1932

Abstract

This article provides an overview of the application of behavioral public economics to energy efficiency. I document policy makers' arguments for “paternalistic” energy efficiency policies, formalize with a simple model of misoptimizing consumers, review and critique empirical evidence, and suggest future research directions. Although empirical results suggest that policies to address imperfect information and internalities may increase welfare in some cases, some existing policies may be mistargeted or miscalibrated.

Loading

Article metrics loading...

/content/journals/10.1146/annurev-economics-080315-015255
2016-10-31
2024-04-18
Loading full text...

Full text loading...

/deliver/fulltext/economics/8/1/annurev-economics-080315-015255.html?itemId=/content/journals/10.1146/annurev-economics-080315-015255&mimeType=html&fmt=ahah

Literature Cited

  1. Abaluck J, Gruber J. 2011. Choice inconsistencies among the elderly: evidence from plan choice in the Medicare Part D program. Am. Econ. Rev. 101:1180–210 [Google Scholar]
  2. ABC News 2011. Rand Paul's toilet tirade. http://blogs.abcnews.com/thenote/2011/03/rand-pauls-toilet-tirade.html
  3. Allcott H. 2011a. Consumers' perceptions and misperceptions of energy costs. Am. Econ. Rev. 101:398–104 [Google Scholar]
  4. Allcott H. 2011b. Social norms and energy conservation. J. Public Econ. 95:1082–95 [Google Scholar]
  5. Allcott H. 2013. The welfare effects of misperceived product costs: data and calibrations from the automobile market. Am. Econ. J. Econ. Policy 5:330–66 [Google Scholar]
  6. Allcott H, Greenstone M. 2012. Is there an energy efficiency gap?. J. Econ. Perspect. 26:13–28 [Google Scholar]
  7. Allcott H, Kessler J. 2015. The welfare effects of nudges NBER Work. Pap. 21671
  8. Allcott H, Knittel C, Taubinsky D. 2015. Tagging and targeting of energy efficiency subsidies. Am. Econ. Rev. 105:187–91 [Google Scholar]
  9. Allcott H, Mullainathan S, Taubinsky D. 2014. Energy policy with externalities and internalities. J. Public Econ. 112:72–88 [Google Scholar]
  10. Allcott H, Rogers T. 2014. The short-run and long-run effects of behavioral interventions: experimental evidence from energy conservation. Am. Econ. Rev. 104:3003–37 [Google Scholar]
  11. Allcott H, Sunstein C. 2015. Regulating internalities. J. Policy Anal. Manag. 34:698–705 [Google Scholar]
  12. Allcott H, Sweeney R. 2016. Information disclosure through agents: evidence from a field experiment. Manag. Sci. In press
  13. Allcott H, Taubinsky D. 2015. Evaluating behaviorally-motivated policy: experimental evidence from the lightbulb market. Am. Econ. Rev. 105:2501–38 [Google Scholar]
  14. Allcott H, Wozny N. 2014. Gasoline prices, fuel economy, and the energy paradox. Rev. Econ. Stat. 96:779–95 [Google Scholar]
  15. Anderson S, Kellogg R, Sallee J. 2013. What do consumers believe about future gasoline prices?. J. Environ. Econ. Manag. 66:383–403 [Google Scholar]
  16. Asensio O, Delmas MA. 2015. Nonprice incentives and energy conservation. PNAS 112:E510–15 [Google Scholar]
  17. Attari S, DeKay M, Davidson C, de Bruin WB. 2010. Public perceptions of energy consumption and savings. PNAS 107:16054–59 [Google Scholar]
  18. Ayres I, Raseman S, Shih A. 2013. Evidence from two large field experiments that peer comparison feedback can reduce residential energy usage. J. Law Econ. Organ. 29:992–1022 [Google Scholar]
  19. Baicker K, Mullainathan S, Schwartzstein J. 2015. Behavioral hazard in health insurance. Q. J. Econ. 130:1623–67 [Google Scholar]
  20. Barber B, Odean T, Zheng L. 2005. Out of sight, out of mind: the effects of expenses on mutual fund flows. J. Bus. 78:2095–119 [Google Scholar]
  21. Bernheim BD, Rangel A. 2004. Addiction and cue-triggered decision processes. Am. Econ. Rev. 90:1558–90 [Google Scholar]
  22. Bernheim BD, Rangel A. 2009. Beyond revealed preference: choice-theoretic foundations for behavioral welfare economics. Q. J. Econ. 124:51–104 [Google Scholar]
  23. Berry S, Levinsohn J, Pakes A. 1995. Automobile prices in market equilibrium. Econometrica 63:841–90 [Google Scholar]
  24. Bollinger B, Leslie P, Sorensen A. 2011. Calorie posting in chain restaurants. Am. Econ. J. Econ. Policy 3:191–128 [Google Scholar]
  25. Boomhower J, Davis LW. 2014. A credible approach for measuring inframarginal participation in energy efficiency programs. J. Public Econ. 113:67–79 [Google Scholar]
  26. Borenstein S, Davis L. 2015. The distributional effects of U.S. clean energy tax credits. NBER Work. Pap.21437 [Google Scholar]
  27. Bradford D, Courtemanche C, Heutel G, McAlvanah P, Ruhm C. 2014. Time preferences and consumer behavior NBER Work. Pap. 20320
  28. Busse M, Knittel C, Zettelmeyer F. 2013. Are consumers myopic? Evidence from new and used car purchases. Am. Econ. Rev. 103:220–56 [Google Scholar]
  29. Camilleri AR, Larrick RP. 2014. Metric and scale design as choice architecture tools. J. Public Policy Mark. 33:108–25 [Google Scholar]
  30. Carrera C, Villas-Boas S. 2015. Generic aversion and observational learning in the over-the-counter drug market Work. Pap., Univ. Calif., Berkeley. http://faculty.weatherhead.case.edu/carrera/Papers/Carrera_Villas-Boas.pdf
  31. Carroll G, Choi J, Laibson D, Madrian B, Metrick A. 2009. Optimal defaults and active decisions. Q. J. Econ. 124:1639–74 [Google Scholar]
  32. Chetty R. 2015. Behavioral economics and public policy: a pragmatic perspective. Am. Econ. Rev. 105:51–33 [Google Scholar]
  33. Chetty R, Looney A, Kroft K. 2009. Salience and taxation: theory and evidence. Am. Econ. Rev. 99:1145–77 [Google Scholar]
  34. Choi JJ, Laibson D, Madrian BC. 2010. Why does the law of one price fail? An experiment on index mutual funds. Rev. Financ. Stud. 23:1405–32 [Google Scholar]
  35. Conlisk J. 1996. Why bounded rationality?. J. Econ. Lit. 34:669–700 [Google Scholar]
  36. Costa D, Kahn M. 2013. Energy conservation ``nudges'' and environmentalist ideology: evidence from a randomized residential electricity field experiment. J. Eur. Econ. Assoc. 11:680–702 [Google Scholar]
  37. Davis LW. 2012. Evaluating the slow adoption of energy efficient investments: Are renters less likely to have energy-efficient appliances?. The Design and Implementation of U.S. Climate Policy D Fullerton, C Wolfram 301–16 Chicago, IL: Univ. Chicago Press [Google Scholar]
  38. Davis LW, Metcalf GE. 2016. Does better information lead to better choices? Evidence from energy-efficiency labels. J. Assoc. Environ. Resour. Econ. In press
  39. DEHWA (Dep. Environ. Water Herit. Arts) 2008. Regulatory impact statement: proposal to phase-out inefficient incandescent light bulbs Rep. Dep. Environ. Water Herit. Arts, Aust.
  40. DellaVigna S. 2009. Psychology and economics: evidence from the field. J. Econ. Lit. 47:315–72 [Google Scholar]
  41. DellaVigna S, Malmendier U. 2006. Paying not to go to the gym. Am. Econ. Rev. 96:694–719 [Google Scholar]
  42. Delmas MA, Lessem N. 2014. Saving power to conserve your reputation? The effectiveness of private versus public information. J. Environ. Econ. Manag. 67:353–70 [Google Scholar]
  43. Diamond PA. 1973. Consumption externalities and imperfect corrective pricing. Bell J. Econ. Manag. Sci. 4:526–38 [Google Scholar]
  44. Dolan P, Metcalfe R. 2015. Neighbors, knowledge, and nuggets: two natural field experiments on the role of incentives on energy conservation Work. Pap., Univ. Chicago. http://media.wix.com/ugd/fe9abe_bd09ded18b584eaf9230678e24d7cd4e.pdf
  45. Dubin J. 1992. Market barriers to conservation: Are implicit discount rates too high? Soc. Sci. Work. Pap. 802, Calif. Inst. Technol., Pasadena
  46. Dubin J, McFadden D. 1984. An econometric analysis of residential electric appliance holdings and consumption. Econometrica 52:345–62 [Google Scholar]
  47. Feldstein M, Liebman J. 2002. Social security. Handbook of Public Economics 4 A Auerbach, M Feldstein 2245–324 Amsterdam: Elsevier [Google Scholar]
  48. Finkelstein A. 2009. E-ZTAX: tax salience and tax rates. Q. J. Econ. 124:969–1010 [Google Scholar]
  49. Fischer C. 2010. Imperfect competition, consumer behavior, and the provision of fuel efficiency in light-duty vehicles Discuss. Pap. 10-60, Resour. Future, Washington, DC
  50. Fischer C, Harrington W, Parry I. 2007. Do market failures justify tightening corporate average fuel economy (CAFE) standards?. Energy J. 28:41–30 [Google Scholar]
  51. Gabaix X. 2014. A sparsity-based model of bounded rationality. Q. J. Econ. 129:1661–710 [Google Scholar]
  52. Gabaix X, Laibson D. 2006. Shrouded attributes, consumer myopia, and information suppression in competitive markets. Q. J. Econ. 121:505–40 [Google Scholar]
  53. Gabaix X, Laibson D, Moloche G, Weinberg S. 2006. Costly information acquisition: experimental analysis of a boundedly rational model. Am. Econ. Rev. 96:1043–68 [Google Scholar]
  54. Gayer T. 2011. A better approach to environmental regulation: getting the costs and benefits right Discuss. Pap.2011-06, Hamilton Proj., Washington, DC
  55. Gayer T, Viscusi K. 2013. Overriding consumer preferences with energy regulations. J. Regul. Econ. 43:248–64 [Google Scholar]
  56. Gerarden TD, Newell RG, Stavins RN. 2015. Assessing the energy efficiency gap Discuss. Pap. 15-07, Resour. Future, Washington, DC
  57. Gillingham K, Harding M, Rapson D. 2012. Split incentives and household energy consumption. Energy J. 33:237–62 [Google Scholar]
  58. Gillingham K, Newell RG, Palmer K. 2009. Energy efficiency economics and policy. Annu. Rev. Resour. Econ. 1:597–620 [Google Scholar]
  59. Gillingham K, Palmer K. 2014. Bridging the energy efficiency gap: policy insights from economic theory and empirical evidence. Rev. Environ. Econ. Policy 8:18–38 [Google Scholar]
  60. Glaeser E. 2006. Paternalism and psychology. Univ. Chicago Law Rev. 73:133–56 [Google Scholar]
  61. Glaeser E. 2014. The supply of environmentalism: psychological interventions and economics. Rev. Environ. Econ. Policy 8:208–29 [Google Scholar]
  62. Goldberg P. 1998. The effects of the corporate average fuel economy standards in the US. J. Ind. Econ. 46:1–33 [Google Scholar]
  63. Grigolon L, Reynaert M, Verboven F. 2014. Consumer valuation of fuel costs and the effectiveness of tax policy: evidence from the European car market Work. Pap., Univ. Leuven
  64. Gromet DM, Kunreuther H, Larrick RP. 2013. Political ideology affects energy-efficiency attitudes and choices. PNAS 110:9314–19 [Google Scholar]
  65. Grubb M. 2015. Consumer inattention and bill-shock regulation. Rev. Econ. Stud. 82:219–57 [Google Scholar]
  66. Grubb M, Osborne M. 2015. Cellular service demand: biased beliefs, learning, and bill shock. Am. Econ. Rev. 105:234–71 [Google Scholar]
  67. Gruber J, Koszegi B. 2004. Tax incidence when individuals are time-inconsistent: the case of cigarette excise taxes. J. Public Econ. 88:1959–87 [Google Scholar]
  68. Gruber J, Mullainathan S. 2005. Do cigarette taxes make smokers happier?. B.E. J. Econ. Anal. Policy 5:1 doi: 10.1515/1538-0637.1412 [Google Scholar]
  69. Gul F, Pesendorfer W. 2007. Harmful addiction. Rev. Econ. Stud. 74:147–72 [Google Scholar]
  70. Harding M, Hsiaw A. 2014. Goal setting and energy conservation. J. Econ. Behav. Organ. 107:209–27 [Google Scholar]
  71. Hassett KA, Metcalf GE. 1993. Energy conservation investment: Do consumers discount the future correctly?. Energy Policy 21:710–16 [Google Scholar]
  72. Hausman J. 1979. Individual discount rates and the purchase and utilization of energy-using durables. Bell J. Econ. 10:33–54 [Google Scholar]
  73. Herrnstein RJ, Loewenstein G, Prelec D, Vaughan W Jr. 1993. Utility maximization and melioration: internalities in individual choice. J. Behav. Decis. Making 6:149–85 [Google Scholar]
  74. Heutel G. 2016. Optimal policy instruments for externality-producing durable goods under present bias. J. Environ. Econ. Manag. In press
  75. Hoopes JL, Reck DH, Slemrod J. 2015. Taxpayer search for information: implications for rational attention. Am. Econ. J. Econ. Policy 7:3177–208 [Google Scholar]
  76. Hossain T, Morgan J. 2006. … Plus shipping and handling: revenue (non)equivalence in field experiments on eBay. B.E. J. Econ. Anal. Policy 5:2 doi: 10.2202/1538-0637.1429 [Google Scholar]
  77. Houde S. 2014a. Bunching with the stars: how firms respond to environmental certification Work. Pap., Univ. Maryland, College Park
  78. Houde S. 2014b. How consumers respond to environmental certification and the value of energy information Work. Pap., Univ. Maryland, College Park
  79. Houde S, Spurlock CA. 2015. Do energy efficiency standards improve quality? Evidence from a revealed preference approach Work. Pap., Univ. Maryland, College Park
  80. Interagency Working Group on Social Cost of Carbon 2013. Technical update of the social cost of carbon for regulatory impact analysis Tech. Support Doc., US Gov., Washington, DC. http://www.whitehouse.gov/sites/default/files/omb/assets/inforeg/technical-update-social-cost-of-carbon-for-regulator-impact-analysis.pdf
  81. Ito K. 2015. Asymmetric incentives in subsidies: evidence from a large-scale electricity rebate program. Am. Econ. J. Econ. Policy 7:3209–37 [Google Scholar]
  82. Ito K, Ida T, Tanaka M. 2015. The persistence of moral suasion and economic incentives: field experimental evidence from energy demand Work. Pap., Univ. Chicago
  83. Jacobsen GD. 2015. Do energy prices influence investment in energy efficiency? Evidence from Energy Star appliances. J. Environ. Econ. Manag. 74:94–106 [Google Scholar]
  84. Joskow PL, Marron DB. 1992. What does a negawatt really cost? Evidence from utility conservation programs. Energy J. 13:441–74 [Google Scholar]
  85. Kahn M. 2007. Do greens drive hummers or hybrids? Environmental ideology as a determinant of consumer choice. J. Environ. Econ. Manag. 54:129–45 [Google Scholar]
  86. Kling J, Mullainathan S, Shafir E, Vermeulen L, Wrobel M. 2012. Comparison friction: experimental evidence from Medicare drug plans. Q. J. Econ. 127:199–235 [Google Scholar]
  87. Koszegi B, Szeidl A. 2013. A model of focusing in economic choice. Q. J. Econ. 128:53–107 [Google Scholar]
  88. Laibson D. 1997. Golden eggs and hyperbolic discounting. Q. J. Econ. 112:443–77 [Google Scholar]
  89. Laibson D, Repetto A, Tobacman J. 2003. A debt puzzle. Knowledge, Information, and Expectations in Modern Economics: In Honor of Edmund S. Phelps P Aghion, R Frydman, J Stiglitz, M Woodford 228–66 Princeton, NJ: Princeton Univ. Press [Google Scholar]
  90. Laibson D, Repetto A, Tobacman J. 2007. Estimating discount functions with consumption choices over the lifecycle NBER Work. Pap. 13314
  91. Larrick R, Soll J. 2008. The MPG illusion. Science 320:1593–94 [Google Scholar]
  92. Lipman B. 1991. How to decide how to decide how to …: modeling limited rationality. Econometrica 59:1105–25 [Google Scholar]
  93. Mannix BF, Dudley SE. 2015. The limits of irrationality as a rationale for regulation. J. Policy Anal. Manag. 34:705–12 [Google Scholar]
  94. Mullainathan S, Schwartzstein J, Congdon WJ. 2012. A reduced-form approach to behavioral public finance. Annu. Rev. Econ. 4:511–40 [Google Scholar]
  95. Myers E. 2014. Asymmetric information in residential rental markets: implications for the energy efficiency gap Work. Pap., Univ. Calif., Berkeley
  96. Natural Resources Defense Council 2011. Better light bulbs equal consumer savings in every state Fact Sheet, Natural Resources Defense Council, New York
  97. Newell R, Siikamaki J. 2014. Nudging energy efficiency behavior: the role of information labels. J. Assoc. Environ. Resour. Econ. 1:555–98 [Google Scholar]
  98. Newell R, Siikamaki J. 2015. Individual time preferences and energy efficiency. Am. Econ. Rev. 105:196–200 [Google Scholar]
  99. NHTSA (Natl. Highw. Traffic Safety Adm.) 2010. Final regulatory impact analysis: corporate average fuel economy for MY 2012-MY 2016 passenger cars and light trucks Rep., Off. Regul. Anal. Eval., Natl. Cent. Stat. Anal., Washington, DC
  100. O'Donoghue T, Rabin M. 2006. Optimal sin taxes. J. Public Econ. 90:1825–49 [Google Scholar]
  101. Parry I, Evans D, Oates W. 2010. Are energy efficiency standards justified? Discuss. Pap. 10-59, Resour. Future, Washington, DC
  102. Parry I, Walls M, Harrington W. 2007. Automobile externalities and policies. J. Econ. Lit. 45:373–99 [Google Scholar]
  103. Regul. Anal. Rev. Group 1980. Department of Energy's proposed energy efficiency standards for consumer appliances. Rep., Regul. Anal. Rev. Group, Washington, DC. http://cwps.mercatus.org/wp-content/uploads/161501.pdf
  104. Sallee J. 2014. Rational inattention and energy efficiency. J. Law Econ. 57:781–820 [Google Scholar]
  105. Sallee J, West S, Fan W. 2016. Do consumers recognize the value of fuel economy? Evidence from used car prices and gasoline price fluctuations. J. Public Econ. 135:61–73 [Google Scholar]
  106. Spinnewijn J. 2015. Unemployed but optimistic: optimal insurance design with biased beliefs. J. Eur. Econ. Assoc. 13:130–67 [Google Scholar]
  107. Sudarshan A. 2014. Nudges in the marketplace: using peer comparisons and incentives to reduce household electricity consumption Work. Pap., Energy Policy Inst. Chicago. http://www.anantsudarshan.com/uploads/1/0/2/6/10267789/nudges_udarshan_2014.pdf
  108. Thaler R, Sunstein C. 2008. Nudge: Improving Decisions About Health, Wealth, and Happiness New York: Penguin
  109. Tsvetanov T, Segerson K. 2013. Re-evaluating the role of energy efficiency standards: a behavioral economics approach. J. Environ. Econ. Manag. 66:347–63 [Google Scholar]
  110. Tsvetanov T, Segerson K. 2014. The welfare effects of energy efficiency standards when choice sets matter. J. Assoc. Environ. Resour. Econ. 1:233–71 [Google Scholar]
  111. Turrentine T, Kurani K. 2007. Car buyers and fuel economy?. Energy Policy 35:1213–23 [Google Scholar]
  112. US Dep. Energy 2009. Impacts on the nation of the Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007. Tech. Support Doc., US Dep. Energy, Washington, DC. http://www1.eere.energy.gov/buildings/appliance_standards/pdfs/en_masse_tsd_march_2009.pdf
  113. US Energy Information Administration 2015. U.S. energy-related carbon dioxide emissions, 2014. Rep., US Energy Information Administration, Washington, DC. http://www.eia.gov/environment/emissions/carbon/
  114. US Gov. Print. Off 2007. Testimony on the status of energy efficient lighting technologies. https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CHRG-110shrg39385/html/CHRG-110shrg39385.htm
  115. Yoeli E, Hoffman M, Rand DG, Nowak MA. 2015. Powering up with indirect reciprocity in a large-scale field experiment. PNAS 110:10424–29 [Google Scholar]
/content/journals/10.1146/annurev-economics-080315-015255
Loading
/content/journals/10.1146/annurev-economics-080315-015255
Loading

Data & Media loading...

  • Article Type: Review Article
This is a required field
Please enter a valid email address
Approval was a Success
Invalid data
An Error Occurred
Approval was partially successful, following selected items could not be processed due to error