Linking Complement C3 and B Cells in Nasal Polyposis

Nasal polyposis often is characterized by a persistent inflammation of the sinonasal mucosa, disease recurrence after medical or surgical intervention, and asthma comorbidity. Dysregulated complement activation may contribute to immunologic alterations and disease. To date, there is only scattered knowledge on the source and regulation of the central complement factors in the pathogenesis of nasal polyps. Here, we aim to study complement signatures, especially the C3-C3aR axis, and focus on cellular sources and targets in nasal polyps. Expression of complement factors, including C3, C5, and the anaphylatoxin receptors, was analyzed in nasal polyp tissue samples, the corresponding inferior turbinates, and healthy controls using transcriptomic methods and protein measurements. Distinct patterns of complement expression were found in nasal polyps compared to controls, characterized by an increased C3 activation and an increase in C3aR-bearing cells. In contrast, no difference was shown for epithelial-dependent C3 production. Besides low intracellular C3-expression levels for lymphocytes in general, we could identify an enlarged B lymphocyte population in nasal polyps displaying high amounts of intracellular C3. Our data suggest a prominent role for the C3-C3aR-axis in nasal polyps and, for the first time, describe a B cell population containing high levels of intracellular C3, suggesting a new role of B cells in the maintenance of the inflammation by complement.


Introduction
Chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) is characterized by inflammatory changes in the sinonasal mucosa persisting at least 12 weeks and affecting 10.9% of the European population [1]. Chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps (CRSwNP) is classified as one of the main subgroups of CRS. Nasal polyps are mostly raising from the middle nasal meatus [2] and are histologically characterized by lack of collagen [3], loose connective tissue with edema, and coverage with commonly pseudostratified respiratory epithelium [4]. Most forms of CRSwNP in patients of the western population show a T helper 2 (Th2) polarization with an infiltration of different inflammatory cells such as lymphocytes and macrophages but essentially consisting of eosinophilic granulocytes [5,6]. Several hypotheses have been made to unravel the development of nasal polyps including the consideration of environmental factors such as fungi, Staphylococcus aureus with biofilm formation, and other microbial pathogens, but also host-specific factors such as an immune barrier dysfunction and alterations in the eicosanoid pathway [7][8][9][10][11][12][13]. Nevertheless, the exact most likely multifactorial mechanisms describing the pathogenesis, inflammatory processes, as well as the cellular progression still remain elusive [14].
The complement system, as an important part of the innate immunity, plays an important role in maintaining the immune homeostasis. The system consists of fluid phase plasma proteins and membrane-bound molecules and is divided into three distinct pathways-the classical, lectin, and alternative pathway [15]. Once activated, the three pathways lead to the formation of C3-convertases accompanied by C3 processing into C3b, opsonizing pathogens, and C3a, modulating inflammatory cells. In the further outcome, C5 is cleaved releasing C5b, the initial part for building membraneattack complexes (MAC) lysing target cells, and C5a, a strong inflammatory mediator [16][17][18]. As the complement system is wide-ranging, a strict and fine-tuned regulation is indispensable. Nasal polyposis has a large immunologic background and especially the innate immune system is a promising field in unraveling the undiscovered aspects of this disease. So far, complement expression was shown to be upregulated in CRS(wNP) patients [19][20][21]. Anaphylatoxins were increased in nasal secretions of CRSwNP patients without displaying effects on serum levels [22]. The detection of complement activation products in tissue samples was demonstrated for CRS without polyps [20], but even more for CRSwNP patients suggesting a role for the classical pathway [22,23]. Tan et al. reviewed recently the role of B cells and antibodies in CRS proposing a B cell-mediated classical complement activation [24]. Thereby, the expansion of extrafollicular activated B cells producing antibasement membrane autoantibodies leads to complement activation and epithelial damage. Anaphylatoxins, especially C3a being able to recruit eosinophilic granulocytes, might possess an important immune regulatory function in CRSwNP. The origin of higher complement load and activation still remains to be determined, whereas the immunologic cellular infiltrate might play a role.
Therefore, we aimed to investigate the link between complement signatures in CRSwNP, epithelial cells, and tissue infiltrating lymphocytes, especially B cells, as a potential regulatory loop to drive the progression of inflammatory nasal polyposis.

Materials and Methods
2.1. Ethics Statement. All patients were treated surgically at the Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Lübeck, and have given their written informed consent. The study was approved by the local ethics committee of the University of Lübeck (approval number  and conducted in accordance with the ethical principles for medical research formulated in the WMA Declaration of Helsinki.

Patient Specimens.
We examined tissue samples from 39 patients with CRSwNP (mean age 50.9, 29 male and 10 female) who belong to the western population, had a history of sinusrelated inflammation for more than three months and did not respond to conservative therapy ( Table 1). The nasal polyp tissue and corresponding inferior turbinate tissue of the same patient were harvested during sinus surgery to study differences between the inflamed polypoid tissue and inflamed nonpolypoid tissue. Patients were skin tested to several allergenic substances using standardized extracts (Allergopharma Joachim Ganzer KG) prior to surgery and classification of CRSwNP was determined by histopathological examination. Before surgery, all patients had been free of steroid medication for at least four weeks.
Additionally, the inferior turbinate from twelve healthy patients who underwent septal surgery or a septo-rhino-plasty (mean age 30.2, 9 male and 3 female) were harvested as noninflamed healthy controls.

Microarray.
For microarray analysis, frozen tissue samples (n = 8) were sent to Miltenyi Biotec (Bergisch Gladbach, Germany). The mRNA was isolated using standard mRNA extraction protocols (Trizol), while the quality was evaluated with the Agilent 2100 Bioanalyzer platform (Agilent Technologies). RNA reaching an RNA integrity number >6 was used [25]. Agilent Whole Human Genome Microarrays (4×44K) were performed following manufacturer's protocols. Microarray analysis was performed using R version 3.5.2 with limma version 3.38.3 and the Affymetrix Human Genome U95 Set annotation data (Bioconductor package hgu95a.db version 3.8). The heatmap of genes involved in the complement pathways was constructed using the heatmap.2 function as implemented in the gplots package (version 3.0.1).

Quantitative
Real-Time PCR. The microarray results were confirmed by quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) using the samples of the investigated seven patients together with six additional patients (n = 13) and further extended with healthy controls (n = 12) where RNA was extracted using the RNeasy™ Plus Mini Kit (Qiagen) following manufacturer's instructions for animal tissue. The quantity and purity of the RNA was determined using Nanodrop™ 2000 Spectrophotometer (Peqlab Biotechnologies) measuring at 260 and 280 nm. The cDNA was synthesized from maximum 1 μg total RNA with the RevertAid First Strand cDNA Synthesis Kit (Thermo Fisher Scientific Inc.). QRT-PCR reaction mixture consisted of 10 ng cDNA, 10 μL TaqMan™ Gene Expression Mastermix (Life Technologies), and 1 μL 20x Taq-Man™ Gene Expression Assays (Life Technologies) ( Table 2).
The reaction was performed as shown before [26]. All reactions were performed in triplicate and β-actin was used as a reference control. The ΔCt value (difference in threshold cycles for target and β-actin) was used in the 2 -ΔCt formula to illustrate differential expression in the analyzed tissue samples. Ct values exceeding 35 cycles were assumed negative and expression was set to zero.
For extracellular C3 staining of lymphocytes, the procedure terminated after incubation of primary surface antibodies at this including also anti-C3 antibody. An Ig-matched isotype control was used for C3 together with FMO controls to confirm gating strategies.
The gating procedure was realized as follows: during the analysis of single living untreated cells, a population being PE dim positive was apparent and was excluded from further analysis in all probes. Following gating procedure, doublets and dead cells were excluded first. CD45+ cells were then further analyzed for lymphocyte investigation and divided into CD3+ T cells and CD19+ B cells, whereas CD3-/CD19-were examined for CD16 and CD56 positivity. Since no discrimination between CD56 dim and CD56 high was possible and no consistent CD16 positivity was examined, NK cells were defined as CD3-/CD19-/CD16-/CD56+. Epithelial CD45cells were gated for epithelial markers EpCAM (epithelial cell adhesion molecule) and pan-Keratin before C3 examination.
For analysis and interpretations, the BD FACS Diva Software 5.0.3 was used..

Statistical
Analysis. All data are reported as mean + standard error of the mean (SEM). The analysis was done using GraphPad® Prism version 5.0 software (GraphPad Software). Differences between nasal polyps and corresponding inferior turbinates of the same patients were analyzed using Wilcoxon matched-pairs signed rank test or Mann-Whitney U test in case of unequal quantities. Differences between CRSwNP tissue and inferior turbinates of healthy patients were calculated with the Mann-Whitney U test. p values <0.05 were considered statistically significant.

Complement Genes Are Differentially Expressed in Nasal
Polyps. Microarray analysis was performed using inflamed polypoid tissue and corresponding inflamed nonpolypoid tissue (inferior turbinate) of eight CRSwNP patients. One patient sample showing a greater discrepancy to the others was excluded (principle component analysis and inspection of the data; data not shown). The expression of several complement components is shown in the heatmap (Figure 1). Remarkably, several complement regulator genes (CD59, CD46, CD55, CLUSTERIN, VITRONECTIN, CFH, and CFHR1-4) were upregulated in inferior turbinates compared to nasal polyps, whereas some genes were increased in polyps, such as genes coding for complement receptors (CR1, CR4, CRIG); others only showed a slight increase for polyps as genes coding for the central cascade (C3, C4, C5, C6, C8). Also, properdin, the alternative pathway stabilizer, was highly abundant in nasal polyps. Notably, one nasal polyp sample seemed to be an outliner due to a more intense upregulation in many genes (leftmost sample in Figure 1).
These results show the important differences between nasal polyps and inferior turbinate illustrating a potential misdirected shift in complement expression in nasal polyps but also showing variances between the individual patients.

Central Complement Components Are Upregulated in
CRSwNP Patients Compared to Healthy Controls. Further extending the findings of microarray experiments, the complement components were tested in qRT-PCR experiments in the tissues from thirteen CRSwNP patients. No significant differences between nasal polyp (NP) tissue and corresponding inferior turbinate (cIT) could be measured for complement factor C3, C5, and the anaphylatoxin receptors for C5a (C5AR1 and C5L2) (Figure 2(a)). In contrast, the anaphylatoxin receptor for C3a (C3AR, p = 0:0007) was significantly increased in NP compared to the cIT. The most striking difference can be seen between CRSwNP material compared to noninflamed control tissue of the inferior turbinate of twelve healthy donors, as most complement genes were significantly upregulated in nasal polyps (C5 p = 0:0004, C5AR1 p = 0:0036, C5L2 p = 0:0002, C3AR p = 0:0039) or the corresponding inferior turbinate (C5 p = 0:0007, C5L2 p = 0:0007) versus controls, supporting the finding that the inflammatory reaction is also expanded to the inferior turbinate in patients with CRSwNP.

Complement C3 Activation Is Enhanced in Polyp Tissue of CRSwNP Patients.
Since the formation of C3b and C5a from native C3/C5 is an initiation pathway-independent parameter of complement activation, we analyzed C3b via Western blotting, and since C5a was not detectable with the same method it was analyzed via immunohistochemistry.
Significantly elevated levels of C3b were found in NP tissues compared to cIT (Figure 3(a), p = 0:0004) which is further cleaved to iC3b. The immunohistochemical staining intensity for C5a was evaluated using a scoring system [negative (-), weak (+), moderate (++), and strong (+++)] and revealed no apparent differences between NP and cIT (Figure 3(b)). 4 Journal of Immunology Research An increased C3 expression and activation was demonstrated in NP. Therefore, the subsequent step was to elucidate the cellular source of its expression.

Complement C3 Is Located at the Epithelial Compartment
in CRSwNP Tissue. Although immunohistochemical C3 expression was partially shown in the lumen of cIT and NP tissue, the location of C3 was often near or in the epithelial compartment (Figure 4(a)). Therefore, epithelial cells were analyzed in NP and cIT single cell suspensions via intracellular flow cytometry staining to identify possible differences in the amount of C3. The AlexaFluor®488 (C3) mean fluores-cence intensity (MFI) of CD45-/EpCAM+/pan-Keratin+ cells was evaluated and showed no significant difference between nasal polyps and associated inferior turbinates (Figure 4(b)).

A B Cell Subpopulation with Increased Intracellular C3 Is
Found in Nasal Polyps. As potentially infiltrating immune cells could be a source for complement C3, single cell suspensions of nasal tissues were permeabilized for intracellular C3 analysis.
Flow cytometry results showed a low C3 expression (C3 low ) in all lymphocytes (CD3+, CD19+, and CD3-/CD19-/CD16-/CD56+) similarly in NP and cIT which is shown by     Journal of Immunology Research displaying MFI for C3 and isotype control ( Figure 5(d)). Surprisingly, a B cell population with higher intracellular C3 (C3++) was found in NPs (17:1 ± 3:9%, Figures 5(a) and 5(b)) and was significantly increased (p = 0:0196, Figure 5(c)) compared to cITs (3.0 ± 1.4%). Additionally, these B cells revealed an increase in cellular size compared to C3 low cells which is displayed in Figure 5(a) using forward and side scatter. No adequate C3++ population was thereby detected for other lymphocytes (Figures 5(a) and 5(c)). Since the used C3 antibody was raised against parts of the C3d amino acid sequence of C3 (Abcam), the possibility of surface bound C3 antibody on complement activated CD19+ B cells was ruled out via extracellular C3 staining without permeabilization. Comparing MFI of C3 and isotype control, no increased detection was shown on B cells which also corresponds to the other lymphocytes measured displaying similar behavior and therefore no relevant differences ( Figure 5(e)).

Discussion
In this study, microarray analysis of tissues from nasal polyps and the neighboring lower turbinate revealed   Journal of Immunology Research differences in complement gene expression pattern pointing to a potential misdirected shift to higher complement activation in nasal polyps. Further, we concentrated on the detection of C3 and C5 as initiation pathway independent parameters. The formation of anaphylatoxins is of great importance for inflammatory responses, since they bind to their receptors (C3aR, C5aR1) by which immune cells are recruited and the release of inflammatory mediators is favored [16,27,28]. Van Zele et al. showed significant increased levels of complement C3a desArg and C5a desArg, the inactivated forms of C3a and C5a, in nasal secretions of CRSwNP patients compared to healthy donors [22]. In the context of different diseases such as atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome or paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria [29,30], a dysregulated and persisting complement activity was already described as part of the inflammatory reactions. Our data of higher gene expression levels of anaphylatoxin receptors C3AR, C5AR1, and C5L2 in CRSwNP tissues, especially for nasal polyp tissues, compared to healthy controls is consistent with the higher load of immune cells expressing these receptors in the chronically inflamed surroundings.
In NP, an upregulated C3aR and C3 protein expression and activation was shown compared to cIT. In nasal polyps from individuals of the western population, the environment is dominated by a proinflammatory Th2-based immune response [31]. Especially the number of eosinophilic granulocytes is elevated in nasal polyps [6], whereas the recruitment   [19], supporting the detected results and the importance of C3a-C3aR interaction in humans. Nevertheless, although we could not show a prominent role for C5a and associated C5aR-bearing cells in NP, others postulate a role for increased MAC-formation along the epithelium and blood vessels leading to damage and loss of function [22,23]. Therefore, the role of C5 activation needs to be further determined.
The upregulated burden of complement components in nasal polyps raised the question of which cells are involved in the complement protein syntheses. Complement production has been described for several epithelial cells [19,33] to be higher in nasal polyps [19]. We could demonstrate immunohistochemical C3 deposition at the epithelium and in the lumen in nasal polyps, but also for the inferior turbinate. Flow cytometric analyses of epithelial cells extracted from fresh primary tissue samples showed intracellular C3, whereas no differences could be displayed between NP and cIT. Therefore, although an increased complement activation might occur at epithelial areas [22,23], the intracellular C3 amount is not enhanced in epithelial cells of nasal polyps.
For all lymphocytic subgroups analyzed, a low intracellular C3 expression (C3 low ) was detected in NP and cIT, coherent with previous findings for various immune cells (mast cells, monocytes, macrophages, dendritic cells, lymphocytes [34,35]). For T-lymphocytes, intracellular complement C3 was shown to be important sustaining homeostasis [28]. C3 in blood-derived B cells was shown to be synthesized on a low level by the cell, but mostly being taken up from the surrounding [28,36,37].
Surprisingly, we could demonstrate a CD45+/CD19+ B cell population, making up about 17% of total B cells, with higher intracellular C3-expression (C3++) which is significantly increased in nasal polyps compared to inferior turbinates and could not be shown consistently for other immune subsets investigated. At the same time, increased FSC of the C3++ B cells compared to C3 low cells indicated an increased size and/or activation. That would propose that possibly activated B cells, becoming larger during activation and differentiation [38], contain detectable higher intracellular C3 levels in nasal polyps. This would be in accordance with elevated levels of factors playing a role in B cell proliferation, differentiation into plasma cells as well as antibody diversity shown in nasal polyps [39][40][41][42]. Even higher amounts of plasmablasts and plasma cells together with more antibodies and autoantibodies were found in nasal polyp tissue compared to controls [24,39,40,43,44]. Therefore, the detailed characteristics of the C3++ B cell subpopulation remain to be determined. Although the utilized C3 antibody was not detected on the B cell surface, the corresponding significantly more abundant split products might additionally lead to excessive B cell activation which could be examined using C3d-specific antibodies. Tan et al. recently reviewed the role of B cell activation and antibody formation in CRS proposing a B cell-mediated classical complement activation [24], which is supported by others suggesting complement activation via autoantibodies [22,23]. In context with our results, linking activated B cells with a higher C3 load in nasal polys, this would support an idea of a dysregulated B cell-dependent C3 production together with its activation in nasal polyps which potentially might result in an interactive activation loop of B cells and complement. Following the reports of Kremlitzka et al. [37], another hypothesis could be that activated B cells take up more C3 from the surrounding to modulate gene expression, leading to possible inflammatory changes in CRSwNP. An intracellular role for C3 in B cell activation and homeostasis, as it was shown for T cells, has also to be considered [28]. The restricted availability of patient material and the aspect of a certain heterogeneity using individual patient samples describe the limitations of this study.

Conclusions
In summary, we have shown a C3-C3aR axis occupation in nasal polyps together with an augmented intracellular C3 repertoire in B cells which could refer to a prominent role for complement in disease progression. Understanding the exact mechanisms leading to increased C3 progression would pave the way for potential treatment options.

Data Availability
The data generated during this study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.

Conflicts of Interest
The authors declare that there is no conflict of interest regarding the publication of this article.