Chaotic Threshold for a Class of Power System Model

0is paper deals with the bifurcation and chaotic dynamic characteristic of a single-machine infinite-bus (SMIB) power system under two kinds of harmonic excitation disturbance, which are induced by the external periodic load and the outer mechanical disturbance. By applying Melnikov’s method, the threshold value for the occurrence of chaotic motion is provided. In addition, the chaotic boundary surface is given. 0e efficiency of the criteria for chaotic motion obtained in this paper is verified by bifurcation diagram, phase portraits, Poincaré section, and frequency spectrum. 0e results obtained in this paper will provide a better understanding of the nonlinear dynamic behaviors for this class of SMIB power system subjected to two kinds of harmonic excitation components.


Introduction
With the rapid development of economy and the increasing power consumption, electric power systems have become more huge and complicated.Stability problems have become more complex as interconnections become more extensive [1].Recently, the modern power system is forced to operate close to its stability limit.Power system is exposed to disturbances of varying intensity and some of the disturbances or cascading propagation of initial disturbance.Such disturbance can lead the power system to lose its partial or total stability.erefore, many researchers focus on the stability of electric power systems in scientific and engineering studies [2][3][4][5], especially on an equivalent single-machine infinite-bus (SMIB) power system.e model of the swing equation has attracted great interest in the last decades due to its wide application in the research of stability of such power system.
By using a random Melnikov method and numerical simulation, Wei et al. [6,7] examined how a Gaussian white noise affects the dynamic behaviors of the power system.Zhu et al. [8] made a Hopf bifurcation analysis for a SMIB power system with subsynchronous resonance (SSR) by applying the Hopf bifurcation theorem.Nayfeh et al. [9,10] investigated a single-machine quasi-infinite bus bar system, and they used numerical simulations to exhibit some of the complicated responses of the generator, including the period-doubling bifurcations, chaotic motions, and unbounded motions (loss of synchronism).Duan et al. [11] investigated the bifurcations associated with subsynchronous resonance of a SMIB power system with a series of capacitor compensation.Chen et al. [12] studied the chaotic control and identification problem of an SMIB power system, where the power of the machine was assumed to be a simple harmonic quantity.Moreover, Melnikov's method works effectively for discussing bifurcations of periodic orbits and homo-(hetero-) clinic orbits for dynamical systems.For instance, this method has been applied in a classical SMIB power system model [13,14].Zhou and Chen [15] investigated the mechanism and parametric conditions for chaotic motions of a SMIB power system, and the critical curves separating the chaotic and nonchaotic regions have been given.Chaotic and subharmonic oscillations of the SMIB power system were discussed in [16] by computing Melnikov functions with the residue of a complex function and elliptic integrals.Wang et al. [17] investigated a SMIB power system under a periodic load disturbance and obtained the threshold for the onset of chaos by using Melnikov's method.
With the development of electric power industry, a lot of new equipment has been used in the power system.For example, a valve on a steam turbine was used, which can take quick action as a device for regulating the power of a prime mover.When the valve is under periodic perturbation, meanwhile, the system is subjected by the periodic load power, and there exists two kinds of periodic excitation.To the best of our knowledge, there are few literature considering dynamic characteristic of a single-machine infinite-bus power system under two kinds of periodic excitation disturbance.In addition, when the well-known Melnikov's method is employed to obtain the threshold value for the occurrence of chaotic motion, the analytic expressions of the homoclinic orbits need to be given.It is worth pointing out that the analytical expression of the homoclinic orbits in the mathematical model of the SMIB power system is difficult to obtain.Because of this, the mechanical power input to the synchronous machine is assumed to be a very small quantity or zero in some existing literature, which is different from the real SMIB power system in engineering practice.In this case, the original homoclinic orbits have been changed into heteroclinic obits, so the intrinsic characteristic of the original real system has been changed.Although we have investigated the nonlinear dynamic analysis of a SMIB system subjected to a periodic load disturbance before in [17], in this paper, we extend a SMIB system subjected to two kinds of disturbance.So the purpose of this paper is to investigate the bifurcation and chaotic characteristic of it.e work in this paper differs from the existing literature in two aspects: one is the two kinds of excitation components, and the other one is the way of obtaining the threshold value for the occurrence of chaotic motion by applying the Melnikov method.

The Formulation of a Class of SMIB Power System
In this paper, we investigate a class of single-machine infinite-bus (SMIB) power system.Figure 1 shows its configuration.In Figure 1, by using a transmission line, the synchronous machine S is transferring power to the infinite bus.We denote the equivalent main transformer of system 1 and system 2 as 3 and 4, respectively.We denote load, circuit breaker, and systematic tie line as 5, 6, and 7, respectively.In [1], the angle dynamics of the synchronous generator is described by the swing equation.So, it can be expressed as where δ is the rotor angle, ω R is the synchronous angular velocity, ω is the angular speed, and Δω is the angular speed deviation.P E , P M , and H represent the electrical power, mechanical power, and the inertia constant of the machine, respectively.
As we all know, suppose the generator is a nonsalient pole generator, and the electrical power P E can be written as in which the reference phasor of the infinite bus bar is represented as U∠0 °, the voltage of the machine is denoted by E, and X stands for the reactance of the system.Assume system (1) is under two kinds of disturbance: a periodic load with the amplitude P d and frequency Ω 1 and an external periodic mechanical excitation disturbance with the amplitude P f and frequency Ω 2 .D is the damping of the synchronous generator.
e following equation can be obtained: For the convenience of analysis, the following transforms are introduced: 2

Shock and Vibration
In order to obtain the basic behavior of the presented SMIB system in this paper, first we study a case with no damping and no external excitation.Now let c � 0, f 1 � 0, and f 2 � 0; therefore, Equation ( 6) can be changed into the following form: us, we can obtain the equilibriums of system ( 6): Hence, it is easily concluded that the equilibrium E : (x 1 , 0) � (arcsin ρ, 0) is a center, and the equilibrium S : It is observed from Figure 2 that the phase portraits of the studied system (6) for different initial conditions are shown.
e phase trajectory marked as circle "1" is oscillating orbits, whose angular displacement is usually smaller and the angular velocity changes its sign twice per period.At the same time, we denote the trajectory "3" as a typical rotational motion, whose angular velocity does not change its sign and its angular displacement grows with time, and we denote the trajectory "2" as the homoclinic orbit.

Melnikov Function of the SMIB Power System
In this section, we will study the condition for the emergence of chaotic motion in Equation ( 5) by applying Melnikov's method, which has been successfully applied to the analysis of chaos in many nonlinear systems [18][19][20][21].
In order to give the transversality condition by using the Melnikov's method, the SMIB system (5) is rewritten as Now we assume ε � 0, and then Hamiltonian function of Equation ( 8) can be given as in which H 0 stands for an integral constant.

Shock and Vibration
3 in which the operator ∧ is defined as for any a � (a 1 , a 2 ) T and b � (b 1 , b 2 ) T .erefore, the Melnikov function of Equation ( 8) is expressed as In Equations ( 12)-( 14), x A stands for the horizontal ordinate of the points A and x S denotes the horizontal ordinates of the point S, in which the homoclinic orbit in Figure 2 intersects the x axis.us, we can see that has a simple zero root for τ 0 if and only if the following inequality holds e Melnikovian-detected chaotic boundary surface of equation ( 8) is obtained, as shown in Figure 3.When the system parameters traverse this boundary surface, the chaotic motions will be generated, i.e., in the area of

Numerical Simulations
In this section, numerical simulations have been conducted to verify the theoretical analysis and to better understand the changes of the dynamic characteristic for the considered SMIB power system as the periodic load and the external periodic mechanical excitation vary.We use Dynamics [22] to investigate the complicated dynamic behaviors of the SMIB power system by considering the bifurcation diagram.With the help of the software Matlab, the time histories, Poincaré maps, and frequency spectrums are plotted by using the fourth-order Runge-Kutta method.As an illustrative example, consider a specific system with the system parameters, and they are Rated MVA � 160, Rated PF � 0.85, Rated KV � 15, ω R � 120π, and x d ′ � 0.35.e rest of the parameters of the SMIB power system are (converted to per unit) M � 1, P M � 0.5, D � 0.25, U � 1, x T � 0.65, and X � x d ′ + x T � 1.We choose parameter f 2 as a bifurcation parameter, which is corresponding to the external periodic mechanical excitation, and the other system parameters are fixed.Bifurcation diagram (Figure 4) are plotted to investigate the effects of varying the selected system parameter f 2 for typical ranges.
As the excitation amplitude f 2 increases, the rotor angle oscillation changes in terms of the sequence of period-1 4 Shock and Vibration motion, period-2 motion, and chaotic motion.Figure 5 shows the phase portrait, Poincare map, and frequency spectrum of period-1 motion for f 2 � 0. Figures 6-8 show the phase portrait, Poincaré map, and frequency spectrum of period-2 motion for f 2 � 0.1, f 2 � 0.5, and f 2 � 0.8, respectively.e differences between them are the different motion forms.e reason for that lies in different excitation amplitudes.It is easily to see that the shape of the periodic trajectory subjected to two-frequency excitation becomes more complex and more irregular.Figure 9 shows the phase portrait, Poincare map, and frequency spectrum of period-4 motion for f 2 � 1.0.Figure 10 shows the phase portrait, Poincaré map, and frequency spectrum of chaotic motion for f 2 � 1.1.In the case of f 2 � 1.1 and the other chosen parameters, it can be easily verified that the parameter values satisfy the condition ( 21).Shock and Vibration

Conclusions
is paper has investigated the dynamical behaviors of a classical single-machine infinite-bus power system by applying theoretical analysis and numerical simulations.Our results extend the existing research by considering two kinds of excitation components, which is related to the external mechanical and electrical disturbance.With the help of phase portraits, Poincaré maps, and frequency spectrums, the transition process of different dynamic behaviors is shown.Melnikov's method is employed to give the threshold value of chaotic motion occurrence.In the considered system, there exists the phenomenon of perioddoubling cascading bifurcation to chaos induced by the external excitation.
ese obtained results can give an overall understanding of the complex dynamic behaviors for this system.

Figure 1 :
Figure 1: SMIB power system with two kinds of disturbance.

Figure 4 :
Figure 4: Bifurcation diagram with different values of parameter f 2 .