Milton Chen
ABSTRACT
Multiparty videoconferencing with even a small number of people is often infeasible due to the high network bandwidth required. Bandwidth can be significantly reduced if most of the advantages of using full-motion video can be achieved with low-frame-rate video; unfortunately, the impact of low-frame-rate video on communication is relatively unexplored. We implemented a multiparty videoconferencing system that supports full-motion video, low-frame-rate video where the video is updated only once every few seconds, and a hybrid scheme where full-motion video is transmitted when the system detects that a user is making a gesture and low-frame-rate video is transmitted at all other times. We studied people using our system for small-group discussions and found that low-frame-rate video limited people's ability to request to speak or judge when to stop speaking. The hybrid scheme, conversely, was as effective as full-motion video for floor control, resulting in a similar number of speaker changes, while using only ten percent of the bandwidth.
- A. Anderson, A. Newlands, J. Mulin, A. Fleming, G. Doherty-Sneddon, and J. Velden. Impact of Video-Mediated Communication on Simulated Service Encounters. Interacting with Computers, pages 193--206, 1996. Google Scholar
Digital Library
- M. Argyle and M. Cook. Gaze and Mutual Gaze. Cambridge University Press, 1976.Google Scholar
- V. Bruce. The Role of the Face in Communication: Implications for Videophone Design. Interacting with Computers, pages 166--176, 1996. Google ScholarDigital Library
- C. Chen, M. Rouan, J. Edwards, and C. Moore. An Exploratory Study on the Impact of Broadcast Courses at Stanford University. Prepared for the Stanford Dean of Engineering, 2000.Google Scholar
- M. Chen. Design of a Virtual Auditorium. Proceedings of ACM Multimedia, pages 19--28, 2001. Google ScholarDigital Library
- M. Claypool and J. Tanner. The Effects of Jitter on the Perceptual Quality of Video. Proceedings of ACM Multimedia, pages 115--118, 1999. Google ScholarDigital Library
- P. Dourish and S. Bly. Portholes: Supporting Awareness in a Distributed Work Group. Proceedings of CHI, pages 541--547, 1992. Google ScholarDigital Library
- P. Eisert and B. Girod. Analyzing Facial Expressions for Virtual Conferencing. IEEE Computer Graphics & Applications: Special Issue on Computer Animation for Virtual Humans, pages 70--78, 1998. Google ScholarDigital Library
- D. Gavrila. The Visual Analysis of Human Movement: A Survey. Computer Vision and Image Understanding, pages 82--98, January 1999. Google ScholarDigital Library
- G. Ghinea and J. Thomas. QoS Impact of User Perception and Understanding of Multimedia Video Clips. Proceedings of ACM Multimedia, pages 49--54, 1998. Google ScholarDigital Library
- E. Isaacs, T. Morris, T. Rodriguez, and J. Tang. A Comparison of Face-to-face and Distributed Presentations. Proceedings of CHI, pages 354--361, 1995. Google ScholarDigital Library
- J. Iverson and S. Goldin-Meadow. Why people gesture when they speak. Nature, volume 396, pages 228, November 1998.Google Scholar
- M. Jackson, A. Anderson, R. McEwan, and J. Mullin. Impact of Video Frame Rate on Communicative Behavior in Two and Four Party Groups. Proceedings of CSCW, pages 11--20, 2000. Google ScholarDigital Library
- G. Jancke, J. Grudin, and A. Gupta. Presenting to Local and Remote Audiences: Design and Use of the TELEP System. Proceedings of CHI, pages 384--391, 2000. Google ScholarDigital Library
- B. Johnson and J. Caird. The Effect of Frame Rate and Video Information Redundancy on the Perceptual Learning of American Sign Language Gestures. Proceedings of CHI, pages 121--122, 1996. Google ScholarDigital Library
- J. Li, G. Chen, J. Xu, Y. Wang, H. Zhou, K. Yu, K. Ng, and H. Shum. Bi-level Video: Video Communication at Very Low Bit Rates. Proceedings of ACM Multimedia, pages 392--400, 2001. Google ScholarDigital Library
- R. Malpani and L. Rowe Floor Control for Large-Scale Mbone Seminars. Proceedings of ACM Multimedia, pages 155--163, 1997. Google ScholarDigital Library
- M. Masoodian, M. Apperley, and L. Frederickson. Video Support for Shared Work-space Interaction: an empirical study. Interacting with computers, pages 237--273, 1995.Google Scholar
- V. Pavlovic, R. Sharma, and T. Huang. Visual Interpretation of Hand Gestures for Human-Computer Interaction: A Review IEEE Transaction on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, pages 677--695, July 1997. Google ScholarDigital Library
- A. Pentland. Looking at People: Sensing for Ubiquitous and Wearable Computing. IEEE Transaction on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, pages 107--118, January 2000. Google ScholarDigital Library
- L. Rowe. ACM Multimedia Tutorial on Distance Learning, 2000.Google Scholar
- J. Short, E. Williams, and B. Christie. The Social Psychology of Telecommunications. London, U.K. Wiley, 1976.Google Scholar
- B. Stapley. Visual Enhancement of Telephone Conversations. Ph.D. Thesis, University of London, 1972.Google Scholar
- J. Tang and E. Isaacs. Why Do Users Like Video? Studies of Multimedia-Supported Collaboration. Computer-Supported Cooperative Work: An International Journal, pages 163--196, 1993.Google Scholar
- A. Watson and A. Sasse. Evaluating Audio and Video Quality in Low-cost Multimedia Conferencing Systems. Interacting with Computers, pages 255--275, 1996.Google ScholarCross Ref
- Intel Image Processing Library http://developer.intel.com/software/products/perflib/iplGoogle Scholar
- MPEG-4 Overview. ISO/IEC JTC1/SC29/WG11 N4030, March 2001.Google Scholar
- Stanford Center for Professional Development. http://scpd.stanford.edu/scpd/about/history.htmGoogle Scholar
- Stanford Video Auditorium http://graphics.stanford.edu/~miltchen/VideoAuditoriumGoogle Scholar
Recommendations
Low Complexity H.265/HEVC Coding Unit Size Decision for a Videoconferencing System
AbstractWith the development of Internet and video capture techniques, videoconferencing becomes still more popular. However, with the increased size of the video resolution, the volume of the raw videoconferencing video data increases dramatically. The ...
A low-cost desktop videoconferencing codec: an adaptive Motion-JPEG design
An adaptive Motion-JPEG coding scheme is proposed for desktop videoconferencing. The H.261 and Motion-JPEG are two commonly used codecs for videoconferencing. But, they have their own drawbacks. The problem of the H.261 is that it is computation ...
Multiparty videoconferencing at virtual social distance: MAJIC design
CSCW '94: Proceedings of the 1994 ACM conference on Computer supported cooperative workThis paper describes the design and implementation of MAJIC, a multi-party videoconferencing system that projects life-size video images of participants onto a large curved screen as if users in various locations are attending a meeting together and ...
Comments