Effect of SSI on Vibration Control of Structures with Tuned Vibration Absorbers

(is paper investigates the effect of considering soil-structure interaction (SSI) in seismic responses of reinforced concrete (RC) chimneys installed by distributed tuned vibration absorbers vertically (d-MTVAs). A multimode control approach is used to design the d-MTVAs. Two-dimensional (2D) RC chimney is the assembly of beam elements. Frequency-independent constants for the springs and dashpots are used for modeling the raft and the surrounding soil. (e equations of motion for nonclassically damped systems are derived and solved using Newmark’s method. (e effectiveness of the d-MTVAs is weighed against the case of single tuned vibration absorber (STVA), d-MTVAs suppressing the firstmodal responses (d-MTVAs-1), and randomly distributedMTVAs (ad-MTVAs). Additionally, parametric studies are conducted for varying mass and damping ratios in the STVA, d-MTVAs-1, adMTVAs, and d-MTVAs. In order to show the efficiency in the STVA, d-MTVAs-1, ad-MTVAs, and d-MTVAs cases, responses (displacement and acceleration) at top of the RC chimney while subjected to different real earthquake excitations are computed. It is concluded that the STVA, d-MTVAs-1, ad-MTVAs, and d-MTVAs are effective in response mitigation of the RC chimney; however, d-MTVAs are more efficient while considering equal total mass of the TVA(s). Moreover, the soil type significantly influenced the design parameters of the STVA/d-MTVAs-1/ad-MTVAs/d-MTVAs and seismic response of the RC chimney.


Introduction
Industries generally used reinforced concrete (RC) chimneys with varied geometries.Earthquake forces caused damages or collapses to several chimneys.Kocaeli earthquake in 1999 and Chile earthquake in 2010 are the examples which caused collapses to the RC chimney.e design of chimneys is a well-established procedure for working engineers and researchers.Many of the researchers believe that if the chimney is considered to be located in a location with medium to soft soil, the modeling will depend on the type of foundation.In such a site, the structure will be supported on very deep foundation if the rock is too deep or it will be supported on a combination of mat foundation and deep foundation (where part of the site is reinforced using piles) or it will be supported on rock-socketed piles or drilled shafts.e researchers believe that if the chimney is modeled with these foundations, then the behavior of such foundations will be mobilized because of dynamic loads; i.e., there will not be much soil-structure interaction (SSI) under dynamic loads.Hence, many of them ignored the effect of SSI in their studies [1][2][3][4].
e other researchers such as Solari and Stura [5], Arunachalam et al. [6], and Chmielewski et al. [7] have included the effect of the SSI in dynamic analysis of structures.Tuned vibration absorber (TVA) is one such conventional passive mechanism, which consists of a mass, a spring, and a viscous absorber installed on the main structure in order to mitigate any adverse vibrations.Researchers such as Kareem [8], Aly et al. [9], Aly [10,11], Roffel and Narasimhan [12], and Elias and Matsagar [13] had employed the TVA in structures and reported reasonably enhanced vibration response control in the structures.However, single TVA is reported to be less efficient due to off-tuning.erefore, the researchers [14][15][16][17][18] suggested to use multiple TVAs (MTVAs) in order to fix the issue of the off-tuning.Guo et al. [19] found that the nonlinear TMD is more applicable to determine excitation, like wind.However, the difficulty of adding massive mass on a particular elevation of the structure counted to be an important issue.
e latest well-designed procedure is made for MTVAs to vertically distribute them (d-MTVAs).e d-MTVAs are used for vibration control of different types of structures under different loading conditions [20][21][22][23][24]. Tong et al. [25] demonstrated how to optimally tune the TMDs to reduce vibrations of flexible structures.Zaafouri et al. [26] designed a discrete-time sliding mode control using the equivalent discrete time reaching law for response control of structures.However, no study is conducted on earthquake response control of the chimney wherein placement and tuning of the d-MTVAs are made in accordance with the chimney including SSI. e objective of the present study is to study the efficient positioning and tuning of the d-MTVAs based on the modal properties of the fixed-base uncontrolled chimney.In this technique, TVA(s) is(are) located where the normalized amplitude of the mode shape of the chimney is the highest or higher in the particular mode shape and the TVA(s) is(are) tuned to the matching modal frequency.Hence, the d-MTVAs are located to suppress the first few selected modal responses of the RC chimney including SSI.With the intention of showing the efficiency of the d-MTVAs located based on modal properties of the chimney, the seismic responses are achieved using (i) single tuned vibration absorber suppressing only the first modal responses (STVA), (ii) d-MTVAs suppressing the first modal responses (d-MTVAs-1), and d-MTVAs located randomly (ad-MTVAs).Moreover, a comprehensive parametric study is performed to discover the parameters which influence the response mitigation under the real seismic ground motions.

Modeling of Tall Chimney with SSI
e beam elements are assembled to model the chimney with sway degrees of freedom (DOFs).
e DOFs are considered to be the dynamic degrees of freedom of the chimney with consideration of the soil-structure interaction (SSI).e hypothetical modeling is based on the hypothesis that the cross-sectional dimension in the element residue is the same.More hypotheses prepared for the systematic formulation are as follows: (i) the chimney is measured to stay in the elastic boundary under earthquake excitations and (ii) each scheme is considered to be under a single horizontal (unidirectional) component of the earthquake ground motion.Figures 1(a)-1(f ) show N-degree-offreedom (DOF) chimney equipped with n-DOF TVAs and two DOFs considered by SSI effect.For each node of the chimney, M i is the mass, while I i is the moment of inertia, and those of the foundation are shown as M 0 and I 0 , respectively.K i and C i are, respectively, assumed to be the stiffness and damping between the nodes.e ith TVA contains mass (m i ), stiffness (k i ), and damping (c i ).Stiffness of the swaying and rocking springs is represented as K s and K r , and the damping of the corresponding dashpots is indicated as C s and C r , respectively.e differential equation of motion for the coupled system considered is obtainable using where [M s ] is the mass matrix, whereas the damping and stiffness matrices of order (N + n + 2) × (N + n + 2) of the chimney are [C s ] and [K s ], respectively.Furthermore, the unknown relative nodal displacement, velocity, and acceleration vectors are, respectively, x s  , and € x s  . e acceleration mass matrix for the earthquake is [M * ], the earthquake ground acceleration is represented by € x g , and r { } is the vector of influence coefficients.Many of the standards such as the Indian standard or the Chilean code supervision indicate that 90% or above of the modal mass has to be taken into consideration for dynamic analysis.erefore, for the present study, the author decided x 2 TMD-2 @12th node x 1 TMD-1 @Topmost node   e natural frequency of each TVA (ω i ) is expressed by where ω T is the average frequency of all d-MTVAs-1/ad-MTVAs/d-MTVAs and β is the nondimensional frequency bandwidth of the d-MTVAs/ad-MTVAs/d-MTVAs systems.e stiffness (k i ) is used for adjusting the frequency of each TVA unit such that the TVAs is kept the same, and the damping ratio (ζ i ) of the TVAs is calculated as follows: Tuning frequency ratio (f) of the STVA/d-MTVAs-1/ ad-MTVAs/d-MTVAs system is expressed as where Ω N is the natural frequency of the main chimney.e same procedure (equations ( 3)-( 8)) is used for calculation of the MTVAs parameters in which their average tuning frequencies are the second and third frequencies of the chimney.STVA is always placed at the topmost node of the

Numerical Study
In this study, the RC chimney properties are taken from the model investigated by Datta and Jain [4]. is chimney is 250 m high and subjected to earthquake ground motion.e chimney is divided into 20 beam elements, and the length (l i ) of each beam element is 12.   e first three natural frequencies of the fixed-base uncontrolled chimney are Ω 1 � 2.088 rad/sec, Ω 2 � 7.933 rad/sec, and Ω 3 � 18.800 rad/sec, which are the average tuning frequencies (ω T1 , ω T2 , and ω T3 ) for the 5d-MTVAs-1, 3d-MTVAs-2, and d-MTVAs-3, respectively, controlling first, second, and third modes.e number of TMDs is chosen from the mass participation factor.erefore, n � 9 is considered such that around 56%, 33%, and 11% mass of TMDs is used, respectively, for controlling the fundamental, second, and third modal responses.e placement of the nine TVAs (9d-MTVAs) in the scheme of the d-MTVAs is shown in Figure 2. Note that only one TVA is placed on the same node, while the placement of the TVAs is in accordance with the largest or larger amplitude of the mode shape, which would ease installation intricacies of the TVAs.e soil is represented in a single layer under the footings, which consist of annular raft footing with the inner and outer diameter of 15 m and 40 m, respectively, and with the height of 2.5 m. e raft footing and the neighboring soil are modeled taking into account the springs and related dashpots as shown in Figure 1(c).e effect of considering different soil types is also investigated.e rock, dense soil, medium soil, and soft soil are, respectively, having the shear wave velocity (V s ) of 1200 m/sec, 600 m/sec, 300 m/sec, and 150 m/sec.In addition, Figures 3-9 contain the elastic modulus (E), density (c), and Poisson's ratio (υ).Seismic response of the chimney is investigated under two real earthquake ground motions.Two historical earthquakes (Llolleo at station LLO in Chile and Nahanni at 6097 Site 1 in Canada) are taken as input excitation (m/sec 2 ) to evaluate the seismic performance of the chimney with the proposed control strategies.e peak ground acceleration (PGA) for the Llolleo (1985) and Nahanni (1985) earthquake ground 6 Shock and Vibration excitations is 0.712g and 1.096g, respectively.Here, g denotes gravitational acceleration.To show the effectiveness of the control schemes, the effectiveness criteria for displacement (R E1 ) and acceleration (R E2 ) are defined as follows: where x 20 and € x 20 , respectively, are the controlled peak displacement and peak acceleration at the topmost node of the chimney.Furthermore, X 20 and € X 20 , respectively, are the uncontrolled peak displacement and peak acceleration at the topmost node of the chimney.

Effectiveness of TVA(s).
e assessments between the efficiency of the four TVA schemes for seismic response mitigation of the RC chimney are presented in this section.
ese TVA schemes are used to control the response of the fixed-base chimney, chimney including the SSI effect.e design parameters for the TVA schemes installed on the RC chimney are provided in Table 1.
Figures 3 and 4 show the comparison between the time histories of the displacement and acceleration at the topmost node of the chimney, respectively, under Llolleo (1985) and Nahanni (1985) earthquake excitations.A time step of 0.005 sec is taken for solving the equations of motion for both Llolleo (1985) and Nahanni (1985) earthquake excitations.
In addition, the figures show the peak displacement relative to ground and peak absolute acceleration at top of the chimney for uncontrolled and controlled cases of using different configurations of the TVAs.e uncontrolled peak displacement responses of chimney with fixed base, dense soil, medium soil, and soft soil, respectively, are 0.630 m, 0.633 m, 0.640 m, and 0.660 m under Llolleo (1985) earthquake excitations.
e values of the peak displacement  It is observed there are up to 10% variations in peak displacement response under consideration of different soil types.Furthermore, it is seen that there are up to 20% variations in peak acceleration response.Moreover, it is observed that the TVAs are effective in controlling the displacement response of the chimney in all the configurations considered herein except the STVA case.
e responses of the uncontrolled chimney with different soil types are amplified by installing the STVA.Generally, from the figures, it is observed that the postpeak response (topmost node displacement) diminishes significantly when the MTVAs are added as compared to the NC and STVA cases.Similarly, it is seen that the acceleration at top of the chimney is reduced by installing different TVA schemes.e 9d-MTVAs are generally observed to have maximum reduction of top node acceleration of the chimney as compared to the STVA, 9d-MTVAs-1, and 9ad-MTVAs.Hence, it is concluded that the d-MTVAs controlling multimodal response are more consistent in efficiently mitigating the displacement and the acceleration responses.

Effect of Mass Ratio (µ) and Damping Ratio (ζ d ).
In this section, the effect of the change in mass ratio (µ) and the damping ratio (ζ d ) of the STVA, 9d-MTVAs, 9ad-MTVAs, and 9d-MTVAs is studied under different earthquakes.e mass ratio (µ) is varied from 0.5% to 2% with an increment of 0.5%, and the damping ratio (ζ d ) is varied from 1% to 20% with an increment of 1%. e variations of these two reduction criteria with different mass and damping ratios are  Shock and Vibration shown in Figure 5 for the case where the chimney is fixed at the base and installed with different TVAs schemes.It is generally observed from the figure that the pattern of variation of the reduction in responses is uniform for different types of responses and excitations for MTVAs schemes.However, it varies for the STVA scheme.Furthermore, it is seen that, in case of STVA, by increasing the mass ratio, there is significant reduction in performance of the STVA.It is due to mistuning effect of the STVA.It is seen that, for the case of STVA, optimum damping exists which could be between 5 and 8%.e better response reduction is observed by installing different MTVAs schemes.e mass ratio increased, the performance of the MTVAs schemes improved.Also, it is observed that the optimum damping ratio exists for the MTVAs schemes which is smaller as compared to the STVA scheme.Besides, it is also noticed that highest response diminution is achieved with equipment of the 9d-MTVAs as compared to STVA, 9d-MTVAs-1, and 9ad-MTVAs.erefore, it is concluded that, by increasing the mass ratio of MTVAs schemes, the response diminution is increased as it is not the same for the STVA scheme.Figures 6-9 show the variations of damping ratios (ζ d ) for different mass ratios (µ) of the STVA, 9d-MTVAs-1, 9ad-MTVAs, and 9d-MTVAs installed on the chimney including SSI under Llolleo (1985) and Nahanni (1985) earthquake ground motions.Four different types of soil are considered in order to compare the performance of the different TVA schemes.It is noticed that soil properties significantly condensed the efficiency of the STVA.Conversely, in MTVAs schemes, it is found that they are more robust as compared to the STVA scheme.In addition, it is noticed that the increase in damping ratios (ζ d ) may not affect the performance of the different schemes under different soil properties considered.It is mainly due to availability of the soil damping introduced to the models.erefore, it is concluded that the optimum damping exists for the fixed-base chimney installed with TVAs.It is observed in Figures 8 and 9 that multimodal control schemes are most effective in acceleration response control as well.Generally, the best acceleration response diminution is accomplished for the chimney equipped with 9d-MTVAs.
By increasing the mass ratio, increasing the control capacity of the different TVA schemes is granted.It is noticed that the acceleration response amplified as compared to the uncontrolled chimney when the chimney is equipped with the STVA and 9d-MTVAs-1 schemes.
It is also observed that the 9d-MTVAs performance is unchanged under different soil types considered herein, which means that they are more robust.erefore, it is concluded that the increase in the mass ratio (µ) of the TVAs (i.e., masses of the units of the TVA to the mass of the chimney) leads to the increase in the seismic response reduction for most of the schemes studied herein (d-MTVAs, ad-MTVAs, and d-MTVAs).In addition, the soil type significantly influenced the design parameters of the STVA/d-MTVAs-1/ad-MTVAs/d-MTVAs schemes and seismic responses of the chimney with flexible foundation.Moreover, the d-MTVAs are more robust as compared to the STVA, d-MTVAs-1, and ad-MTVAs.

Figure 1 :
Figure 1: (a) Details of the chimney with no control, i.e., uncontrolled (NC); (b) schematic diagram of TVA and section A-A; (c) lumped mass idealization for the chimney including SSI and installed with (d) STVA, (e) ad-MTVAs, and (f ) d-MTVAs.

Figure 2 :
Figure 2: Mode shapes and frequencies of the uncontrolled chimney.
ratio, v (0.35) Shear wave velocity, V s (600 m/sec) Poisson's ratio, v (0.49) Shear wave velocity, V s (300 m/sec) Poisson's ratio, v (0.49) Shear wave velocity, V s (150 m/sec) 5 m. e chimney is having 20 degrees of freedom, and only the first three modal responses are controlled because 90% of the seismic mass is participating within the first three modes.e outer diameters (D), from the base to the top of the chimney, are 20 m, 19.5 m, 19 m, 18.5 m, 18 m, 17.5 m, 17 m, 16.5 m, 16 m, 15.5 m, 15 m, 14.5 m, 14 m, 13.5 m, 13 m, 12.5 m, 12 m, 11.5 m, 11 m, and 10.5 m, respectively.e corresponding thicknesses (t) are 0.85 m, 0.6 m, 0.55 m, 0.5 m, 0.45 m, 0.4 m, 0.35 m, 0.3 m, 0.25 m, 0.24 m, 0.23 m, 0.22 m, 0.21 m, 0.2 m, 0.2 m, 0.2 m, 0.2 m, 0.2 m, 0.2 m, and 0.2 m, respectively.It is assumed that 2.5 × 10 10 N/m 2 is the modulus of elasticity (E c) of the concrete, and density of the concrete is considered 2,400 kg/m 3 .Rayleigh's approach is used to calculate the damping matrix because the damping matrix is not explicitly known.In this method, the damping ratio (ζ d � 5%) in all modes of vibration is considered.e STVA is installed on top of the chimney as shown in Figure1(d).Arbitrarily distributed multiple tuned vibration absorbers (ad-MTVAs) installed along the height of the chimney are indicated in Figure1(e).It is to be noted that, in the ad-MTVAs, the placement of TVAs along the height of the chimney did not follow any criteria.Furthermore, the chimney installed with the distributed multiple tuned vibration absorbers as per the modal properties of the chimney (d-MTVAs) is shown in Figure1(f ). e placement of the d-MTVAs-1 is exactly the same as that of the case of d-MTVAs.ey fully control the

Figure 4 :
Figure 4: Time variation of displacement and acceleration at the topmost node of the chimney under Nahanni (1985); TVAs are with the mass ratio (µ) of 2% and damping ratio (ζ d ) of 5%.
MTVAs controlling the second modal responses is attached, and finally, the last single TVA controlling the third modal responses is attached.It should be mentioned that there is only one TVA placed at a node.e subsequent TVAs are placed as per the criteria of the amplitude of larger to large in a particular mode.
Figure 3: Time variation of displacement and acceleration at the topmost node of the chimney under Llolleo (1985); TVAs are with the mass ratio (µ) of 2% and damping ratio (ζ d ) of 5%.chimney and tuned to the fundamental frequency of the chimney.e eigen vectors of the natural frequencies of the fixed-base uncontrolled chimney are estimated to do the placement of the d-MTVAs.In this procedure, the d-MTVAs controlling only fundamental modal responses are attached.Subsequently, the placement of the d-

Table 1 :
Design parameters for the TVA schemes installed on the RC chimney.