Analysis of the Main Factors Influencing the Dominant Frequency of Blast Vibration

At present, the study on the dominant frequency of blasting vibration is still a worldwide problem. Compared with the mature research on the particle peak velocity of blasting vibration, the researches on the dominant frequency of blasting vibration are much less. In this paper, by analyzing the main influencing factors of the dominant frequency, an attenuation equation of the dominant frequency induced by blasting vibration has been proposed by dimensional analysis combined with the theory of radial spherical wave propagation. -e proposed equation is applied to the fitting analysis on the dominant frequency measured in Zhoushan Green Petrochemical Base in China, which has obtained a favorable fitting correlation. Based on the fitting analysis, it has found that the correlation coefficient of radial vibration obtained by the proposed equation is higher than that of vertical vibration, which is resulted from the reason that the vibration in vertical is considered to be influenced most by the R-wave on the ground and perceived to be quite different from the radial vibration affected by P-wave. In generally, different components of blasting waves will affect the attenuation of dominant frequency.


Introduction
Blasting excavation has been widely used in mining, water and hydropower engineering, highway, municipal infrastructure construction, and other fields [1].Although blasting is an indispensable, efficient, and economical excavation technology, it inevitably brings adverse effects on the surrounding buildings and environment.In order to control the blasting vibration, it is necessary to predict the vibration induced by blasting [2].In recent years, the research on blasting vibration velocity has formed a mature system, and peak particle velocity (PPV) is often used as a criterion for evaluating blasting vibration safety [3].By contrast, the study on the prediction of blasting vibration frequency is much less.In fact, more and more researches revealed that when the dominant frequency of blasting vibration is close to the natural frequency of the structure, it will produce resonance effect and easily cause damage to the structures, even if the PPV is in the range of safety standard [4,5].erefore, it is also of great significance to study the attenuation law of the dominated frequency to keep the underprotected structure stability and safety.
e dominant frequency induced by blasting is affected by many factors, including characteristics of explosion source, distance away from explosion source, and physicalmechanical properties of rock [6].Among them, Zhong et al. [7] have found that the dominant frequency band shifts from mid-high frequency to low frequency and the dominant frequency band become more concentrated with the increase of the distance away from explosion source, the charge weight per delay, and the decrease of the number of delay in millisecond detonation.Yang et al. [8] has found that the vibration frequency of breaking blasthole of full-face millisecond delay blasting in underground opening excavation increases as the burden decreases.Ling et al. [9] have studied the difference of energy distribution characteristics of blasting vibration signals in frequency domain under single-delay blasting and multidelay millisecond blasting by using wavelet analysis technology.Tripathy and Gupta [10] have indicated that the vibration induced by blasting is diversified with the rock and geological condition.
e majority of factors affecting the dominant frequency of blasting vibration can hardly be described quantitatively.As a result, it is very difficult to accurately obtain the attenuation law of the dominant frequency [11].Generally speaking, the dominant frequency of blasting vibration decreases exponentially with the increase of the distance away from the explosion source due to the high-frequency filtering characteristics of rock [12].In recent years, with the progress of the analysis technique of blasting vibration spectrum, many prediction formulas have been proposed by using the method of artificial neural network [13], support vector machine [14], and gene expression programming [15].Although these formulas can obtain favorable fitting correlation, they are difficult to apply in engineer practice because of its too complex fitting parameters and calculation.
erefore, it is necessary to obtain a simple and practicable formula, which can reflect the changes of the dominant frequency with distance.

The Attenuation Equation of Dominant
Frequency Induced by Blasting

Analysis of Main Influencing Factors of the Dominant
Frequency.e explosive releases enormous energy in the process of blasting in rock, which mainly transforms into blasting shock wave, stress wave, and blasting gas.In the process of stress wave propagation in rock, due to the energy attenuation of wave and the damp absorption effect of rock, the properties and waveforms of stress wave will change correspondingly with distances.It will form the crushing zone, cracking zone, and elastic zone successively with the distance far from the blastholes [1].In order to analyze the propagation and attenuation of blasting seismic wave by using elastic wave theory, the inelastic zone (crushing zone and cracking zone) near the blastholes is equivalent to the blasting source, and the blasting load is acted on the equivalent elastic boundary (cracking boundary, i.e., the outer boundary of the crushing zone).erefore, the theoretical solution of the elastic wave excited by a spherical cavity in an elastic medium can be adopted, and the theoretical solution is given by Favreau [16].
Introducing potential function φ to represent radial displacement, where u is the radial displacement, r represents the distance between blasting source with the measuring points, and t is the time.
Assuming the load function acting on the inner wall of the spherical cavity is p(t), ) where p(t) is the blasting load acted on elastic cavity, λ and μ are the constant of Lame, ] is Poisson's ratio, ρ is the density, C P is the longitudinal wave velocity, a is the radius of elastic cavity (cracking zone), ω is the phase of function, φ is also the natural frequency of the equivalent system, and s and η are intermediate variables.
It is often assumed that the law of blasting load p(t) is used in the following form [17]: where σ max is the peak value of the blasting load, τ 1 is the rising time of the blasting load, and τ 2 is the time of blasting load reduction from peak to zero.By means of the Fourier transform, the velocity spectrum of blasting vibration in the elastic rock mass can be obtained as follows [8,17]: where F(ω) is the velocity spectrum of blasting vibration, S σ (ω) is the stress spectrum of blasting load, τ � τ 1 + τ 2 , a e � τ 1 /τ, and b e � τ 2 /τ.
It can be concluded from equation (7) that the main influencing factors of velocity spectrum include three aspects: firstly, the distance away from blasting source r, secondly, the parameters of rock λ, μ, ], and C P , and finally, the parameters of blasting, such as the radius of elastic cavity (the cracking zone) a and load parameters a e , b e , and τ.

Shock and Vibration
In practical, compared with spherical charge, cylindrical charge is used in open-pit blasting excavation more frequently, which is in advantage of its more uniform distribution of explosive energy in rock mass.Although the theoretical solution discussed previously is aiming at the spherical charge, in fact, analysis of the experimental data showed that blasts of cylindrical charges are similar to the processes observed in seismic investigations of blasts with spherical charges [17].
is is because spherical and cylindrical waves excited by spherical or cylindrical explosive sources can be regarded as plane waves when they propagate to the far region [1].If the elastic cavity formed by cylindrical charge blasting is regarded as an equivalent blasting source, the blasting load will be applied to the boundary of the elastic cavity.e radius of the equivalent blasting source will be the radius of the boundary of the elastic cavity a, as shown in Figure 1.
However, in the process of cylindrical charge blasting, some explosive energy will propagate in the form of stress wave in rock.According to the different propagation paths of wave, it can be divided into body wave and surface wave.e propagation of body wave in rock mass can be divided into compressive wave (P-wave) and shear wave (S-wave).In terms of the existence of the surface free surface, the surface wave (Swave) will also appear on the surface free surface of the semiinfinite space, which is the most significant symbol different from the spherical charge blasting in infinite rock mass.In fact, studies have shown that, for vertical hole blasting, the P-wave is an important component for both near and far distance, and it mainly acts on the horizontal and radial vibrations; the S-wave is only the dominant wave in the near zone, and its role in the far zone can be neglected; the R-wave grows and develops gradually at a farther distance, and it will have a major impact on vertical vibration [2].erefore, if taking the elastic cavity formed by cylindrical blasting as a spherical blasting source, the radial vibration induced by the cylindrical blasting source will be closer to the vibration induced by the spherical blasting source than that of vertical direction, as shown in Figure 1.
Considering the condition of single-hole blasting, the multiple-hole blasting is equivalent to the elastic superposition of each single hole, as shown in Figure 2.
Figure 3 illustrates the changes of the dominant frequency of blasting vibration with distance, where the distance away from the blasting source is r 1 < r 2 < r 3 and the dominant frequency of each distance is e dominated frequency used to fitting analyzing in this paper is zero-crossing dominant frequency, which is also shown in Figure 3, and it is the most commonly used form of dominant frequency when the waveform has a clear peak [2].

Dimensional Analysis of the Dominant Frequency.
It is known from the previous analysis that the vibration induced by elastic spherical cavity mainly depends on the longitudinal wave velocity C P , the radius of the elastic cavity a, the density of the rock ρ, the charge weight Q, and the distance between the blasting source with the measuring points r, as shown in Table 1.
Among all the parameters shown in Table 1, a, C P , and ρ are independent with each other and include three basic dimensions of measurement: mass M, length L, and time T, which are selected as the main parameters of the dominated frequency by using the dimensional analysis method.
Based on the π-theorem, three nondimensional equations are established as follows [18]: When the dimension of each physical quantity is substituted, according to the principle of dimension homogeneity, the dimensionless expression is obtained: e functional relationship between dimensionless dimensions is as follows: where α and β are coefficients.Under the condition of spherical charge, the charge weight can be expressed as follows: where q is the unit explosive consumption of rock.
Under the condition of cylindrical charge, the charge weight can be expressed as follows: where d is the diameter of the blasthole.It can be seen that a, d, and Q are not independent.Comparing equations ( 5) and (11) and considering the relationship between a, d, and Q in (12), the attenuation equation of blasting vibration dominant frequency induced by spherical explosion can be obtained: where ξ are β are coefficients.
In fact, ξ is a coefficient that included the effect of properties of rock.e longitudinal wave velocity C P is also one of the parameters reflecting the properties of rocks.If the effect of C P is included in the coefficient ξ and the dimensional consistency of ( 14) is not considered, the correlation coefficient of (14) will not be affected, and the equation can be further simplified as follows: where ζ is the coefficient.

Shock and Vibration
e charge weight of the cylindrical charge in bench blasting is where Q is the charge weight, H is the bench height, S is the blastholes spacing, and B is the row spacing.
In mining bench blasting, bench height H is generally adopted as (1.5-2.0)B,stemming length is (0.7-1.0)B, drilling depth is 0.3B, blastholes spacing S (1.0-2.0)B, and row spacing B and drilling diameter d have a relationship of B (25-35)d [1].So, according to the assumption in Section 2.1 and the proportional relationship among di erent blasting parameters mentioned above, equation ( 15) is still valid for cylindrical charge blasting.
Moreover, with the increase of the distance away from the blasting source, the wave front formed by the blasting seismic wave is cylindrical wave front.Revised from the theory of cylindrical waves in reference to the attenuation formula of PPV [19], equation ( 15) can be rewritten as follows: where α and β are coe cients.

Fitting of Frequency Attenuation Law of
Open-Pit Blasting in Zhoushan Petrochemical Base    Two blasting sites have been arranged in phase II, as shown in Figure 6.ere are two blasting experiments in each of the both blasting sites, which have been analyzed in order to verify the effectiveness of the proposed equation.
e dominant frequency of the field measured blasting from 1# and 2# experiments in 3# massif to 3# and 4# experiments in 5# massif will be selected to fitting analyze.e vibration logging and analysis system used in field observation consists of three parts: three-axis velocity transducers, a blasting vibration intelligent monitor (Blast-UM), and computers installed with Blast-UM software used to withdraw and process test data.Typical blasting measuring points and devices are shown in Figure 7.

Experiments in 3#
Massif.1# and 2# experiments are conducted in the platform with elevation of 16 m in 3# massif.1# experiment is located on the northwest side of the platform, and 2# experiment is located on the north side of the platform.e diameter of the blasting holes is 115 mm, and the diameter of the explosive is 90 mm.e detailed blasting parameters of the two experiments are shown in Table 2.
In 1# and 2# experiment, a single-hole blasting was set in the last delay of the multiple-hole blasting to observe the dominant frequency attenuation law of single-hole blasting and multiple-hole blasting, respectively.Among them, six and eight surface blasting vibration measurement points were arranged in 1# and 2# experiment, respectively.e multiple-hole blasting is detonated by holes, MS3 detonators are used between holes, MS5 detonators are used between rows, and single-hole blasting and multiple-hole blasting are separated by the MS10 detonator.MS3/MS5/MS10 represent the millisecond with 50/110/650 ms, as shown in Figures 8  and 9.And a stereo sketch of the layout of measuring points is provided in the red-dotted frame.e values of dominant frequency of single-hole and multiple-hole blasting are given in Table 3.
Since both 1# and 2# experiments were carried out in 3# massif, they were fitted together.Multiple-hole blasting is different from single-hole blasting in vibration waveform and spectrum characteristics due to the superposition and the influence of detonator delay.As a result, single-hole blasting and multiple-hole blasting are fitted separately.e fitting results of the attenuation rule for the dominant frequency of single-hole and multiple-hole blasting by equation ( 16) are presented in Figures 11  and 12 and Table 4.
e proposed equation ( 17) generally has obtained a favorably correlation coefficient in 3# massif.e dominant frequency of blasting vibration in multiple-hole blasting is decaying faster than that in single-hole blasting, which is also confirmed by Zhang et al. [20].In addition, the fitting correlation coefficient of dominant frequency in X-direction is generally higher than that of the other two directions, and the vertical direction obtains the worst relevance, which is in compliance with previous discussion that the radial vibration is normally perceived to be related to the P-wave, while the vibration in vertical is normally considered to be influenced most by the R-wave reflected by the free face on the ground [2].As a result, for surface vibration, the fitting correlation coefficient of radial vibration is higher than that of vertical vibration.5.

Experiments in
In 3# and 4# experiment, besides the multiple-hole blasting, a single-hole blasting was also set up to observe the dominant frequency attenuation law of single-hole blasting and multiple-hole blasting, respectively.Among them, seven and ve surface blasting vibration measurement points were arranged in 3# and 4# experiments, respectively.Shock and Vibration e multiple-hole blasting is detonated by holes, MS3 detonators are used between holes, MS5 detonators are used between rows, and single-hole blasting and multiple-hole blasting are separated by the MS10 detonator.MS3/MS5/ MS13 represent the millisecond with 50/110/650 ms, as shown in Figures 13 and 14.And a stereo sketch of the layout of measuring points is also provided in the red-dotted frame.
Figure 15 gives the typical time history curves of blasting vibration of the 3# measuring point in 3# experiment as an example.Blasting vibration is divided into two parts: the  e values of dominant frequency of single-hole blasting and multiple-hole blasting are given in Table 6.
e tting results of the dominant frequency by equation ( 17) are presented in Figures 16 and 17 and Table 7.  Shock and Vibration e proposed equation ( 17) also has obtained a favorable correlation coe cient in 5# massif.And the tting correlation coe cient of dominant frequency in X-direction is still higher than the vertical direction.Moreover, both of the amplitude and the attenuation speed of the dominant frequency in X-direction are larger than that in vertical direction, which is also in compliance with previous discussion that the radial vibration is more related to the P-wave, while the vibration in vertical is normally considered to be in uenced most by the R-wave.In fact, the amplitude and attenuation speed of the P-wave are larger than that of the R-wave.It can be seen that di erent wave components have an important in uence on the frequency.

Comparison with Other Formulas
In recent years, although the frequency of blasting vibration is being paid more attention and most of blasting vibration control standards are frequency-dependent, the prediction of frequency is still the most di cult in terms of the numerous in uencing factors, which is di cult to quantify.But many scholars still have conducted quantities of in-depth studies.
e blasting vibration frequency was initially put forward by        Shock and Vibration Sadovskij [21], which is only considered the distance away from explosion source and ignored other factors: where f is the blast-induced dominant vibration frequency, k 1 is the nonnegative site speci c tting coe cient, and r is the distance between blasting source and measuring point.Meng and Guo [22] have deduced the prediction formula of the dominant frequency of blasting seismic wave propagating in the viscoelastic medium as follows: where k 1 and k 2 are uncertain parameters related to charge structures, and Q is the maximum explosive charge per delay.Zhang and Yu [23] obtained the prediction formula of dominant frequency of blasting vibration by dimensional analysis as follows:   18).(b) Equation ( 19).(c) Equation ( 20).(d) Equation ( 21).Note: equation ( 22) is tted by multiple linear regression; so, there is no tting diagram provided. 14

Shock and Vibration
where k 1 is defined as the site coefficient, which is related to rock properties and blasting parameters.k 2 is an attenuation coefficient of blasting vibration.Jiao [24] proposed the formula for calculating the dominant frequency of ground particle vibration caused by blasting as follows: where k 1 is defined as the site coefficient, which is related to the dominant frequency of blasting vibration, and usually ranges from 0.01 to 0.3.C s denotes the shear wave velocity in the rock.Li et al. [25] has provided a prediction formula of blasting dominant frequency based on a combination of grey relational analysis and dimensional analysis as follows: where k 1 , k 2 , k 3 , and k 4 are nondimensional constants, which are related to the rock density and the wave velocity, H denotes the relative elevation, and V is the peak particle velocity.
In order to observe the difference of fitting effect between equation ( 17) and other formulas ( 18)-( 22), the dominant frequency of blasting vibration measured in Zhoushan Green Petrochemical Base are fitted and compared with each other.As the length of the article is limited, Figure 18 only gives the fitting analysis curve of multiple-hole blasting of Xdirection in 1# experiment.Table 8 gives a complete list of the fitting parameters and correlation coefficients of each experiment by each formula.
It can be seen from Table 8 that equation ( 17) generally performs better than most of other formulas, and the fitting correlation coefficient is only lower than equation (22).However, it is worth noting that although the fitting correlation coefficient obtained by equation ( 22) is generally the Shock and Vibration highest, it is difficult to apply in engineer practice in result of its too complex fitting parameters and calculation, which need four unknown parameters and multiple linear regression.In comparison, equation (17) can not only obtain a favorable fitting correlation but also simple and brief in form.

Conclusion
Based on the theoretical derivation of the attenuation equation of the dominant frequency induced by blasting and the fitting analysis of the dominant frequency in Zhoushan Green Petrochemical Base, the following conclusions can be drawn: (1) An equation reflecting the change of dominant frequency induced by blasting has been derived by dimensional analysis combined with the theory of radial spherical wave propagation.Based on the fitting analysis of dominant frequencies measured in Zhoushan Green Petrochemical Base, favorable correlation coefficients have been obtained, which proves the feasibility of the proposed equation.By comparing the different prediction formulas of dominant frequency with equation ( 17), it is found that equation ( 17) performs better in general, which can not only obtain a favorable fitting correlation but also simple and brief in form.
(2) e fitting correlation coefficient of dominant frequency in radial direction is generally higher than the vertical direction, which is resulted from the existence of surface free surface in cylindrical charge blasting.e vibration in vertical is considered to be influenced most by the R-wave reflected by the free face on the ground, which is perceived to be quite different from the radial vibration affected by the P-wave.In other words, different types of waves will affect the dominant frequency of blasting vibration.is paper has proposed an attenuation formula for dominant frequency, and it has found that the attenuation of dominant frequency is influenced by the component of the blasting wave.Although the proposed equation has obtained a favorable fitting correlation, it has adopted many simplified assumptions, such as that the rock is assumed to be linear elastic and the influence of free surface in semi-infinite space is neglected.erefore, the proposed equation still needs to be further improved and optimized.

Figure 3 :
Figure 3: e dominant frequency of blasting vibration decreases with distance increasing.

Figure 10
Figure 10 gives the typical time history curves of blasting vibration of the 1# measuring point in 1# experiment as an example.Blasting vibration is divided into two parts: the front part is multiple-hole blasting and the rear part is singlehole blasting.In order to facilitate observation, different colors are used to indicate the blasting vibration.e dominant frequency of the two parts is marked in the figure.evalues of dominant frequency of single-hole and multiple-hole blasting are given in Table3.Since both 1# and 2# experiments were carried out in 3# massif, they were fitted together.Multiple-hole blasting is different from single-hole blasting in vibration waveform and spectrum characteristics due to the superposition and the influence of detonator delay.As a result, single-hole blasting and multiple-hole blasting are fitted separately.e fitting results of the attenuation rule for the dominant frequency of single-hole and multiple-hole blasting by equation (16) are presented in Figures11 and 12and Table4.e proposed equation (17) generally has obtained a favorably correlation coefficient in 3# massif.e dominant frequency of blasting vibration in multiple-hole blasting is decaying faster than that in single-hole blasting, which is also confirmed by Zhang et al.[20].In addition, the fitting correlation coefficient of dominant frequency in X-direction is generally higher than that of the other two directions, and the vertical direction obtains the worst relevance, which is in compliance with previous discussion that the radial vibration is normally perceived to be related to the P-wave, while the vibration in vertical is normally considered to be influenced most by the R-wave reflected by the free face on the ground[2].As a result, for surface vibration, the fitting correlation coefficient of radial vibration is higher than that of vertical vibration.

Figure 8 :
Figure 8: Blast design and layout of measuring points in 1# experiment.

Figure 9 :Figure 10 :
Figure 9: Blast design and layout of measuring points in 2# experiment.

Table 1 :
Main in uencing parameters and dimensions of dominant frequency.
4Shock and Vibration core and build an island-type, modern, and ecological petrochemical base.e base is built in two phases where phase II is under excavation, as shown in Figure5.e square quantity exploited by blasting is about 47 million cubic meters, and the open-pit excavation period is about 20 months in phase II.

Table 2 :
Drilling and blasting parameters for the blast in 3# massif.

Table 3 :
Dominant frequency of single vibration signals in 3# massif.

Table 4 :
Fitting equation of the dominant frequency in 3# massif.

Table
Drilling and blasting for the blast in 5# massif.

Table 6 :
Dominant frequency of single vibration signals in 5# massif.

Table 7 :
Fitting equation of the dominant frequency in 5# massif.

Table 8 :
e fitting results of different formulas.