OSU-T315 as an Interesting Lead Molecule for Novel B Cell-Specific Therapeutics

B cells are pathogenic in various disease processes and therefore represent an interesting target for the development of novel immunosuppressants. In the search for new therapeutic molecules, we utilized an in vitro B cell activation assay with ODN2006-stimulated Namalwa cells to screen a chemical library of small molecules for B cell modulating effects. OSU-T315, described as an inhibitor of integrin-linked kinase (ILK), was hereby identified as a hit. On human and murine primary B cells, OSU-T315 potently suppressed the proliferation and the production of antibodies and cytokines upon stimulation, suggesting that ILK could be a promising target in the modulation of B cell activity. Mice with B cell-specific knockout of ILK were generated. Surprisingly, knockout of ILK in murine B cells did not affect B cell function as assessed by several in vivo and ex vivo B cell assays and did not alter the B cell immunosuppressive activity of OSU-T315. In conclusion, OSU-T315 displays potency as B cell modulator, probably through a mechanism of action independent of ILK, and might serve as lead drug molecule for the development of novel B cell-selective drugs.


Introduction
At the present time, there are few B cell-specific immunomodulatory agents available and applicable for clinical purposes and they usually aim for a depletion of B cell population(s). These include monoclonal antibodies directed against B cell surface markers, such as rituximab, ocrelizumab, epratuzumab, or directed against B cell growth factors, such as belimumab, and small molecule agents like Bruton's tyrosine kinase (BTK) inhibitor ibrutinib and the proteasome inhibitor bortezomib. Hence, there is an unmet need for new B cell drugs that aim for a modulation of B cell's activation status. Recently, we described the oligodeoxynucleotide (ODN) 2006-stimulated Namalwa cell line as a relevant, homogeneous, and stable B cell activation model by which new targets and inhibitors of the B cell activation processes can be identified through flow cytometric analysis of the expression of activation and costimulatory cell surface markers [1]. In search of innovative B cell immunomodulating agents, this assay was chosen to screen a library of chemical agents for inhibitory effects on activated human B cells. The screening allowed us to identify OSU-T315 as a potentially interesting agent to interfere with human B cell activation. This compound is described as targeting ILK with IC 50 of 600 nM in an in vitro radiometric kinase assay [2]. In previous studies, some murine models with targeted deletion of ILK have been generated to investigate the role of ILK in the different cell populations [3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10]. To our knowledge, ILK has not yet been studied for its role in B cell biology which encouraged us to explore ILK's potential as target for B cell therapeutics by generating mice with B cell-specific genetic deletion of ILK.

Cells and Cell
Lines. Human B cell line Namalwa (European Collection of Cell Cultures, ECACC, England) was maintained in culture flasks (TPP, Switzerland) as suspension culture in complete RPMI 1640 culture medium at 37°C and 5% CO 2 . Blood samples of healthy volunteers were collected at the Red Cross of Mechelen, Belgium. Each donor consents to the use of his blood for research purposes. Human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were obtained by density gradient centrifugation of the heparinized venous blood over Lymphoprep™ (Axis Shield PoC AS; density 1.077 ± 0.001 g/ml). Highly purified naive peripheral human B cells were separated from fresh human PBMCs using magnetic columns by positive selection using cluster of differentiation (CD) 19 magnetic beads according to the manufacturer's instructions (MACS Miltenyi Biotech, Leiden, The Netherlands). The purity of the isolated primary B cells was ≥95% as analyzed by flow cytometry. Cells were suspended at the desired concentration in complete Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium (DMEM) culture medium. Single-cell suspensions of murine splenocytes were prepared by manual disruption of total spleens, and highly purified B lymphocytes were isolated by immunomagnetic positive selection according to the manufacturer's instructions (STEMCELL Technologies, EasySep™ Mouse CD19 positive selection kit II, Grenoble, France). The purity of the isolated murine B cells was ≥95% as analyzed by flow cytometry. Cells were suspended at the desired concentration in complete DMEM culture medium.

Characterization of OSU-T315 via Functional In Vitro
Assays with Human Cells. OSU-T315 was purchased from Calbiochem, Merck Millipore (Overijse, Belgium). The measurement of cytotoxicity of OSU-T315 was done on cells of the Namalwa cell line by WST-1 viability assay. The cell proliferation agent WST-1 was purchased from Roche Diagnostics (Mannheim, Germany). OSU-T315 was added at different concentrations to the Namalwa cells. After 48 hours of incubation at 37°C and 5% CO 2 , Triton® X-100 (0.5% final; Fluka Biochemika, Buchs, Switzerland) was added in control wells. WST-1 reagent was added, and Namalwa cells were incubated for 2 to 4 hours at 37°C and 5% CO 2 . The absorbance of the formazan dye was measured by the EnVision™ 2103 Multilabel Reader (Perkin Elmer, Zaventem, Belgium) at 540 nM.
An initial evaluation of B cell modulatory effects was done on Namalwa cells and on human primary B cells by flow cytometric analysis on the expression of activation and costimulatory cell surface markers after 24 hours of stimulation with 0.1 μM ODN2006 in presence of compound OSU-T315. Furthermore, OSU-T315 was investigated for its effects on antibody and interleukin (IL) 6 production and B cell proliferation upon activation of human B cells by different stimulatory conditions (0.1 μM ODN2006, Invivogen, Toulouse, France; 1 μM resiquimod, Sigma-Aldrich, Diegem, Belgium; 91 μg/ml TNP-BSA, Biosearch Technologies, Novato, California, USA). For assessment of IL6 production, freshly isolated human CD19 + B cells were plated at 50000 cells per well in 220 μl complete DMEM medium and activated by different stimulatory conditions. After 2 days of incubation, supernatant was taken for analysis of IL6 with AlphaLISA human IL6 kit according to the manufacturer's instructions (Perkin Elmer, Zaventem, Belgium). Detection was performed with the EnVision™ 2103 Multilabel Reader (Perkin Elmer, Zaventem, Belgium). For assessment of cell proliferation, freshly isolated human CD19 + B cells were plated at 50000 cells per well in 220 μl complete DMEM medium and activated by different stimulatory conditions. 10 μCi 3 H thymidine (Perkin Elmer, Zaventem, Belgium) was added in the wells for the last 18 hours of 3 days of incubation. The cells were harvested on glass filter paper (Perkin Elmer, Zaventem, Belgium). After drying, radioactivity was counted in a scintillation counter (TopCount, Perkin Elmer, Zaventem, Belgium). For assessment of immunoglobulin (Ig) production, freshly isolated human CD19 + B cells were plated at 25000 cells per well in a 384-well plate (Perkin Elmer, Zaventem, Belgium) in 55 μl complete DMEM medium and activated by different stimulatory conditions. After 7 days of incubation, supernatant was taken for analysis of IgM and IgG with AlphaLISA human IgM and IgG kit according to the manufacturer's instructions (Perkin Elmer, Zaventem, Belgium). Detection was performed with the EnVision™ 2103 Multilabel Reader (Perkin Elmer, Zaventem, Belgium). For human one-way mixed lymphocyte reaction (MLR), freshly isolated human PBMCs were the responder cells and growth-inhibited RPMI 1788 cells served as stimulator cells. To block their proliferation RPMI, 1788 cells were treated with 96 nM mitomycin C (mitomycin C Kyowa®, Takeda Belgium, Brussels, Belgium) for 20 minutes at 37°C. After three washes with RPMI 1640 medium containing antibiotics, the stimulator cells were then diluted at the desired cell concentration in complete RPMI 1640 medium. The responder human PBMCs were cocultivated with the stimulator cells, ratio responder/stimulator of 8/3, in complete RPMI 1640 culture medium for 6 days at 37°C and 5% CO 2 . DNA synthesis of the responder cells was assayed by the addition of 10 μCi 3 H thymidine (Perkin Elmer, Zaventem, Belgium) during the last 18 hours of culture. The cells were harvested on glass filter paper (Perkin Elmer, Zaventem, Belgium). After drying, radioactivity was counted in a scintillation counter (TopCount, Perkin Elmer, Zaventem, Belgium).

Generation of Mice with B
Cell-Specific Deletion of the ILK Gene. We generated mice with B cell-specific deletion of ILK by means of Cre/LoxP system, a technology to induce site-specific recombination events in genomic DNA.
Transgenic ILK flox/flox C57BL/6 mice and CD19 Cre/Cre C57BL/6 mice were kindly provided, respectively, by Prof. Dr. Christa Maes (KU Leuven, Belgium) and Prof. Dr. Jan Cools (KU Leuven, Belgium). We used ILK flox/flox C57BL/ 6 mice, created by the research group of Prof. Dr. René St.-Arnaud (McGill University and Shriners Hospital for Children, Montreal, Canada), wherein LoxP sites were inserted downstream from exons 4 and 12 at the ILK locus. To delete ILK in vivo in B cells, ILK flox/flox C57BL/ 6 mice were bred with CD19 Cre/Cre C57BL/6 mice, wherein the expression of Cre recombinase enzyme is placed under the direction of the CD19 promotor, to create CD19 Cre/ WT /ILK flox/flox mice. Animal care was in accordance with the guidelines for laboratory animals from the KU Leuven, and all experiments were approved by the Ethical Committee for Animal Science of KU Leuven (ethical committee, P075-2010 and P107-2015).
Screening of DNA obtained from murine tail for the inheritance of the floxed ILK gene was performed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using the following primers: ILK Jax sense (primer sequence 5′ GACCAGGTGGCAGA GGTAAG 3′; Sigma-Aldrich, Diegem, Belgium) and ILK Jax anti-sense (primer sequence 5 ′ GCTTTGTCCACAGG CATCTC 3 ′ ; Sigma-Aldrich, Diegem, Belgium). The final concentrations of the components in the PCR mix for floxed ILK were as follows: 25 U/ml GoTaq® G2 Flexi DNA polymerase (Promega), 1x Green GoTaq® Flexi buffer (Promega), 2 mM MgCl 2 , 200 μM dNTPs, 0.4 μM oligonucleotide primers, and 1 μl of DNA sample for total volume of 25 μl. DNAs were amplified for 35 cycles (95°C for 30 seconds, 58°C for 30 seconds, and 72°C for 40 seconds) in GeneAmp® PCR System 9700 (Applied Biosystems). The size of the WT ILK allele was 245 base pair (bp) and of the floxed ILK allele was 270 bp (Figure 1(a)). Inheritance of the CD19-Cre transgene was determined by SYBR Green dye-based real-time PCR (RT-PCR) using the following primers: CD19-Cre sense (primer sequence 5 ′ GCGGTCTGGCAGTAAAAACTATC 3 ′ ; Sigma-Aldrich, Diegem, Belgium) and CD19-Cre antisense (primer sequence 5 ′ GTGAAACAGCATTGCTGTC ACTT 3 ′ ; Sigma-Aldrich, Diegem, Belgium). The final concentrations of the components in the PCR mix for CD19-Cre were as follows: 1x SYBR® Green PCR master mix (Applied Biosystems, Halle, Belgium), 0.8 μM oligonucleotide primers, and 1 μl of DNA sample for total volume of 20 μl. DNAs were amplified with the same program as for the identification of floxed ILK allele(s) in StepOnePlus RT-PCR System (Applied Biosystems, Halle, Belgium). A band of 100 bp indicated the mice with a CD19-Cre allele. Distinction between the homozygous and the heterozygous CD19-Cre mice was done by flow cytometry on murine peripheral blood (Figure 1(b)). Murine blood cells were stained with FITC-labelled anti-murine CD19 (Biolegend, ImTec Diagnostics N.V., Antwerp, Belgium) and PE/Cy5-labelled anti-murine CD45R/B220 (Biolegend, ImTec Diagnostics N.V., Antwerp, Belgium) and analyzed with the 3-color Becton Dickinson FACSCalibur apparatus. CD45R/B220, commonly used as a pan-B cell marker, was included in the double staining to allow visualization of B cells in the blood of mice with lowered (heterozygous CD19-Cre genotype) or completely deleted (homozygous CD19-Cre genotype) expression of CD19. Using both PCR and flow cytometry, we were able to select the mice of interest for our investigations: ILK wild type (WT) mice CD19 WT/WT /ILK flox/flox and ILK knockout (KO) mice CD19 Cre/WT /ILK flox/flox . We used in our studies mice with CD19 Cre/WT /ILK flox/flox genotype with a partial deletion of CD19 as our ILK KO mice rather than the ones with CD19 Cre/Cre /ILK flox/flox genotype with a complete deletion of CD19, because, as reported, complete abrogation in expression of CD19 in mice causes defective late B cell differentiation and decreased Ig responses [11,12].
2.5. TNP-BSA In Vivo Assay. Mice were stimulated with T cell-dependent antigen TNP-BSA, a 2,4,6-trinitrophenyl hapten conjugated with bovine serum albumin (50 μg per mice), solved in complete Freund's adjuvant (Sigma-Aldrich, Diegem, Belgium) by subcutaneous injection. The blood was collected by eye puncture before stimulation and on days 7, 10, 14, 21, and 28 poststimulation. On day 28, the mice underwent for a second time stimulation with TNP-BSA and blood samples were taken on days 35 and 42. Analysis of anti-TNP IgM and IgG in the collected sera was done by ELISA procedure in prepared 96-well ELISA plates (coated overnight at 4°C with 5 μg/ml TNP-BSA in phosphatebuffered saline (PBS)) with sheep anti-mouse IgG (H/ L) : horse radish peroxidase (HRP) and with goat antimouse IgM : HRP (Bio-Rad AbD Serotec, Oxford, United Kingdom), respectively. Peroxidase activity was detected by adding 3,3′,5,5′-tetramethylbenzidine liquid substrate (Sigma-Aldrich, Diegem, Belgium). Reaction was stopped by adding 1 M HCl. Optical absorbance was measured by the ELISA reader at 450 nM.
2.6. TNP-Ficoll In Vivo Assay. Mice were immunized intraperitoneally with T cell-independent antigen TNP-Ficoll, a 2,4,6-trinitrophenyl hapten conjugated with Ficoll (25 μg per mice), solved in PBS. The blood was collected by eye puncture before stimulation and on days 5, 7, 10, 14, and  Identification of mice with CD19 WT/WT , CD19 Cre/WT , or CD19 Cre/Cre genotype was done by flow cytometric analysis on the blood that was double-stained with CD19 (FITC) and CD45R/B220 (PE/Cy5). Mice with CD19 Cre/Cre genotype did not display CD19 on the outer surface of the B cells. CD19 Cre/WT mice still expressed CD19 on the outer surface of the B cells, but at a lower density than CD19 WT/WT mice which consequently translated in a lower MFI compared to CD19 WT/WT mice. The similar percentages of gated CD45R/B220 + cells with equal MFI demonstrated that there was no loss in the B cell population in CD19 Cre/WT mice and CD19 Cre/Cre mice compared to CD19 WT/WT mice. (c) Western blot was performed on splenocytes and on splenic B cells from mice identified as being ILK wild type (WT, CD19 WT/ WT /ILK flox/flox ) or ILK knockout (KO, CD19 Cre/WT /ILK flox/flox ). High expression of ILK was observed in the splenocytes of WT and KO mice, but ILK was not detected in the B lymphocytes of the latter. 21 poststimulation. Analysis of anti-TNP IgM in the collected sera was done by ELISA procedure in prepared 96-well ELISA plates (coated overnight at 4°C with 5 μg/ml TNP-Ficoll in PBS), as described above.

OSU-T315 Inhibits In Vitro Human and Murine B Cell
Activation. A collection of chemical agents was screened in our B cell activation assay using ODN2006-stimulated Namalwa cells [1]. Compound OSU-T315 demonstrated potent inhibitory activity on the upregulation of cell surface markers CD40, CD69, CD70, CD80, CD83, and CD86 on Namalwa cells without affecting viability as measured by WST-1 (Table 1). OSU-T315 was also able to suppress in a dose-dependent manner the upregulation of cell surface markers CD69, CD70, CD80, and CD86 on ODN2006stimulated human primary B cells with an IC 50 around 0.5 μM for each marker (Figure 2). In addition, the production of IgM, IgG, and IL6 by purified human B cells in response to ODN2006 stimulation was significantly decreased by OSU-T315 (Figure 3(a-c)). OSU-T315 inhibited also the in vitro proliferation of activated B cells with comparable efficacy (Figure 3(d)). The average IC 50 value in the IgG assay was 0.2 μM, and in the IgM, IL6, and proliferation assays, the average IC 50 values were 0.5 μM. The inhibition of B cells' activation by OSU-T315 is not restricted to Toll-like receptor (TLR) 9 pathway since B cell activation marker induction, IgM, IgG, and IL6 secretion were also impaired when B cells were stimulated by resiquimod (average IC 50 : CD69 = 1.5 μM, CD70 = 0.6 μM, CD80 = 0.8 μM, and CD86 = 0.9 μM; IgM = 0.4 μM, IgG = 0.3 μM, and IL6 = 1 μM; Figure 3(a-c)). OSU-T315 displayed less potency in the B cell proliferation assay (Figure 3(d)), probably because resiquimod is a relatively moderate stimulator of B cell proliferation. OSU-T315 inhibited also TNP-BSAtriggered B cell proliferation (Figure 3(d)) with an IC 50 value of 0.6 μM. Inhibitory effect by OSU-T315 was also noticed in the TNP-BSA-induced IgM, IgG, and IL6 production with IC 50 values of 1 μM, 1 μM, and 1.5 μM, respectively (Figure 3(a-c)). TNP-BSA was not able to induce a significant upregulation of the investigated cell surface markers. In the one-way mixed MLR assay, that evaluates the proliferation of human PBMCs, OSU-T315 proved to be much less effective (average IC 50 = 3.5 μM) compared to its potency to inhibit the proliferation of human B cells under different stimulatory conditions. This indicates that the inhibitory activity of OSU-T315 is more specific for B lymphocytes as the responder cells in the MLR assay are essentially T cells. OSU-T315 was also active on murine primary B cells as the production of IgM and IgG after stimulation with ODN1826, resiquimod, or LPS was suppressed at comparable potency as in human (average IC 50 for the three stimuli: IgM = 0.2 μM, IgG = 0.2 μM). OSU-T315 inhibited as well LPS-triggered proliferation (average IC 50 = 0.2 μM) and LPS-induced production of IL6 (average IC 50 = 0.1 μM) and TNFα (average IC 50 = 0.5 μM). The obtained data from the phenotypic in vitro assays show that OSU-T315 has potential as a B cell inhibitor.

ILK Is Not a Key Kinase in B Cell Activation Pathway.
OSU-T315 is reported as an ILK inhibitor with an IC 50 of 0.6 μM in an in vitro radiometric kinase assay [2]. Our preliminary results with OSU-T315 suggest that ILK could be a promising target in the modulation of B cell activity. In previous studies, some murine models with targeted deletion of ILK have been created to tackle the role of ILK in the different cell populations, including T cells. To our knowledge, ILK has not yet been studied for its role in B cell biology. We generated mice with B cell-specific genetic deletion of ILK to investigate whether the suppressive effect of OSU-T315 on human and murine primary B cells is mediated by ILK and to validate the involvement of ILK in B cell activation pathways. First, we evaluated the effect of ILK deletion on murine B cells in vivo. Wild type (WT) mice and knockout (KO) mice with B cell-specific deletion of ILK were stimulated with ODN1826, and plasmatic levels of IL6 and TNFα were compared. Surprisingly, there was no significant difference in the level of IL6 and TNFα between ILK WT mice and ILK KO mice ( Figure 4). Unexpectedly, IgM production was even higher in ILK KO mice compared to ILK WT mice after immunization with T-independent antigen TNP-Ficoll ( Figure 5). Similarly, the production of anti-TNP IgM and IgG after stimulation with TNP-BSA, a T-dependent antigen, was not altered in ILK KO mice ( Figure 6). Finally, we examined if the B cellspecific deletion of ILK might affect the in vivo IgM and IgG production against xenogeneic BHK-570 cells. In this case too, IgM and IgG production was not significantly different between ILK KO mice and ILK WT mice (Figure 7). To clarify the discrepancy between the genetic and pharmacological inhibition of ILK, OSU-T315 was assessed on murine ILK KO B cells in ex vivo models. Here again, the B cell-specific deletion of ILK did not impair the antibody production after ODN1826, resiquimod, or LPS stimulation ( Figure 8), but, remarkably, OSU-T315 was as efficient in ILK KO B cells as in ILK WT B cells (Table 2 and Figure 9). The production of cytokines and the proliferation ( Figure 10) were not substantially altered by a deleted expression of ILK in the B lymphocytes after LPS challenge, but, again, OSU-T315 remained active on ILK KO B cells (Table 2 and Figure 11).

Discussion
B cells play a central role in the development of cancer [13], autoimmune disorders [14][15][16], transplant rejection [17][18][19][20][21], and graft versus host disease [22][23][24] and therefore represent an attractive immune cell population for the development of novel immunosuppressant agents. Using our validated in vitro B cell activation assay [1]    and various in vitro tests, we demonstrated that OSU-T315 influences human B cell function. The weak effect of OSU-T315 in human MLR suggests a rather B cellspecific mode of action. OSU-T315 is described as ILK inhibitor (IC 50 is 600 nM in an in vitro radiometric kinase assay [2]) modelled from the scaffold that docks into AKT-binding site, but was originally designed to specifically disrupt the interaction of AKT with its binding site on ILK [25]. AKT needs to be phosphorylated on Thr-308 and on Ser-473 for its complete activation. In literature, Western blot analysis on the phosphorylation of AKT on Ser-473 versus Thr-308 in PC-3 cells, a human prostate cancer cell line, and in MDA-MB-231 cells, a human breast cancer cell line, demonstrated that OSU-T315 selectively suppressed AKT phosphorylation on Ser-473, not on Thr-308, in a dose-dependent manner and this was accompanied by parallel decreases in the phosphorylation levels of GSK3β and MLC, two downstream targets of ILK [2]. Together, the findings suggested that OSU-T315 might mediate Ser-473 AKT dephosphorylation through inhibition of ILK or through interaction with ILK.
Other small molecules have been explored for their inhibitory activity against ILK, such as KP-392 [26] (also called KP-SD-1), a first generation inhibitor, QLT0267   [27,28], a second generation inhibitor, and QLT0254 [29], a derivate of QLT0267 (Quadralogic Technologies Inc., Vancouver, Canada). QLT0267 is characterized as a potent ILK antagonist that inhibits the kinase activity of ILK with IC 50 of 26 nM (IC 50 QLT0254 is 300 nM) in a cell-free assay using highly purified recombinant ILK [29,30]. QLT0267 seemed very specific when assessed in a panel of cell-free recombinant kinase assays against 150 protein kinases [27,29]. However, some conflicting observations have raised doubt about QLT0267's ILK selectivity. Immortalized murine ILK −/− and ILK fl/fl fibroblasts, cultured under 2D or 3D cell culture conditions, were exposed to QLT0267 and radiation [31]. A significantly lower basal cell survival of ILK −/− fibroblasts demonstrated a higher susceptibility of these ILK-deficient fibroblasts to QLT0267 compared to ILK-expressing ILK fl/fl fibroblasts. Radiosensitivity of both ILK −/− fibroblasts and ILK fl/fl fibroblasts was equally enhanced by QLT0267.
Moreover, QLT0267 did not reverse ILK-mediated radiosensitization of mutant FaDu cells (a human epithelial cell line from a squamous cell carcinoma of the hypopharynx) that were transfected with a constitutively active form of ILK [31]. These findings give a strong indication of possible extra target of compound QLT0267, and further investigations are warranted. ILK is an evolutionarily conserved and ubiquitously expressed protein and is assumed to play an essential role in the cell-matrix interactions and in the regulation of cellular processes such as growth, proliferation, survival, differentiation, migration, invasion, and angiogenesis [32]. Increased protein levels and activity of ILK have been associated with the oncogenesis and tumour progression of many types of malignancies (the prostate, ovary, breast, colon, pancreas, stomach, and liver), indicating that ILK represents a potential target for new cancer treatments [2], [33][34][35]. Whether ILK functions as a protein serine/threonine kinase remains subject of ongoing discussions. The principal argument that ILK is a pseudokinase (thus, functions rather as a scaffold protein and displays no catalytic activity) is based on the primary structure of its unusual protein kinase domain at the C-terminal part, which exhibits similarity to serine/threonine kinases, but lacks specific, highly conserved motifs which are considered to be obligatory for catalytic function [36][37][38]. It is relevant, but it is not sufficient to conclude that ILK does not function as kinase. After all, functional kinases CASK and VRK3 also have similar deficiencies in canonical residues in their catalytic domains [39]. And several experimental in vitro studies have shown that recombinant, highly purified ILK is able to phosphorylate specific substrates such as AKT (on Ser-473) and GSKβ [37]. On the other hand, murine ILK-deficient fibroblasts [3], chondrocytes [40], or keratinocytes [41] did not show changes in AKT or GSK3β phosphorylation, implying that ILK does not function as a kinase in these models or can be replaced by others. In in vivo studies with Caenorhabditis elegans worms and Drosophila flies, it was observed that kinase dead ILK mutants rescued the severe phenotypes caused by ILK deletion in both species, indicating ILK functions as a scaffold protein and not as a kinase in invertebrates [38]. Up to the current time, several discrepancies remain unsolved, especially the issue whether ILK is a bona fide kinase or a pseudokinase. Genetic knockout approaches (with siRNA or with Cre/LoxP method) can deliver further clarification about the relevance and functional role(s) of ILK in the different species, cell types, and biological contexts. A complete deletion of ILK leads to lethality in mice [3], Xenopus laevis frogs [42], Drosophila flies [43], and Caenorhabditis elegans worms [44], emphasizing its importance in embryogenesis and tissue homeostasis. Using the Cre/LoxP recombination system, the mouse ILK-encoding gene has been deleted in several cell types and organs (fibroblasts [3], immortalized macrophages [4], vascular endothelial cells [5], vascular smooth muscle cells [6], chondrocytes [7], heart [8], and mammary epithelial cells [9]). The role of ILK in T cells has been studied using a T cell-specific deletion of ILK, Lck-Cre + /ILK flox/flox mice [10]. These mice showed neither gross developmental abnormalities nor thymus defects. Thymocytes from the T cell-specific ILK KO mice were phenotypically indistinguishable from control WT thymocytes, but there was enhanced susceptibility to cell death upon stress conditions like serum deprivation. ILK deletion did not affect in vitro T cell proliferation. However, ILK-deficient T cells showed an aberrant response to the chemokines CXCL12 and CCL19, indicating that ILK might have a role in leukocyte chemotaxis and immune cell trafficking [10]. To further characterize the role of ILK in B cell biology, we generated B cellspecific ILK KO mice. In these mice and using various B cell stimulation experiments, the absence of the ILK gene did not reveal a suppressive effect in various B cell phenomena such as ODN1826-induced IL6 or TNFα production, TNPhapten-induced antibody production, and xenoantibody production. When using B cells from these mice ex vivo, no alterations were observed either. Moreover, addition of inhibitor OSU-T315 to ILK WT B cells and ILK KO B cells resulted in a very comparable repression in cellular proliferation and production of antibodies, IL6 and TNFα. Deletion of ILK protein did not diminish the activity of OSU-T315.
Our data indicate that ILK is not critical for murine B cell activation, and that OSU-T315 exerts its B cell inhibitory activity through a mechanism independent of ILK.
In conclusion, we demonstrate that OSU-T315 represents an interesting lead to develop new B cell-specific immunosuppressants for human use even if its precise mechanism of action is not yet fully characterized. Involvement of ILK in these processes is not fully supported by our data obtained in mice that suggest that OSU-T315 has a target besides ILK, and that ILK is not a critical regulator of B cell function in murine B cells.

Data Availability
The data that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author Kristien Van Belle upon reasonable request.

Disclosure
Manuscript is based on the thesis of the first author performed at Interface Valorisation Platform (IVAP), KU