Design of Rhombus-Shaped Slot Patch Antenna for Wireless Communications Manavalan Saravanan and Madihally Janardhana

A single feed circularly polarized patch antenna is presented. )e antenna consists of a rhombus-shaped slot incorporated in the radiating patch at its center. )e antenna is designed to operate at 2.3GHz band. )e antenna achieves left-hand polarization or right-hand polarization based on the orientation of the slot in the radiating patch.)e antenna parameters are synthesized using a high-frequency structure simulator and its characteristics are validated by the Agilent network analyzer (N9925A) and antenna test systems. )e measured results obtained agree with simulated results and show that the antenna achieves −10 dB impedance bandwidth of 85MHz (2.27GHz–2.355GHz) for left-hand polarization and 85MHz (2.26GHz–2.345GHz) for right-hand polarization. )e antenna gives a 3 dB axial ratio beamwidth of 95°(−35° ≤ AR ≤ 60°) for both left-hand polarization and righthand polarization along with better 3 dB axial ratio bandwidth of 140° in the operating band. )e antenna also achieves a good cross-polarization isolation of −17 dBic for both left-hand and right-hand polarization at its operating frequency. Hence, the antenna is best suited for modern wireless communication systems.


Introduction
Compact circular polarized patch antennas play a vital role in satellite communications and airborne communication due to their low profile and lightweight.ese antennas require low cross-polarization isolation in order to mitigate multipath interference and wider axial ratio beamwidth to provide a wide coverage area.However, 3 dB axial ratio beamwidth of the antenna suffers from a narrow beamwidth and cannot meet the required practical applications.A lot of researchers have been proposed to improve axial ratio beamwidth and to reduce cross-polarization isolation.One way of improving the beamwidth is to employ a 3D ground structure as in [1,2].ese structures utilize a multilayer stacked structure which diffracts the electromagnetic waves from the ground plane, thereby altering the radiation pattern of the antenna.However, these structures increase the overall width of the antenna.In [3], the beamwidth of the antenna is improved by altering the spacing between the two crossed dipoles placed in a square-shaped contour.However, it results in a bidirectional radiation pattern and thus results in power loss in the undesired direction.Another way of improving the beamwidth is by exciting surface waves through substrates extended on the ground plane as given in [4]. is technique significantly produces backward radiations, thereby interfering with other circuit elements.
A popular technique to improve the beamwidth is by introducing parasitic elements around the patch.However, the space required for these patch elements are higher and hence increases the overall length of the antenna [5].A 3D circularly polarized patch is presented in [6].e antenna uses a crossed slot in the radiating patch, and a triangular feed structure is made to improve the bandwidth of the antenna.ough the techniques discussed increase the axial ratio beamwidth of the antenna, the technique fails to suppress the cross-polarization isolation, especially at low elevation angles [7,8].One more technique to improve the beamwidth is by introducing lumped elements in the radiating patch.In [9], PIN diodes are placed along diagonals of the square patch, and the beamwidth is fully controlled by the shunt inductive load.e antenna uses the dual feed to excite two orthogonal modes.In [10,11], a circularly polarized antenna with an improved axial ratio beamwidth is proved.However, it suffers from poor cross-polarization isolation.In [12], parasitic stubs are used to perturb the surface fields on the radiating patch to achieve circular polarization with an improved axial ratio beamwidth.Recently, a slot of appropriate shape is etched in the circular radiating patch is used to achieve circular polarization [13][14][15].
In this paper, a rhombus-shaped slot patch antenna operating at 2.3 GHz band is presented.
e antenna is fabricated on FR4 substrate, and its performance is measured using the Agilent network analyzer and antenna test systems.e measured results are compared with simulation results and show that the antenna is best suited for airborne wireless communication systems.

Geometry of Proposed Antenna
e geometry of the proposed antenna is illustrated in Figure 1.
e antenna is fabricated on fire retardant dielectric substrate (FR4) having a relative permittivity of ε r � 4.4 and dielectric loss tangent of ζ � 0.02.In order to have low profile thickness, the substrate is chosen to have a thickness of 1.6 mm.A rhombus-shaped slot is etched in the radiating element in order to excite two orthogonal modes.
is perturbs the surface current over the patch element, thereby generating circular polarization.e orientation of the slot determines the nature of polarization.e antenna is fed by 50 Ω SMA connector.A quarter wave transformer having an impedance of 50 Ω is used for impedance matching.

Surface Current Distribution.
e surface current distribution over the radiating patch is simulated and is shown in Figure 2. Figure 2(a) shows surface current distribution corresponding to left-hand circular polarization (LHCP).Here, surface current in the right half plane along X-axis perturbs near the corner of the slot in advance when compared to the left half plane. is adds a 90 °phase delay in the surface current between both the half planes, which results in LHCP. Figure 2(b) shows surface current distribution corresponds to right-hand circularly polarization (RHCP).Here, surface current in the left half plane along Xaxis perturbs near the corner of the slot in advance when compared to the right half plane. is adds a 90 °phase delay in the surface current between both the half planes, which results in LHCP.us, based on the orientation of the slot, the antenna achieves either left-hand or right-hand polarization.

Antenna Design Considerations
A circular shape is considered as the basic antenna geometry shape for the proposed antenna model.Hence, the radius of the circular patch [16] is calculated from the following equation: where a � radius of the patch (m), c � velocity of light in vacuum � 3 * 10 8 m/s, f r � resonant frequency (GHz), and ε r � relative permittivity � 4.4 (no unit).e introduction of the slot in the radiating element increases the electrical length of the antenna and it shifts the operating frequency.erefore, an offset length introduced in the radial length of the patch is needed and is given in the following equation: where R � effective radius of the antenna.Since slot dimensions greatly affect the purity of polarization, the dimension of the slot has to be carefully chosen for the antenna to radiate circular polarization.e following equation gives optimal slot dimension of the proposed model: ( Table 1 gives overall dimensions of the proposed antenna model operating at the 2.3 GHz band.

Results and Discussions
To verify the feasibility of the presented circular polarized antenna, a prototype is fabricated on FR 4 substrate having a thickness of 1.6 mm.A 50 Ω SMA connector is used to feed the model.
In order to analyze the characteristics of the proposed antenna, the prototype is tested using the network analyzer N9924A as shown in Figure 3, and its radiation characteristics are measured using the antenna test setup shown in Figure 4.A 50 Ω N-type adapter is used to couple the network analyzer with the model.e impedance curve measured using a network analyzer is shown in Figure 5 and is compared with simulation results.It is observed that the antenna resonates at 2.3 GHz band and achieves a −10 dB impedance bandwidth of 85 MHz (2.27 GHz-2.355GHz) for left-hand polarization and 85 MHz (2.26 GHz-2.345GHz) for right-hand polarization.In order to validate the radiation characteristics, the fabricated model is tested under the antenna test system.
e measured radiation characteristics are compared with simulation results and are shown in Figure 6.
A standard pyramidal horn antenna having a gain of 9 dB is used as a reference antenna.e distance between two antennas (R) is measured, and the gain is calculated using the Friis transmission equation given below: 2 Journal of Computer Networks and Communications Figure 6(a) shows measured radiation characteristics corresponding to antenna geometry shown in Figures 1(a

Journal of Computer Networks and Communications
−17 dBic for both LHCP and RHCP con gurations at its operating frequency.
Figure 7 shows a variation of axial ratio against frequencies for both LHCP and RHCP con gurations.It is observed from Figure 7 that the antenna gives minimum axial ratio at the 2.3 GHz operating frequency for both the con gurations and achieves a measured wide 3 dB axial ratio bandwidth of 140 MHz in the operating band.
Figure 8 shows measured E plane and H plane radiation characteristics of both LHCP and RHCP con gurations.It is observed that the antenna achieves a good axial ratio (AR) over a wide beam angle ratio beamwidth of 95 °(−35 °≤ AR ≤ 60 °) for left-hand polarization and 95 °(−35 °≤ AR ≤ 60 °) for right-hand polarization.
e measured gain is calculated using the gain comparison method.A standard pyramidal horn antenna having a gain of 9 dB is used as a reference antenna as shown in Figure 4. e distance between two antennas (R) is measured, and the gain is calculated using Friis transmission equation.
e gain characteristics of the proposed antenna with respect to operating band are given in Figure 9.It is observed that the antenna gives a nearly at gain over the operating band.e measured gain for LHCP is 5.16 dBic and RHCP is 4.82 dBic at the boresight of the antenna.
is small difference in gain results is due to fabrication loss and antenna alignment losses.
Table 2 gives performance comparison of proposed antenna with traditional antenna models.It is observed that the proposed model achieves better axial ratio bandwidth when compared to the traditional antenna model given in Table 2.Moreover, the cross-polarization isolation is better in the proposed antenna and is not studied in conventional antennas given in Table 2.In addition to this, the proposed antenna is simple and is modelled on the single layer instead of multilayer substrate as in Ref. [14], which makes it easy to integrate with other high-frequency circuits.ough the antenna has limitation of narrow 3 dB axial ratio bandwidth when compared to other traditional antennas, the 3 dB axial ratio beamwidth achieved by the proposed antenna is su cient to cover one complete sector of a mobile cell network and also suitable for many wireless applications including MIMO application.

Conclusion
is paper introduces a novel circularly polarized patch antenna operating at 2.3 GHz.A rhombus-shaped slot is etched in radiating patch located at its center.e dimension of the slot is tuned to achieve minimum axial ratio at its operating frequency.e antenna radiates either left-hand or right-hand polarization based on the orientation of the slot.e measured radiation characteristics show that the proposed antenna attains 5.16 dBic for LHCP and 4.82 dBic

Figure 1 :
Figure 6(a)  shows measured radiation characteristics corresponding to antenna geometry shown in Figures1(a)