skip to main content
10.1145/3411764.3445243acmconferencesArticle/Chapter ViewAbstractPublication PageschiConference Proceedingsconference-collections
research-article
Honorable Mention

Large Scale Analysis of Multitasking Behavior During Remote Meetings

Published:07 May 2021Publication History

ABSTRACT

Virtual meetings are critical for remote work because of the need for synchronous collaboration in the absence of in-person interactions. In-meeting multitasking is closely linked to people’s productivity and wellbeing. However, we currently have limited understanding of multitasking in remote meetings and its potential impact. In this paper, we present what we believe is the most comprehensive study of remote meeting multitasking behavior through an analysis of a large-scale telemetry dataset collected from February to May 2020 of U.S. Microsoft employees and a 715-person diary study. Our results demonstrate that intrinsic meeting characteristics such as size, length, time, and type, significantly correlate with the extent to which people multitask, and multitasking can lead to both positive and negative outcomes. Our findings suggest important best-practice guidelines for remote meetings (e.g., avoid important meetings in the morning) and design implications for productivity tools (e.g., support positive remote multitasking).

References

  1. Adam D’Angelo. [n.d.]. Remote First at Quora. https://www.quora.com/q/quora/Remote-First-at-QuoraGoogle ScholarGoogle Scholar
  2. Rachel F. Adler and Raquel Benbunan-Fich. 2013. Self-Interruptions in Discretionary Multitasking. Comput. Hum. Behav. 29, 4 (July 2013), 1441–1449. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2013.01.040Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  3. Tammy D Allen, Timothy D Golden, and Kristen M Shockley. 2015. How effective is telecommuting? Assessing the status of our scientific findings. Psychological Science in the Public Interest 16, 2 (2015), 40–68.Google ScholarGoogle ScholarCross RefCross Ref
  4. Erik Altmann and J. Trafton. 2004. Task Interruption: Resumption Lag and the Role of Cues. Proceedings of the 26th Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society (07 2004).Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  5. B. Bailey and J. Konstan. 2006. On the need for attention-aware systems: Measuring effects of interruption on task performance, error rate, and affective state. Comput. Hum. Behav. 22(2006), 685–708.Google ScholarGoogle ScholarCross RefCross Ref
  6. Louise Barkhuus. 2005. ”Bring Your Own Laptop Unless You Want to Follow the Lecture”: Alternative Communication in the Classroom. In Proceedings of the 2005 International ACM SIGGROUP Conference on Supporting Group Work (Sanibel Island, Florida, USA) (GROUP ’05). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 140–143. https://doi.org/10.1145/1099203.1099230Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  7. Nicholas Bloom, James Liang, John Roberts, and Zhichun Jenny Ying. 2015. Does working from home work? Evidence from a Chinese experiment. The Quarterly Journal of Economics 130, 1 (2015), 165–218.Google ScholarGoogle ScholarCross RefCross Ref
  8. Maria Brandimonte, Gilles O Einstein, and Mark A McDaniel. 1996. Prospective memory : theory and applications. Mahwah, N.J. : L. Erlbaum.Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  9. Erik Brynjolfsson, John J Horton, Adam Ozimek, Daniel Rock, Garima Sharma, and Hong-Yi TuYe. 2020. Covid-19 and remote work: An early look at US data. Technical Report. National Bureau of Economic Research.Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  10. Hancheng Cao, Zhilong Chen, Mengjie Cheng, Shuling Zhao, Tao Wang, and Yong Li. 2020. You Recommend, I Buy: How and Why People Engage in Instant Messaging Based Social Commerce. arXiv preprint arXiv:2011.00191(2020).Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  11. Hancheng Cao, Zhilong Chen, Fengli Xu, Tao Wang, Yujian Xu, Lianglun Zhang, and Yong Li. 2020. When Your Friends Become Sellers: An Empirical Study of Social Commerce Site Beidian. In Proceedings of the International AAAI Conference on Web and Social Media, Vol. 14. 83–94.Google ScholarGoogle ScholarCross RefCross Ref
  12. Hancheng Cao, Vivian Yang, Victor Chen, Yu Jin Lee, Lydia Stone, N’godjigui Junior Diarrassouba, Mark E. Whiting, and Michael S. Bernstein. 2020. My Team Will Go On: Differentiating High and Low Viability Teams through Team Interaction. Proc. ACM Hum.-Comput. Interact. 4, CSCW3, Article 230 (2020), 27 pages. https://doi.org/10.1145/3432929Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  13. Zhilong Chen, Hancheng Cao, Yuting Deng, Xuan Gao, Jinghua Piao, Fengli Xu, Yu Zhang, and Yong Li. 2020. A Large-Scale Mixed-Methods Analysis of Live Streaming Based Remote Education Experience in Chinese Colleges During the COVID-19 Pandemic. arXiv preprint arXiv:2010.01662(2020).Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  14. Zhilong Chen, Hancheng Cao, Fengli Xu, Mengjie Cheng, Tao Wang, and Yong Li. 2020. Understanding the Role of Intermediaries in Online Social E-commerce: An Exploratory Study of Beidian. Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction 4, CSCW2(2020), 1–24.Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  15. Juliet Corbin and Anselm Strauss. 2014. Basics of qualitative research: Techniques and procedures for developing grounded theory. Sage publications.Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  16. Juliet M Corbin and Anselm Strauss. 1990. Grounded theory research: Procedures, canons, and evaluative criteria. Qualitative sociology 13, 1 (1990), 3–21.Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  17. Edward Cutrell, Mary Czerwinski, and Eric Horvitz. 2000. Notification, Disruption, and Memory: Effects of Messaging Interruptions on Memory and Performance. (12 2000).Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  18. Mary Czerwinski, Eric Horvitz, and Susan Wilhite. 2004. A diary study of task switching and interruptions. In Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on Human factors in computing systems. 175–182.Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  19. Laura Dabbish and Robert Kraut. 2003. Coordinating Communication: Awareness Displays and Interruption. 786–787. https://doi.org/10.1145/765891.765991Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  20. Laura Dabbish, Gloria Mark, and Víctor M. González. 2011. Why Do i Keep Interrupting Myself? Environment, Habit and Self-Interruption. In Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (Vancouver, BC, Canada) (CHI ’11). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 3127–3130. https://doi.org/10.1145/1978942.1979405Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  21. Maitraye Das, John Tang, Kathryn E. Ringland, and Anne Marie Piper. 2021. Towards Accessible Remote Work: Understanding the Practices of Neurodivergent Professionals in Working from Home. Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction (CSCW 2021) (Oct. 2021).Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  22. Evan DeFilippis, Stephen Michael Impink, Madison Singell, Jeffrey T Polzer, and Raffaella Sadun. 2020. Collaborating during coronavirus: The impact of COVID-19 on the nature of work. NBER Working Paperw27612(2020).Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  23. Sante Delle-Vergini. 2018. Missing in Action: Implications for the management of employees working from home in the Philippines’ BPO industry. (2018).Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  24. Jonathan I Dingel and Brent Neiman. 2020. How many jobs can be done at home?Technical Report. National Bureau of Economic Research.Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  25. Susan Dumais, Robin Jeffries, Daniel M Russell, Diane Tang, and Jaime Teevan. 2014. Understanding user behavior through log data and analysis. In Ways of Knowing in HCI. Springer, 349–372.Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  26. Elias Eriksson and Arpine Petrosian. 2020. Remote Work-Transitioning to Remote Work in Times of Crisis.Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  27. Victor M González and Gloria Mark. 2004. ” Constant, constant, multi-tasking craziness” managing multiple working spheres. In Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on Human factors in computing systems. 113–120.Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  28. Victor M. González and Gloria Mark. 2004. ”Constant, Constant, Multi-Tasking Craziness”: Managing Multiple Working Spheres. In Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (Vienna, Austria) (CHI ’04). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 113–120. https://doi.org/10.1145/985692.985707Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  29. Helen Ai He and Elaine M Huang. 2014. A qualitative study of workplace intercultural communication tensions in dyadic face-to-face and computer-mediated interactions. In Proceedings of the 2014 conference on Designing interactive systems. 415–424.Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  30. H. Hembrooke and G. Gay. 2003. The laptop and the lecture: The effects of multitasking in learning environments. Journal of Computing in Higher Education 15 (2003), 46–64.Google ScholarGoogle ScholarCross RefCross Ref
  31. Shamsi T. Iqbal, Jonathan Grudin, and Eric Horvitz. 2011. Peripheral Computing during Presentations: Perspectives on Costs and Preferences. In Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (Vancouver, BC, Canada) (CHI ’11). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 891–894. https://doi.org/10.1145/1978942.1979073Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  32. Shamsi T Iqbal and Eric Horvitz. 2007. Disruption and recovery of computing tasks: field study, analysis, and directions. In Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on Human factors in computing systems. 677–686.Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  33. Jon M Jachimowicz, Julia Lee Cunningham, Bradley R Staats, Francesca Gino, and Jochen I Menges. 2020. Between home and work: commuting as an opportunity for role transitions. Organization Science(2020).Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  34. Jennifer Christie. [n.d.]. Keeping our employees and partners safe during #coronavirus. https://blog.twitter.com/en_us/topics/company/2020/keeping-our-employees-and-partners-safe-during-coronavirus.htmlGoogle ScholarGoogle Scholar
  35. Amy K Karlson, Shamsi T Iqbal, Brian Meyers, Gonzalo Ramos, Kathy Lee, and John C Tang. 2010. Mobile taskflow in context: a screenshot study of smartphone usage. In Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. 2009–2018.Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  36. Anastasia Kuzminykh and Sean Rintel. 2020. Low Engagement As a Deliberate Practice of Remote Participants in Video Meetings. In Extended Abstracts of the 2020 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. 1–9.Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  37. Katharina Lix, Amir Goldberg, Sameer Srivastava, and Melissa A Valentine. 2020. Timing Differences: Discursive Diversity and Team Performance. SocArXiv. June 12(2020).Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  38. Kevin P Madore, Anna M Khazenzon, Cameron W Backes, Jiefeng Jiang, Melina R Uncapher, Anthony M Norcia, and Anthony D Wagner. 2020. Memory failure predicted by attention lapsing and media multitasking. Nature 587, 7832 (2020), 87–91.Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  39. Paul P. Maglio and Christopher S. Campbell. 2000. Tradeoffs in Displaying Peripheral Information. In Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (The Hague, The Netherlands) (CHI ’00). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 241–248. https://doi.org/10.1145/332040.332438Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  40. Gloria Mark, Victor M. Gonzalez, and Justin Harris. 2005. No Task Left behind? Examining the Nature of Fragmented Work. In Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (Portland, Oregon, USA) (CHI ’05). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 321–330. https://doi.org/10.1145/1054972.1055017Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  41. Gloria Mark, Shamsi Iqbal, and Mary Czerwinski. 2017. How blocking distractions affects workplace focus and productivity. In Proceedings of the 2017 ACM International Joint Conference on Pervasive and Ubiquitous Computing and Proceedings of the 2017 ACM International Symposium on Wearable Computers. 928–934.Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  42. Gloria Mark, Shamsi T Iqbal, Mary Czerwinski, and Paul Johns. 2014. Bored mondays and focused afternoons: the rhythm of attention and online activity in the workplace. In Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. 3025–3034.Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  43. Gloria Mark, Shamsi T. Iqbal, Mary Czerwinski, Paul Johns, and Akane Sano. 2016. Neurotics Can’t Focus: An in Situ Study of Online Multitasking in the Workplace. In Proceedings of the 2016 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (San Jose, California, USA) (CHI ’16). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 1739–1744. https://doi.org/10.1145/2858036.2858202Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  44. Gloria Mark, Yiran Wang, and Melissa Niiya. 2014. Stress and Multitasking in Everyday College Life: An Empirical Study of Online Activity. In Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (Toronto, Ontario, Canada) (CHI ’14). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 41–50. https://doi.org/10.1145/2556288.2557361Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  45. Jennifer Marlow, Eveline van Everdingen, and Daniel Avrahami. 2016. Taking Notes or Playing Games? Understanding Multitasking in Video Communication. In Proceedings of the 19th ACM Conference on Computer-Supported Cooperative Work and Social Computing (San Francisco, California, USA) (CSCW ’16). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 1726–1737. https://doi.org/10.1145/2818048.2819975Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  46. Daniel McDuff, Eunice Jun, Kael Rowan, and Mary Czerwinski. 2019. Longitudinal Observational Evidence of the Impact of Emotion Regulation Strategies on Affective Expression. IEEE Transactions on Affective Computing(2019).Google ScholarGoogle ScholarCross RefCross Ref
  47. Christopher A. Monk, Deborah A. Boehm-Davis, and J. Gregory Trafton. 2002. The Attentional Costs of Interrupting Task Performance at Various Stages. Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 46, 22 (2002), 1824–1828. https://doi.org/10.1177/154193120204602210 arXiv:https://doi.org/10.1177/154193120204602210Google ScholarGoogle ScholarCross RefCross Ref
  48. Stephen L Morgan and Christopher Winship. 2015. Counterfactuals and causal inference. Cambridge University Press.Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  49. Brid O’Conaill and David Frohlich. 1995. Timespace in the Workplace: Dealing with Interruptions. Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems - Proceedings 2, 262–263. https://doi.org/10.1145/223355.223665Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  50. Gary M Olson and Judith S Olson. 2000. Distance matters. Human–computer interaction 15, 2-3 (2000), 139–178.Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  51. Sanghoo Park, Sangmi Kim, and Seungmi Han. 2014. Analysis of multitasking in the context of using multiple mobile devices: a qualitative research. In Proceedings of HCI Korea. 404–411.Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  52. Andrew K Przybylski and Netta Weinstein. 2013. Can you connect with me now? How the presence of mobile communication technology influences face-to-face conversation quality. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships 30, 3(2013), 237–246.Google ScholarGoogle ScholarCross RefCross Ref
  53. Daniela Retelny, Sébastien Robaszkiewicz, Alexandra To, Walter S Lasecki, Jay Patel, Negar Rahmati, Tulsee Doshi, Melissa Valentine, and Michael S Bernstein. 2014. Expert crowdsourcing with flash teams. In Proceedings of the 27th annual ACM symposium on User interface software and technology. 75–85.Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  54. Charles Rich and Candace Sidner. 1999. COLLAGEN: A collaboration manager for software interface agents. User Modeling and User-Adapted Interaction 8 (03 1999). https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1008204020038Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  55. John Rieman. 1993. The diary study: a workplace-oriented research tool to guide laboratory efforts. In Proceedings of the INTERACT’93 and CHI’93 conference on Human factors in computing systems. 321–326.Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  56. Sean Rintel, Priscilla Wong, Advait Sarkar, and Abigail Sellen. 2020. Methodology and Participation for 2020 Diary Study of Microsoft Employees Experiences in Remote Meetings During COVID-19. Technical Report 2020-10-FOW-SIM1. Microsoft. https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/research/publication/methodology-and-participation-for-2020-diary-study-of-microsoft-employees-experiences-in-remote-meetings-during-covid-19/Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  57. Joshua S. Rubinstein, David Meyer, and Jeffrey E. Evans. 2001. Executive Control of Cognitive Processes in Task Switching. 27 (Sept 2001), 763–97. https://doi.org/10.1037/0096-1523.27.4.763Google ScholarGoogle ScholarCross RefCross Ref
  58. Skipper Seabold and Josef Perktold. 2010. statsmodels: Econometric and statistical modeling with python. In 9th Python in Science Conference.Google ScholarGoogle ScholarCross RefCross Ref
  59. Abigail Sellen and Richard Harper. 1997. Paper as an analytic resource for the design of new technologies. In Proceedings of the ACM SIGCHI Conference on Human factors in computing systems. 319–326.Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  60. Cheri Speier, Joseph S. Valacich, and Iris Vessey. 1999. The Influence of Task Interruption on Individual Decision Making: An Information Overload Perspective. Decision Sciences 30, 2 (1999), 337–360. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-5915.1999.tb01613.x arXiv:https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/j.1540-5915.1999.tb01613.xGoogle ScholarGoogle ScholarCross RefCross Ref
  61. Jonathan B Spira and Joshua B Feintuch. 2005. The cost of not paying attention: How interruptions impact knowledge worker productivity. Report from Basex (2005).Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  62. Minhyang (Mia) Suh, Frank Bentley, and Danielle Lottridge. 2018. ”It’s Kind of Boring Looking at Just the Face”: How Teens Multitask During Mobile Videochat. Proc. ACM Hum.-Comput. Interact. 2, CSCW, Article 167 (Nov. 2018), 23 pages. https://doi.org/10.1145/3274436Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  63. Melissa A Valentine, Daniela Retelny, Alexandra To, Negar Rahmati, Tulsee Doshi, and Michael S Bernstein. 2017. Flash organizations: Crowdsourcing complex work by structuring crowds as organizations. In Proceedings of the 2017 CHI conference on human factors in computing systems. 3523–3537.Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  64. Mark E Whiting, Allie Blaising, Chloe Barreau, Laura Fiuza, Nik Marda, Melissa Valentine, and Michael S Bernstein. 2019. Did It Have To End This Way? Understanding the Consistency of Team Fracture. Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction 3, CSCW(2019), 1–23.Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  65. Christopher D. Wickens. 2008. Multiple Resources and Mental Workload. Human Factors 50, 3 (2008), 449–455. https://doi.org/10.1518/001872008X288394 arXiv:https://doi.org/10.1518/001872008X288394Google ScholarGoogle ScholarCross RefCross Ref
  66. Alex C Williams, Harmanpreet Kaur, Gloria Mark, Anne Loomis Thompson, Shamsi T Iqbal, and Jaime Teevan. 2018. Supporting workplace detachment and reattachment with conversational intelligence. In Proceedings of the 2018 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. 1–13.Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  67. Longqi Yang, Sonia Jaffe, David Holtz, Siddharth Suri, Shilpi Sinha, Jeffrey Weston, Connor Joyce, Neha Shah, Kevin Sherman, CJ Lee, 2020. How Work From Home Affects Collaboration: A Large-Scale Study of Information Workers in a Natural Experiment During COVID-19. arXiv preprint arXiv:2007.15584(2020).Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  68. Fred Zijlstra, Robert Roe, Anna Leonora, and Irene Krediet. 1999. Temporal Factors in Mental Work: Effects of Interrupted Activities. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology 72 (06 1999), 163–186. https://doi.org/10.1348/096317999166581Google ScholarGoogle ScholarCross RefCross Ref

Index Terms

  1. Large Scale Analysis of Multitasking Behavior During Remote Meetings
      Index terms have been assigned to the content through auto-classification.

      Recommendations

      Comments

      Login options

      Check if you have access through your login credentials or your institution to get full access on this article.

      Sign in
      • Published in

        cover image ACM Conferences
        CHI '21: Proceedings of the 2021 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
        May 2021
        10862 pages
        ISBN:9781450380966
        DOI:10.1145/3411764

        Copyright © 2021 ACM

        Permission to make digital or hard copies of all or part of this work for personal or classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are not made or distributed for profit or commercial advantage and that copies bear this notice and the full citation on the first page. Copyrights for components of this work owned by others than ACM must be honored. Abstracting with credit is permitted. To copy otherwise, or republish, to post on servers or to redistribute to lists, requires prior specific permission and/or a fee. Request permissions from [email protected]

        Publisher

        Association for Computing Machinery

        New York, NY, United States

        Publication History

        • Published: 7 May 2021

        Permissions

        Request permissions about this article.

        Request Permissions

        Check for updates

        Qualifiers

        • research-article
        • Research
        • Refereed limited

        Acceptance Rates

        Overall Acceptance Rate6,199of26,314submissions,24%

      PDF Format

      View or Download as a PDF file.

      PDF

      eReader

      View online with eReader.

      eReader

      HTML Format

      View this article in HTML Format .

      View HTML Format