1932
0
  1. Home
  2. A-Z Publications
  3. Annual Review of Entomology
  4. Volume 68, 2023
  5. Article

Annual Review of Entomology

Volume 68, 2023

Historical and Contemporary Control Options Against Bed Bugs, spp.

Abstract

Bed bugs (Hemiptera: Cimicidae) are an important group of obligate hematophagous urban insect pests. The global resurgence of bed bugs, involving the common bed bug, L., and the tropical bed bug, (F.), over the past two decades is believed to be primarily due to the development of insecticide resistance, along with global travel and poor pest management, which have contributed to their spread. This review examines and synthesizes the literature on bed bug origins and their global spread and the literature on historical and contemporary control options. This includes bed bug prevention, detection and monitoring, nonchemical and chemical control methodologies (and their limitations), and potential future control options. Future research needs are highlighted, especially the factors behind the modern resurgence, the necessity of identifying differences between the two bed bug species relevant to control, and the need to improve insecticide test protocols and management strategies.

Keyword(s): chemical control, Cimex hemipterus, Cimex lectularius, global resurgence, management, nonchemical control
Loading

Article metrics loading...

/content/journals/10.1146/annurev-ento-120220-015010
2023-01-23
2024-04-28
Loading full text...

Full text loading...

/deliver/fulltext/ento/68/1/annurev-ento-120220-015010.html?itemId=/content/journals/10.1146/annurev-ento-120220-015010&mimeType=html&fmt=ahah

Literature Cited

  1. 1.
    Aak A, Hage M, Rukke BA. 2018. Insect pathogenic fungi and bed bugs: behaviour, horizontal transfer and the potential contribution to IPM solutions. J. Pest Sci. 91:823–35
     [Google Scholar]
  2. 2.
    Aak A, Roligheten E, Rukke BA, Birkemoe T. 2017. Dessicant dust and the use of CO2 gas as a mobility stimulant for bed bugs: a potential control solution?. J. Pest Sci. 90:249–59
     [Google Scholar]
  3. 3.
    Akhtar Y, Isman MB. 2013. Horizontal transfer of diatomaceous earth and botanical insecticides in the common bed bug, Cimex lectularius L.; Hemiptera: Cimicidae. PLOS ONE 8:e75626
     [Google Scholar]
  4. 4.
    Akhtar Y, Isman MB. 2016. Efficacy of diatomaceous earth and a DE-aerosol formulation against the common bed bug, Cimex lectularius Linnaeus in the laboratory. J. Pest Sci. 89:1013–21
     [Google Scholar]
  5. 5.
    Anderson JF, Cowles RS. 2012. Susceptibility of Cimex lectularius (Hemiptera: Cimicidae) to pyrethroid insecticides and to insecticidal dusts with or without pyrethroid insecticides. J. Econ. Entomol. 105:1789–95
     [Google Scholar]
  6. 6.
    Anderson JF, Ferrandino FJ, McKnight S, Nolen J, Miller J. 2009. A carbon dioxide, heat and chemical lure trap for the bedbug, Cimex lectularius. Med. Vet. Entomol. 23:99–105
     [Google Scholar]
  7. 7.
    Ashbrook AR, Scharf ME, Bennett GW, Gondhalekar AD. 2019. Bed bugs (Cimex lectularius L.) exhibit limited ability to develop heat resistance. PLOS ONE 14:e02111677
     [Google Scholar]
  8. 8.
    Ashcroft R, Seko Y, Chan LF, Dere J, Kim J, McKenzie K 2015. The mental health impact of bed bug infestations: a scoping review. Int. J. Public Health 60:827–37
     [Google Scholar]
  9. 9.
    Balvin O, Sasinkova M, Martinu J, Nazarizadeh M, Bubova T et al. 2021. Early evidence of establishment of the tropical bedbug (Cimex hemipterus) in Central Europe. Med. Vet. Entomol. 35:462–67
     [Google Scholar]
  10. 10.
    Barbarin AM, Bellicanta GS, Osborne JA, Schal C, Jenkins NE. 2017. Susceptibility of insecticide-resistant bed bugs (Cimex lectularius) to infection by fungal biopesticide. Pest Manag. Sci. 73:1568–73
     [Google Scholar]
  11. 11.
    Barbarin AM, Jenkins NE, Rajotte EG, Thomas MB. 2012. A preliminary evaluation of the potential of Beauveria bassiana for bed bug control. J. Invertebr. Pathol. 111:82–85
     [Google Scholar]
  12. 12.
    Basnet S, Kamble ST. 2018. RNAi-mediated knockdown of vATPase subunits affects survival and reproduction of bed bugs (Hemiptera: Cimicidae). J. Med. Entomol. 55:540–46
     [Google Scholar]
  13. 13.
    Bed Bug Found 2011. European Code of Practice for Bedbug Management Tidenham, UK: Bed Bug Found.
  14. 14.
    Benoit JB, Lopez-Martinez G, Teets NM, Phillips SA, Denlinger DL. 2009. Responses of the bed bug, Cimex lectularius, to temperature extremes and dehydration: levels of tolerance, rapid cold hardening, and expression of heat shock proteins. Med. Vet. Entomol. 23:418–25
     [Google Scholar]
  15. 15.
    Berenger J-M, Plouot-Sigwalt D. 2017. Occurrence of the tropical bed bug Cimex hemipterus (Fabricius 1803), in France (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Cimicidae). Bull. Soc. Entomol. Fr. 122:423–27
     [Google Scholar]
  16. 16.
    Beugnet F, Rautenbach C, van der Mescht L, Lebon W, Aouiche N, Liebenberg J. 2021. Insecticidal efficacy of afoxolaner against bedbugs, Cimex lectularius, when administered orally to dogs. Parasite 28:7
     [Google Scholar]
  17. 17.
    Birchard K. 1998. Bed bugs biting in Britain: Only rarely used pesticides are effective. Med. Post 34:55
     [Google Scholar]
  18. 18.
    Blacklock B. 1912. On the resistance of Cimex lectularius to various reagents, powders, liquids, and gases. Ann. Trop. Med. Parasitol. 6:415–28
     [Google Scholar]
  19. 19.
    Boase C. 2001. Bedbugs—back from the brink. Pestic. Outlook 12:159–62
     [Google Scholar]
  20. 20.
    Booth W, Saenz VL, Santangelo RG, Wang CL, Schal C, Vargo EL. 2012. Molecular markers reveal infestation dynamics of the bed bug (Hemiptera: Cimicidae) within apartment buildings. J. Med. Entomol. 49:535–46Demonstrated that bed bug infestations in buildings could start with only one mated female.
     [Google Scholar]
  21. 21.
    Boynton LOJ. 1965. The bed-bug and the ‘Age of Elegance’. Furnit. Hist. 1:15–31
     [Google Scholar]
  22. 22.
    Bustamante J, Panzarino JF, Rupert TJ, Loudon C. 2017. Forces to pierce cuticle of tarsi and material properties determined by nanoindentation: the Achilles’ heel of bed bugs. Biol. Open 6:1541–51
     [Google Scholar]
  23. 23.
    Choe D, Campbell K. 2014. Effect of feeding status on mortality response of adult bed bugs (Hemiptera: Cimicidae) to some insecticide products. J. Econ. Entomol. 107:1206–15
     [Google Scholar]
  24. 24.
    Choe DH, Park H, Vo C, Knyshov A. 2016. Chemically mediated arrestment of the bed bug, Cimex lectularius, by volatiles associated with exuviae of conspecifics. PLOS ONE 11:e0159520
     [Google Scholar]
  25. 25.
    Cooper R, Wang C. 2018. Detection and monitoring. See Reference 45 241–55
     [Google Scholar]
  26. 26.
    Cooper R, Wang C, Singh N. 2014. Accuracy of trained canines for detecting bed bugs (Hemiptera: Cimicidae). J. Econ. Entomol. 107:2171–81
     [Google Scholar]
  27. 27.
    Cooper R, Wang C, Singh N. 2016. Mark-release-recapture reveals extensive movement of bed bugs (Cimex lectularius L.) within and between apartments. PLOS ONE 10:e0136462Demonstrated that up to 5% of bed bugs can actively disperse from an infestation in 14 days.
     [Google Scholar]
  28. 28.
    Crawley SE, Borden JH. 2021. Detection and monitoring of bed bugs (Hemiptera: Cimicidae): review of the underlying science, existing products and future prospects. Pest Manag. Sci. 77:5334–46
     [Google Scholar]
  29. 29.
    Dang K, Doggett SL, Lee CY. 2022. Performance of pyrethroid-neonicotinoid mixture formulations against field-collected strains of the tropical bed bug (Hemiptera: Cimicidae) on different substrates. J. Econ. Entomol. https://doi.org/10.1093/jee/toac068
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  30. 30.
    Dang K, Doggett SL, Leong XY, Singham GV, Lee CY. 2021. Multiple mechanisms conferring broad-spectrum insecticide resistance in the tropical bed bug (Hemiptera: Cimicidae). J. Econ. Entomol. 114:2473–84
     [Google Scholar]
  31. 31.
    Dang K, Doggett SL, Singham GV, Lee CY. 2017. Insecticide resistance and resistance mechanisms in bed bugs, Cimex spp. (Hemiptera: Cimicidae). Parasit. Vect. 10:318Comprehensive review on insecticide resistance and its mechanisms in bed bugs.
     [Google Scholar]
  32. 32.
    Dang K, Singham GV, Doggett SL, Lilly DG, Lee CY. 2017. Effects of different surfaces and insecticide carriers on insecticide bioassays against bed bugs, Cimex spp. (Hemiptera: Cimicidae). J. Econ. Entomol. 110:558–66
     [Google Scholar]
  33. 33.
    Dang K, Toi CS, Lilly DG, Lee CY, Naylor R et al. 2015. Identification of putative kdr mutations in the tropical bed bug, Cimex hemipterus (Hemiptera: Cimicidae). Pest Manag. Sci. 71:1015–20
     [Google Scholar]
  34. 34.
    Deku G, Combey R, Doggett SL. 2021. Assessment of tropical bed bug (Hemiptera: Cimicidae), infestations in Cape Coast, Ghana: household control practices and efficacy of commercial insecticides and long-lasting insecticidal nets against field bed bugs. J. Med. Entomol. 58:1788–97A key paper demonstrating a probable link between the rise in malaria cases in Africa and bed bug infestations.
     [Google Scholar]
  35. 35.
    Dery M, Arriola K, Lee CY, Choe DH. 2020. Ontogenesis of aldehyde pheromones in two synanthropic bed bug species (Heteroptera: Cimicidae). Insects 11:759
     [Google Scholar]
  36. 36.
    Dery M, Lee CY, Choe DH. 2021. Differential responses to aldehyde pheromone blends in two bed bug species (Heteroptera: Cimicidae). Chemoecology 31:397–403
     [Google Scholar]
  37. 37.
    DeVries ZC, Kells SA, Appel AG. 2016. Estimating the critical thermal maximum (CTmax) of bed bugs, Cimex lectularius: comparing thermolimit respirometry with traditional visual methods. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. A 197:52–57
     [Google Scholar]
  38. 38.
    DeVries ZC, Santangelo RG, Barbarin AM, Schal C. 2018. Histamine as an emergent indoor contaminant: accumulation and persistence in bed bug infested homes. PLOS ONE 13:e0192462
     [Google Scholar]
  39. 39.
    Doggett SL. 2005. A Code of Practice for the Control of Bed Bug Infestations in Australia Sydney: Westmead Hosp./Aust. Environ. Pest Manag. Assoc.The first industry standard on modern bed bug management.
  40. 40.
    Doggett SL. 2013. A Code of Practice for the Control of Bed Bug Infestations in Australia Sydney: Westmead Hosp./Aust. Environ. Pest Manag. Assoc., 4th ed..
  41. 41.
    Doggett SL. 2018. Miscellaneous health impacts. See Reference 45 133–38
     [Google Scholar]
  42. 42.
    Doggett SL, Dwyer DE, Penas PF, Russell RC. 2012. Bed bugs: clinical relevance and control options. Clin. Microbiol. Rev. 25:164–92Detailed review on the clinical impacts of bed bugs and control options.
     [Google Scholar]
  43. 43.
    Doggett SL, Feldlaufer M. 2018. Limitations of bed bug management technologies. See Reference 45 311–21
     [Google Scholar]
  44. 44.
    Doggett SL, Geary MJ, Russell RC. 2004. The resurgence of bed bugs in Australia: with notes on their ecology and control. Environ. Health J. 4:30–38
     [Google Scholar]
  45. 45.
    Doggett SL, Miller DM, Lee CY. 2018. Advances in the Biology and Management of Modern Bed Bugs Hoboken, NJ: Wiley
  46. 46.
    Doggett SL, Miller DM, Vail K, Wilson MS. 2018. Bed bug impacts: fiscal impacts. See Reference 45 139–47
     [Google Scholar]
  47. 47.
    Doggett SL, Orton CJ, Lilly DG, Russell RC. 2011. Bed bugs: the Australian response. Insects 2:96–111
     [Google Scholar]
  48. 48.
    Eom IY, Risticevic S, Pawliszyn J. 2012. Simultaneous sampling and analysis of indoor air infested with Cimex lectularius L. (Hemiptera: Cimicidae) by solid phase microextraction, thin film microextraction and needle trap device. Anal. Chim. Acta 716:2–10
     [Google Scholar]
  49. 49.
    EPA (Environ. Prot. Agency) 2017. Product performance test guidelines OCSPP 810.3900: laboratory product performance testing methods for bed bug pesticide products Rep. EPA Washington, DC: https://www.regulations.gov/document/EPA-HQ-OPPT-2009-0150-0030
  50. 50.
    Feldlaufer MF, Ulrich KR. 2015. Essential oils as fumigants for bed bugs (Hemiptera: Cimicidae). J. Entomol. Sci. 50:129–37
     [Google Scholar]
  51. 51.
    Gaire S, DeVries ZC, Mick R, Santangelo RG, Bottillo G et al. 2021. Human skin triglycerides prevent bed bug (Cimex lectularius L.) arrestment. Sci. Rep. 11:22906
     [Google Scholar]
  52. 52.
    Gaire S, Lewis CD, Booth W, Scharf ME, Zheng W et al. 2020. Bed bugs, Cimex lectularius L., exhibiting metabolic and target site deltamethrin resistance are susceptible to plant essential oils. . Pestic. Biochem. Physiol. 169:104667
     [Google Scholar]
  53. 53.
    Gaire S, Zheng W, Scharf ME, Gondhalekar AD. 2021. Plant essential oil constituents enhance deltamethrin toxicity in a resistant population of bed bugs (Cimex lectularius L.) by inhibiting cytochrome P450 enzymes. Pestic. Biochem. Physiol. 175:104829
     [Google Scholar]
  54. 54.
    Gangloff-Kaufmann J, Allen AT, Miller DM. 2018. Bed bug education. See Reference 45 323–30
  55. 55.
    Glover BTJ. 1938. The use of heavy naphtha in bed-bug disinfestation. J. R. Sanit. Inst. 59:671–80
     [Google Scholar]
  56. 56.
    Goddard J. 2013. Laboratory assays of various insecticides against bed bugs (Hemiptera: Cimicidae) and their eggs. J. Entomol. Sci. 48:65–69
     [Google Scholar]
  57. 57.
    González-Morales M, Terán M, Romero A. 2021. Behavioral responses of the common bed bug to essential oil constituents. Insects 12:184
     [Google Scholar]
  58. 58.
    Goodman MH, Potter MF, Haynes KF. 2013. Effects of juvenile hormone analog formulations on development and reproduction in the bed bug Cimex lectularius (Hemiptera: Cimicidae). Pest Manag. Sci. 69:240–44
     [Google Scholar]
  59. 59.
    Gries R, Britton R, Holmes M, Zhai H, Draper J, Gries G. 2015. Bed bug aggregation pheromone finally identified. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 54:1135–38
     [Google Scholar]
  60. 60.
    Gujar H, Palli SR. 2016. Juvenile hormone regulation of female reproduction in the common bed bug, Cimex lectularius. Sci. Rep. 6:35546
     [Google Scholar]
  61. 61.
    Gunderson H, Strand AL. 1939. Toxicity of hydrogen cyanide, chlorpicrin and ethylene oxide to eggs nymphs and adults of the bedbug. J. Econ. Entomol. 32:106–10
     [Google Scholar]
  62. 62.
    Han ZJ, Wang ZD, Jiang ZK, Chen JZ, Zheng WQ et al. 2013. A preliminary study on Cimex lectularius repellents screening from terpenoids. Chin. J. Hyg. Insectic. Equip. 19:383–85
     [Google Scholar]
  63. 63.
    Harned RW, Allen HW. 1925. Controlling bedbugs in steam-heated rooms. J. Econ. Entomol. 18:320–31
     [Google Scholar]
  64. 64.
    Hosokawa T, Koga R, Kikuchi Y, Meng XY, Fukatsu T. 2010. Wolbachia as a bacteriocyte-associated nutritional mutualist. PNAS 107:769–74Presents evidence of Wolbachia’s role in providing nutrients to bed bugs.
     [Google Scholar]
  65. 65.
    How YF, Lee CY. 2010. Effects of temperature and humidity on the survival and water loss of Cimex hemipterus (Hemiptera: Cimicidae). J. Med. Entomol. 47:987–95
     [Google Scholar]
  66. 66.
    Ingabire CM, Rulisa A, Kempen LV, Muvunyo C, Koenraadt CJM et al. 2015. Factors impeding the acceptability and use of malaria preventive measures: implications for malaria elimination in eastern Rwanda. Malaria J 14:136
     [Google Scholar]
  67. 67.
    Johnson CG. 1941. The ecology of the bed-bug, Cimex lectularius L., in Britain—report on research, 1935–40. J. Hyg. 41:345–461
     [Google Scholar]
  68. 68.
    Johnson MS, Hill AJ. 1948. Partial resistance of a strain of bed bugs to DDT residual. Med. News Lett. 12:26–28
     [Google Scholar]
  69. 69.
    Jones SC, Bryant JL. 2012. Ineffectiveness of over-the-counter total-release foggers against the bed bug (Heteroptera: Cimicidae). J. Econ. Entomol. 105:957–63
     [Google Scholar]
  70. 70.
    Jones SC, Bryant JL, Harrison SA. 2013. Behavioral responses of the bed bug to permethrin-impregnated ActiveGuard™ fabric. Insects 4:230–40
     [Google Scholar]
  71. 71.
    Katz H. 2000. Bed bugs make a comeback. Pest Control Technol 28:79–81
     [Google Scholar]
  72. 72.
    Kells SA. 2006. Nonchemical control of bed bugs. Am. Entomol. 52:109–10
     [Google Scholar]
  73. 73.
    Kells SA. 2018. Non-chemical control. See Reference 45 257–72Comprehensive review of nonchemical control methods against bed bugs.
     [Google Scholar]
  74. 74.
    Kim DY, Billen J, Doggett SL, Lee CY. 2017. Differences in climbing ability of Cimex lectularius and Cimex hemipterus (Hemiptera: Cimicidae). J. Econ. Entomol. 110:1179–86Demonstrated differences in climbing ability between common and tropical bed bugs and their underlying causes.
     [Google Scholar]
  75. 75.
    Ko A, Choe DH. 2020. Development of a lateral flow test for bed bug detection. Sci. Rep. 10:13376
     [Google Scholar]
  76. 76.
    Kumar S, Prakash S, Rao KM. 1995. Comparative activity of three repellents against bedbugs Cimex hemipterus (Fabr). Ind. . J. Med. Res. 102:20–23
     [Google Scholar]
  77. 77.
    Lan YB, Zheng XZ, Westbrook JK, Lopez J, Lacey R, Hoffmann WC. 2008. Identification of stink bugs using an electronic nose. J. Bionic Eng. 5:172–80
     [Google Scholar]
  78. 78.
    Lee CY, Hirao M, Wang C, Xu Y. 2018. The bed bug resurgence in Asia. See Reference 45 69–80
     [Google Scholar]
  79. 79.
    Lee CY, Miller DM, Doggett SL. 2018. Bed bug: the future. See Reference 45 421–27
     [Google Scholar]
  80. 80.
    Lee CY, Miller DM, Doggett SL. 2018. Chemical control. See Reference 45 285–310
  81. 81.
    Leong XY, Kim DY, Dang K, Singham GV, Doggett SL, Lee CY. 2020. Performance of commercial insecticide formulations against different developmental stages of insecticide-resistant tropical bed bugs (Hemiptera: Cimicidae). J. Econ. Entomol. 113:353–66
     [Google Scholar]
  82. 82.
    Leong XY, Lee CY, Singham GV, Shu-Chien AC, Naylor R et al. 2022. The efficacy of a pyrethroid-impregnated mattress liner on multiple international strains of Cimex lectularius (Hemiptera: Cimicidae) and Cimex hemipterus (Hemiptera: Cimicidae). J. Econ. Entomol. https://doi.org/10.1093/jee/toac067
    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]
  83. 83.
    Leong XY, Singham GV, Shu-Chien AC, Doggett SL, Lee CY. 2020. Influences of exposure time and mortality assessment interval on bioassay results of insecticide-resistant tropical bed bugs (Hemiptera: Cimicidae). Insects 11:640
     [Google Scholar]
  84. 84.
    Lilly DG, Latham SL, Webb CE, Doggett SL. 2016. Cuticle thickening in a pyrethroid-resistant strain of the common bed bug, Cimex lectularius L. (Hemiptera: Cimicidae). PLOS ONE 11:e0153302
     [Google Scholar]
  85. 85.
    Loudon C. 2017. Rapid killing of bed bugs (Cimex lectularius L.) on surfaces using heat: application to luggage. Pest Manag. Sci. 73:64–70
     [Google Scholar]
  86. 86.
    Mankin RW, Hodges RD, Nagle HT, Schal C, Pereira RM, Koehler PG. 2010. Acoustic indicators for targeted detection of stored product and urban insect pests by inexpensive infrared, acoustic, and vibrational detection of movement. J. Econ. Entomol. 103:1636–46
     [Google Scholar]
  87. 87.
    Marlatt CL. 1918. The bedbug Farmer's Bull. 754 U. S. Dep. Agric. Washington, DC:
  88. 88.
    Masini P, Zampetti S, Miñón Llera G, Biancolini F, Moretta I et al. 2020. Infestation by the tropical bed bug Cimex hemipterus (Hemiptera: Cimicidae): first report in Italy. J. Europ. Acad. Dermatol. Venereol. 34:e28–30
     [Google Scholar]
  89. 89.
    Med. Res. Counc. 1942. Report of the Committee on Bed-Bug Infestation 1935–1940 Spec. Rep. 245 His Majesty's Station. Off. London:
     [Google Scholar]
  90. 90.
    Miller DM. 2018. The bed bug resurgence in North America. See Reference 45 45–49
     [Google Scholar]
  91. 91.
    Minist. Health 1934. Report on the bed bug. Rep. Public Health Med. Subj. 72 His Majesty's Station. Off. London:
  92. 92.
    Moore DJ, Miller DM. 2009. Field evaluations of insecticide treatment regimens for control of the common bed bug, Cimex lectularius (L.). Pest Manag. Sci. 65:332–38
     [Google Scholar]
  93. 93.
    Moriyama M, Hosokawa T, Tanahashi M, Nikoh N, Fukatsu T. 2016. Suppression of bedbug's reproduction by RNA interference of vitellogenin. PLOS ONE 11:e0153984
     [Google Scholar]
  94. 94.
    Mumcouglu KY, Shalom U 2010. Questionnaire survey of common bedbug (Cimex lectularius) infestations in Israel. Isr. J. Entomol. 40:1–10
     [Google Scholar]
  95. 95.
    Narain RB, Kamble ST. 2015. Effects of ibuprofen and caffeine concentrations on the common bed bug (Cimex lectularius L.) feeding and fecundity. Entomol. Ornithol. Herpetol. 4:152
     [Google Scholar]
  96. 96.
    Naylor RA, Boase CJ. 2010. Practical solutions for treating laundry infested with Cimex lectularius (Hemiptera: Cimicidae). J. Econ. Entomol. 103:136–39
     [Google Scholar]
  97. 97.
    Newberry K. 1989. The effects on domestic infestations of Cimex lectularius bedbugs of interspecific mating with Cimex hemipterus. Med. Vet. Entomol. 3:407–14
     [Google Scholar]
  98. 98.
    NPMA (Natl. Pest Manag. Assoc.) 2011. Best Management Practices for Bed Bugs Fairfax, VA: NPMA https://consensus.fsu.edu/DACS/bbwg/NPMABedBugBMP-10-22-11.pdf
  99. 99.
    Omori N. 1941. Comparative studies on the ecology and physiology of common and tropical bed bugs, with special reference to the reactions to temperature and moisture. J. Med. Assoc. Formosa 60:555–636
     [Google Scholar]
  100. 100.
    Panagiotakopulu E, Buckland PC. 1999. Cimex lectularius L., the common bed bug from Pharaonic Egypt. Antiquity 73:908–11
     [Google Scholar]
  101. 101.
    Pereira RM, Campos AEC, Justi J, Lage MR. 2018. The bed bug resurgence in Latin America. See Reference 45 51–57
     [Google Scholar]
  102. 102.
    Pfiester M, Koehler PG, Pereira RM. 2008. Ability of bed bug-detecting canines to locate live bed bugs and viable bed bug eggs. J. Econ. Entomol. 101:1389–96
     [Google Scholar]
  103. 103.
    Pietri JE, Liang B. 2020. Insecticidal activity of doxycycline against the common bedbug. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 64:e00005–20
     [Google Scholar]
  104. 104.
    Pietri JE, Potts R. 2021. Effects of NF-kB signaling inhibitors on bed bug resistance to orally provisioned entomopathogenic bacteria. Insects 12:303
     [Google Scholar]
  105. 105.
    Potter MF. 2011. The history of bed bug management—with lessons from the past. Am. Entomol. 57:14–25
     [Google Scholar]
  106. 106.
    Potter MF, Haynes KF, Goodman M, Stamper S, Sams S. 2010. Blast from the past. Pest Manag. Prof. 78:46–52
     [Google Scholar]
  107. 107.
    Potter MF, Haynes KF, Gordon JR, Hardebeck E, Wickemeyer W. 2012. Dual-action bed bug killers. Pest Control Technol 40:62, 76
     [Google Scholar]
  108. 108.
    Richardson HH. 1943. The action of bean leaves against the bedbug. J. Econ. Entomol. 36:543–45
     [Google Scholar]
  109. 109.
    Romero A. 2018. Insecticide resistance. See Reference 45 421–27
     [Google Scholar]
  110. 110.
    Romero A, Potter MF, Haynes KF. 2010. Evaluation of chlorfenapyr for control of the bed bug, Cimex lectularius L. Pest Manag. Sci. 66:1243–48
     [Google Scholar]
  111. 111.
    Romero A, Schal C. 2014. Blood constituents as phagostimulants for the bed bug Cimex lectularius L. J. Exp. Biol. 217:552–57
     [Google Scholar]
  112. 112.
    Romero A, Sutherland AM, Gouge DH, Spafford H, Nair S et al. 2017. Pest management strategies for bed bugs (Hemiptera: Cimicidae) in multiunit housing: a literature review on field studies. J. Integr. Pest Manag. 8:13
     [Google Scholar]
  113. 113.
    Roth S, Balvin O, Siva-Jothy MT, Di Iorio O, Benda P et al. 2019. Bedbugs evolved before their bait hosts and did not co-speciate with ancient humans. Curr. Biol. 29:1847–53
     [Google Scholar]
  114. 114.
    Rukke BA, Aak A, Edgar KS. 2015. Mortality, temporary sterilization, and maternal effects of sublethal heat in bed bugs. PLOS ONE 10:e0127555
     [Google Scholar]
  115. 115.
    Salazar R, Castillo-Neyra R, Tustin AW, Borrini-Mayorì Nàquira C, Levy MZ 2015. Bed bugs (Cimex lectularius) as vectors of Trypanosoma cruzi. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 92:331–35
     [Google Scholar]
  116. 116.
    Sheele JM. 2020. A preliminary report showing spinosad and fluralaner are able to incapacitate Cimex lectularius L., the common bed bug. Cureus 12:e7529
     [Google Scholar]
  117. 117.
    Sheele JM, Crandall CJ, Chang BF, Arko BL, Dunn CT, Negrete A. 2019. Cimicosis in persons previously fed upon by bed bugs. Cureus 11:e5941
     [Google Scholar]
  118. 118.
    Sheele JM, Ridge G, Li X, Schlatzer D, Lesser E. 2019. The benefit of a single oral dose of ivermectin in humans: the adverse effects on Cimex lectularius L. populations and fecundity. Cureus 11:e6098
     [Google Scholar]
  119. 119.
    Shi X, Wang C, Simon JE, Reichert W, Wu Q. 2020. Repellency of novel catnip oils against the bed bug (Hemiptera: Cimicidae). J. Med. Entomol. 58:528–34
     [Google Scholar]
  120. 120.
    Shikano I. 2020. Efficacy of a fungal biopesticide for bed bug management is influenced by the toxicity and associated behavioral avoidance of harborages on insecticide-impregnated box spring covers. J. Econ. Entomol. 113:2850–57
     [Google Scholar]
  121. 121.
    Shikano I, Bellicanta GS, Principato S, Jenkins NE. 2021. Effects of chemical insecticide residues and household surface type on a Beauveria bassiana-based biopesticide (Aprehend®) for bed bug management. Insects 12:214
     [Google Scholar]
  122. 122.
    Sierras A, Schal C. 2017. Comparison of ingestion and topical application of insecticides against the common bed bug, Cimex lectularius (Hemiptera: Cimicidae). Pest Manag. Sci. 73:521–27
     [Google Scholar]
  123. 123.
    Sierras A, Wada-Katsumata A, Schal C. 2018. Effectiveness of boric acid by ingestion, but not by contact, against the common bed bug (Hemiptera: Cimicidae). J. Econ. Entomol. 111:2772–81
     [Google Scholar]
  124. 124.
    Singh N, Wang C, Cooper R. 2014. Potential of essential oil-based pesticides and detergents for bed bug control. J. Econ. Entomol. 107:2163–70
     [Google Scholar]
  125. 125.
    Singh N, Wang C, Wang D, Cooper R, Zha C. 2016. Comparative efficacy of selected dust insecticides for controlling Cimex lectularius (Hemiptera: Cimicidae). J. Econ. Entomol. 109:1819–26
     [Google Scholar]
  126. 126.
    Soh LS, Singham GV. 2022. Bacterial symbionts influence host susceptibility to fenitrothion and imidacloprid in the obligate hematophagous bed bug, Cimex hemipterus. Sci. Rep. 12:4919
     [Google Scholar]
  127. 127.
    Southall J. 1730. A Treatise of Buggs London: J. Roberts
  128. 128.
    Štefka J, Votýpka J, Lukeš J, Balvín O. 2022. Cimex lectularius and Cimex hemipterus (bed bugs). Trends Parasitol. 38:919–20
     [Google Scholar]
  129. 129.
    Stenburg RL. 1947. The techniques of application and the control of roaches and bedbugs with DDT. Public Health Rep. 62:669–81
     [Google Scholar]
  130. 130.
    Szyndler MW, Haynes KF, Potter MF, Corn RM, Loudon C. 2013. Entrapment of bed bugs by leaf trichomes inspires microfabrication of biomimetic surfaces. J. R. Soc. Interface 10:20130174
     [Google Scholar]
  131. 131.
    Tawatsin A, Thavara U, Chompoosri J, Phusup Y, Jonjang N et al. 2011. Insecticide resistance in bedbugs in Thailand and laboratory evaluation of insecticides for the control of Cimex hemipterus and Cimex lectularius (Hemiptera: Cimicidae). J. Med. Entomol. 48:1023–30
     [Google Scholar]
  132. 132.
    Todd DB, Miller DM, Gordon JR. 2021. Field evaluations of sulfuryl fluoride fumigation for control of the common bed bug (Hemiptera: Cimicidae), using a 1.9× dosage factor in motor vehicles and filled cargo trailers. J. Econ. Entomol. 114:857–67
     [Google Scholar]
  133. 133.
    Ulrich KR, Feldlaufer MF, Kramer M, St. Leger RJ. 2014. Exposure of bed bugs to Metarhizium anisopliae at different humidities. J. Econ. Entomol. 107:2190–95
     [Google Scholar]
  134. 134.
    Usinger RL. 1966. Monograph of Cimicidae (Hemiptera—Heteroptera) College Park, MD: Entomol. Soc. Am.
  135. 135.
    Vaidyanathan R, Feldlaufer MF. 2013. Bed bug detection: current technologies and future directions. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 88:619–25
     [Google Scholar]
  136. 136.
    Vail KM, Chandler JG. 2017. Bed bug (Hemiptera: Cimicidae) detection in low-income, high-rise apartments using four or fewer passive monitors. J. Econ. Entomol. 110:1187–94
     [Google Scholar]
  137. 137.
    Wang C, Gibb T, Bennett GW 2009. Evaluation of two least toxic integrated pest management programs for managing bed bugs (Heteroptera: Cimicidae) with discussion of a bed bug intercepting device. J. Med. Entomol. 46:566–71
     [Google Scholar]
  138. 138.
    Wang C, Lu LH, Zhang AJ, Liu CF. 2013. Repellency of selected chemicals against the bed bug (Hemiptera: Cimicidae). J. Econ. Entomol. 106:2522–29
     [Google Scholar]
  139. 139.
    Wang C, Saltzmann K, Chin E, Bennett GW, Gibb T 2010. Characteristics of Cimex lectularius (Hemiptera: Cimicidae) infestation and dispersal in a high-rise apartment building. J. Econ. Entomol. 103:172–77Detailed investigation of the characteristics of bed bug infestations and dispersal in a high-rise apartment.
     [Google Scholar]
  140. 140.
    Wang C, Singh N, Cooper R. 2014. Efficacy of an essential oil-based pesticide for controlling bed bug (Cimex lectularius) infestations in apartment buildings. Insects 5:849–59
     [Google Scholar]
  141. 141.
    Wang C, Singh N, Cooper R. 2015. Field study of the comparative efficacy of three pyrethroid/neonicotinoid mixture products for the control of the common bed bug, Cimex lectularius. Insects 6:197–205
     [Google Scholar]
  142. 142.
    Wang C, Singh N, Cooper R, Liu C, Buczkowski G. 2013. Evaluation of an insecticide dust band treatment method for controlling bed bugs. J. Econ. Entomol. 106:347–52
     [Google Scholar]
  143. 143.
    Wang C, Singh N, Zha C, Cooper R. 2016. Efficacy of selected insecticide sprays and aerosols against the common bed bug, Cimex lectularius (Hemiptera: Cimicidae). Insects 7:5
     [Google Scholar]
  144. 144.
    Wang D, Wang C, Wang G, Zha C, Eiden AL, Cooper R 2018. Efficacy of three different steamers for control of bed bugs (Cimex lectularius L.). Pest Manag. Sci. 74:2030–37
     [Google Scholar]
  145. 145.
    Wang D, Wang C, Zha C. 2018. Effect of steam treatment on feeding, mating, and fecundity of the common bed bug (Hemiptera: Cimicidae). J. Med. Entomol. 55:1536–41
     [Google Scholar]
  146. 146.
    Zha C, Wang C, Sheele JM. 2017. Effect of moxidectin on bed bug feeding, development, fecundity, and survivorship. Insects 8:106
     [Google Scholar]
  147. 147.
    Zhu JJ, Cermak SC, Kenar JA, Brewer G, Haynes KF et al. 2018. Better than DEET repellent compounds derived from coconut oil. Sci. Rep. 8:14053
     [Google Scholar]
/content/journals/10.1146/annurev-ento-120220-015010
Loading
Historical and Contemporary Control Options Against Bed Bugs, Cimex spp.
Annual Review of Entomology 68, 169 (2023); https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-ento-120220-015010
/content/journals/10.1146/annurev-ento-120220-015010
/content/journals/10.1146/annurev-ento-120220-015010
Loading

Data & Media loading...

  • Article Type: Review Article

Most Cited Most Cited RSS feed

This is a required field
Please enter a valid email address
Approval was a Success
Invalid data
An Error Occurred
Approval was partially successful, following selected items could not be processed due to error