follows: where η 1 and η 2 are the positive parameters of the traditional sliding mode surface.
Definition 4. Based on the traditional sliding mode surface, the traditional MF-iPI-SMC strategy is designed in the following format: where where η ∈ R + is the positive parameter of the switching control law and sign(f(·)) � In what follows, a model-free iPI fractional-order SMC (MF-iPI-FOSMC) strategy is designed based on the FOSMC strategy, the model-free control theory, and the iPI control strategy.
In this paper, the following fractional-order sliding mode surface is chosen as [53,54] (19) where K fp , K fi , and K f d are the positive parameters of the fractional-order sliding mode surface; 0 < ε, u < 1.

Definition 5.
e MF-iPI-FOSMC strategy is designed in the following format: In addition, in order to make the control error of the system rapidly zero, by substituting (20) in (7), the following equation can be obtained: According to Lemma 1, taking derivative of (19), the following can be obtained: Substituting (21) in (22), the following equation can be obtained: According to (23) and Z 22 � F, the equivalent control law of the MF-iPI-FOSMC strategy can be obtained as e switching control law of the MF-iPI-FOSMC strategy is designed as In what follows, a model-free iPI nonlinear fractionalorder SMC (MF-iPI-NLFOSMC) strategy is designed based on the NLFOSMC strategy, the model-free control theory, and the iPI control strategy.
We design the nonlinear fractional-order sliding mode surface as follows: fal(e(t)) � where 0 < δ; 0 < α < 1; and K nlfp , K nlfi , and K nlf d are the coefficients of the nonlinear fractional-order sliding mode surface. e gains of K nlfp , K nlfi , and K nlf d should be set to K nlfp ∈ R + , K nlfi ∈ R + , and K nlf d ∈ R + ; 0 < ε, u < 1, and the system stability can be satisfied. e detailed description is given in the Stability Analysis section.
A detailed description of the nonlinear fractional-order sliding mode surface (26) can be found in reference [38]. Figure 1 draws the corresponding curves of the nonlinear function (27) under different parameters [38].

Definition 6.
e proposed MF-iPI-NLFOSMC strategy is designed in the following format: According to Lemma 1, taking the derivative of the nonlinear fractional-order sliding mode surface (26), the following can be obtained: Substituting (21) in (29), the following equation can be obtained as According to (30) and Δd(t) � 0, the equivalent control law of the proposed MF-iPI-NLFOSMC strategy can be obtained as e switching control law of the proposed MF-iPI-NLFOSMC strategy is designed as Complexity 5 In what follows, a model-free iPI supertwisting nonlinear fractional-order SMC (MF-iPI-ST-NLFOSMC) strategy is designed based on the ST-NLFOSMC strategy, the modelfree control theory, and the iPI control strategy.

Definition 7.
e proposed MF-iPI-ST-NLFOSMC strategy is designed in the following format: where In order to improve the control effect of the system in the approaching state and eliminate the chattering phenomenon, the following ST structure control law is designed as where k 1 and k 2 are the positive parameters of the ST structure control law.

Remark 2.
e gains of k 1 and k 2 are set to be larger enough, and the system stability can be satisfied. e detailed description is given in the following section.
A novel field-oriented control of PMSM speed regulation system based on the proposed MF-iPI-ST-NLFOSMC strategy with the second-order LESO is shown in Figure 2. e structural diagram of the proposed MF-iPI-ST-NLFOSMC strategy is shown in Figure 3. [55][56][57], the stability of the control strategies mentioned in this article is discussed in the following sections.

Stability Analysis. Motivated by the previous studies
First, the stability of the LESO will be discussed.

Proof.
e LESO (10) can be rewritten as Let, Write (36) in a matrix form as  6 Complexity On the basis of the Lyapunov stability theory, we know that the system (36) is stable.
It means that erefore, the LESO exhibits stability. A detailed description of the stability of the LESO can be found in reference [57].
In what follows, the stability of the MF-iPI-FOSMC strategy will be discussed.

□
Proof. Assumption 1. |Δd(t)| value has an upper limit, and the estimation error of the LESO satisfies the following condition: where ψ is a positive constant.
In order to guarantee the stability of the MF-iPI-FOSMC strategy, the Lyapunov function for the MF-iPI-FOSMC strategy is defined as Taking the derivative on both sides of equation (41), the following can be derived: According to Assumption 1 and when η > ψ is satisfied, we can get _ V < 0. Consequently, the stability of the system is proved.
In what follows, the stability of the proposed MF-iPI-NLFOSMC strategy will be discussed.

□
Proof. In order to guarantee the stability of the proposed MF-iPI-NLFOSMC strategy, the Lyapunov function for the proposed MF-iPI-NLFOSMC strategy is defined as Taking the derivatives of both sides of (43), the following equation is derived: where and we know that the error e(t) of the real systems cannot be completely eliminated at the reaching stage, so K > 0 is satisfied. According to Assumption 1 and when η > Ψ is satisfied, we can get _ V < 0. Consequently, the stability of the system is proved. In what follows, inspired by the above studies [55,56], the stability of the proposed MF-iPI-ST-NLFOSMC strategy will be discussed.

□
Proof. In order to guarantee the stability of the proposed MF-iPI-ST-NLFOSMC strategy, the Lyapunov function for the proposed MF-iPI-ST-NLFOSMC strategy is defined as Taking the derivatives of both sides of equation (26), the following equation can be obtained: 8 Complexity By substituting (33) into (47), we obtain the following: According to (46) and (48), the gains of k 1 and k 2 are set to be larger enough, and the following system stability can be satisfied: where s NLFOSM (t) · sign s NLFOSM (t) > 0.
We can conclude that the system is stable. A detailed description can be found in references [55,56].

Comparative Simulations
For the sake of demonstrating the effectiveness of the proposed MF-iPI-ST-NLFOSMC strategy, we set up the field-oriented control of the PMSM speed regulation system based on different control strategies at the Matlab (R2014a)/ Simulink. e traditional MF-iPI-SMC, the MF-iPI-FOSMC, and the MF-iPI-NLFOSMC strategies are compared with the control strategy proposed in this study. Table 1 shows the parameters of the PMSM. Tables 2-5 show the parameters of the traditional MF-iPI-SMC, the MF-iPI-FOSMC, the MF-iPI-NLFOSMC, and the MF-iPI-ST-NLFOSMC strategies, respectively. In order to better verify the superiority of the proposed control strategy, some parameters in various control strategies are set to the same, which can better eliminate the influence of parameter setting on the comparison results.     Figure 8 compares the speed response curves under different control strategies with sudden load change. Table 6 shows the comparative results of the sudden load change under different control strategies, including speed perturbation and      speed recovery time. It can be seen from Figure 8 and Table 6 that all control strategies are affected by external load disturbance. e fluctuation impact rate and recovery time under the proposed MF-iPI-ST-NLFOSMC strategy are smaller than those under the other control methods, which reveal the proposed MF-iPI-ST-NLFOSMC strategy has better robustness compared with the other control methods.

Case III: Comparison of Antinoise Interference.
A noise interference is added to the given speed to verify the antinoise performance of the proposed MF-iPI-ST-NLFOSMC strategy. e reference speed with the noise interference is shown in Figure 9(a). It can be seen from Figure 9(b) and Figure 9(c) that all control strategies are affected by the noise interference. e fluctuation impact rate under the proposed MF-iPI-ST-NLFOSMC strategy is smaller than those under the other control methods, which reveals that the proposed MF-iPI-ST-NLFOSMC strategy has better antinoise interference ability compared with the other control methods.

Conclusions and Future Work
A novel MF-iPI-ST-NLFOSMC strategy based on the ultralocal model is proposed for the control of PMSM speed regulation system. e LESO is used to estimate the unknown terms of the ultralocal model of PMSM. e stability of the closed-loop system is proved by the Lyapunov stability theorem and fractional-order theory. e proposed MF-iPI-ST-NLFOSMC strategy consists of the model-free ST-NLFOSMC strategy, the model-free iPI control strategy, and the LESO, which has excellent performance. It is found that simulation experiments and comparison results demonstrate that the proposed control algorithm not only achieves better stability and dynamic properties but also has stronger robustness to external disturbance compared with LESObased other model-free control methods. e use of the model-free ST-NLFOSMC strategy, the model-free iPI control strategy, and the LESO in this paper leads to the increase of control method parameters, which increases the complexity of the method. In the future work, we will select an optimization algorithm to complete the selection of the parameters, which will further improve the performance of the control method proposed in this paper.

Data Availability
e data used to support the findings of this study are included within the article.

Conflicts of Interest
e authors declare no conflicts of interest.
Acknowledgments is work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant no. 61703202 and Key