Abstract
This paper is concerned with control problem for flexible spacecraft with disturbance and time-varying control input delay. By constructing an augmented Lyapunov functional with slack variables, a new delay-dependent state feedback controller is obtained in terms of linear inequality matrix. These slack variables can make the design more flexible, and the resultant design also can guarantee the asymptotic stability and attenuation level of closed-loop system. The effectiveness of the proposed design method is illustrated via a numerical example.
1. Introduction
High-precision attitude control for flexible spacecrafts is a difficult problem in communication, navigation and remote sensing, and so forth. It is because modern spacecrafts often employs large, complex, and lightweight structures such as solar arrays in order to achieve the increased functionality at a reduced launch cost and also provide sustainable energy during space flight [1–4]. Consequently, the complex space structure may lead to the decreased rigidity and low frequency elastic modes. The dynamic model of a flexible spacecraft usually includes the interaction between the rigid and elastic modes [5, 6]. During the control of the rigid body attitude, the unwanted excitation of the flexible modes, together with other external disturbances, measurement, and actuator error, may degrade the performance of attitude control systems (ACSs). Meanwhile, the spacecraft commonly operates in the presence of various disturbances, including gravitational torque, aerodynamic torque, radiation torque, and other environmental and nonenvironmental torques. The problem of disturbance rejection is particularly pronounced in the case of low-earth-orbiting satellites that operate in altitude ranges where their dynamics are substantially affected by most of the disturbances mentioned above [7, 8]. In the face of disturbance and uncertainty, methods are ideally suited for yielding a good performance of flexible spacecrafts. control has been used in attitude control systems design in [9, 10] where external disturbance and model uncertainty are considered. An multiobjective controller based on the linear matrix inequality (LMI) framework is designed for flexible spacecraft in [11].
On the other hand, in recent years, several studies related to control of flexible spacecraft attitude system with input saturation have been done in [12, 13]. However, the input delay often exists in flexible spacecraft due to the physical structure and energy consumption of the actuators. Although it is not the most important factor to affect the attitude control, it still leads to substantial performance deterioration and even to instability of the system [14, 15]. Hence, stabilization algorithms for such systems that explicitly take input time delay into account are practical interest. Up to now, the issue of control problems for flexible spacecraft subject to both disturbance and input time delay has not been fully investigated and remains to be open and challenging.
In control system design, it is usually desirable to design the control systems which not only is robustly stable but also guarantees an adequate level of performance. One approach to this problem is the so-called guaranteed cost control approach.
Motivated by the preceding discussion, in this paper, we consider control problem for flexible spacecraft subject to both disturbance and input time-varying delay. By constructing an augmented Lyapunov functional with slack variables, a new delay-dependent state feedback controller is obtained in terms of linear inequality matrix. These slack variables can make the controller design more flexible and be extended to the systems without time delay. The resultant design also can guarantee the asymptotic stability and performances of closed-loop system. Finally, a numerical example is shown to demonstrate the good performance of our method.
Notation. Throughout this paper, denotes the -dimensional Euclidean space; the space of square-integrable vector functions over is denoted by ; the superscripts “” and “” stand for matrix transposition and matrix inverse, respectively; means that is a real symmetric and a positive definite (semidefinite). In symmetric block matrices or complex matrix expressions, stands for a block-diagonal matrix, and represents a term that is induced by symmetry. For a vector , its norm is given by . Matrices, if their dimensions are not explicitly stated, are assumed to be compatible for related algebraic operations.
2. Problem Formulation and Preliminaries
To simplify the problem, only single-axis rotation is considered. We can obtain the single-axis model derived from the nonlinear attitude dynamics of the flexible spacecraft (see also [1, 7]). It is assumed that this model includes one rigid body and one flexible appendage, and the relative elastic spacecraft model is described as follows: where is the attitude angle, is the moment of inertia of the spacecraft, is the rigid-elastic coupling matrix, is the control torque generated by the reaction wheels that are installed in the flexible spacecraft, where satisfies and , is the flexible modal coordinate, is the damping ratio, and is the modal frequency. Since the vibration energy is concentrated in low frequency modes in a flexible structure, its reduced order model can be obtained by modal truncation. In this paper, only the first two bending modes are taken into account. Then, we can get We consider that as the disturbance due to the elastic vibration of the flexible appendages. Denote , then (2) can be transformed into the state-space form where is the disturbance from the flexible appendages and belongs to and . For system (3), the following control law is employed to deal with the problem of control via state feedback Then, with the control law (5), the system (3) can be expressed as follows: Before stating our main results, the following lemmas are first presented, which will be used in the proof of our result.
Lemma 1 (see [16]). For any matrix , scalars and , if there exists a Lebesgue vector function , then the following inequalities hold: where , .
3. Main Result
First of all, a new version of delay-dependent bounded real lemma for the system (6) is proposed in this section.
Theorem 2. Given scalars . For any delay satisfying , the system (6) is asymptotically stable and satisfies for any nonzero under the zero initial condition if there exist matrices , and such that the following inequality holds: where
Proof. The first step is to analyze the asymptotic stability of the system (6). Consider the system (6) in the absence of , that is, Choose the following Lyapunov-Krasovskii functional: where Then, along the solution of the system in (10), the time derivative of is given by From Lemma 1, It is easily shown that Similarly, the following inequality is also true: Substituting (14) and (15) into (13) gives where and is defined in (8). Applying the Schur complement to (8) gives , which implies . Hence, the system (6) is asymptotically stable. Next, we will establish the performance of the uncertain delay system (6) under zero initial condition. Let It can be shown that for any nonzero and , It is noted that where and the time derivative of along the solution of (6) gives Hence, follows from (8), (19) and (20), which implies that holds for any nonzero .
From the proof procedure of Theorem 2, one can see that a new Lyapunov-Krasovskii functional is constructed by employing slack variables and . It is worth pointing out that the matrices and are useless for reducing the conservatism of stability conditions by using the equivalence idea in [17, 18]. However, they separates the Lyapunov function matrix from system matrices and , that is, there are no terms containing the product of and any of them, which is useful for the design of controller later on.
On the basis of Theorem 2, we will present a design method of stabilizing controllers in the following.
Theorem 3. Given scalars and . For any delay satisfying , the system (6) is asymptotically stable and satisfies for any nonzero under the zero initial condition if there exist matrices , and invertible matrix such that the following inequality holds: where Moreover, the feedback gain matrices are given by
Proof. Define some matrices as follows: Then, premultiplying (21) by and postmultiplying by , we can get the following inequality: where . Using Schur complement, from (25), it is clear that (8) holds. As a result, the closed-loop system (6) is asymptotically stable and satisfies . The proof is thus completed.
Comparing with the traditional controller design method, the matrix is invertible matrix instead of positive definite matrix, which make the design more flexible. Moreover, this method also can be extended to the systems without time delay.
4. Numerical Examples
In this section, we consider flexible spacecraft including one rigid body and one flexible appendage depicted in Figure 1. Numerical application of the proposed control schemes to the attitude control of such system is presented using MATLAB/SIMULINK software. In this paper, we only consider the attitude in the pitch channel. Four bending modes are considered for the practical spacecraft model at and with damping and . We suppose that , where the coupling coefficients of the first two bending modes are , , and which is the nominal principal moment of inertia of pitch axis. The flexible spacecraft is supposed to move in a circular orbit with the altitude of 500 km, then the orbit rate . The initial pitch attitude be of the spacecraft are and . And performance index is supposed to , and time delay satisfies and . The tuning parameter is chosen as . The response of pitch attitude , and the control are shown in Figures 2, 3, and 4, respectively. From these figures, we can see that our proposed method has a good performance under disturbance and input time delay.
5. Conclusion
In this paper, control problem for flexible spacecraft with disturbance and input time-varying delay has been investigated. The LMI-based condition has been formulated for the existence of the admissible controller, which ensures that the closed-loop system is asymptotically stable with a disturbance attenuation level. Further improvement in precision attitude control for flexible spacecrafts will be considered in our future work.
Conflict of Interests
The authors of this paper do not have a direct financial relation with the commercial identity mentioned in this paper. This does not lead to a conflict of interests to any of the authors.
Acknowledgments
This work was supported in part by the Major State Basic Research Development Program of China (973 Program) under Grant 2012CB720003, the National Science Foundation of China under Grant no. 61125306 and 61104103, and the Qing Lan project of Jiang Su province.