Steven Oksala
- ADEN M., AND HARRIS, M. 1993. A practitioner's guide to standards and the government. ACM StandardView 1, 2 (Dec.), 25 34. Google Scholar
- ARTHUR, W. B. 1985. Competing technologies and lock-in by historical small events: The dynamics of allocation under increasing returns. Tech. Rep. 43, Center for Economic Policy Research, Stanford Univ., Palo Alto, CA., Jan.Google Scholar
- BERG, S. V. 1989. Technical standards as public goods: Demand incentives for cooperative behavior. Public Finance Q., 17, 1 (Jan.), 29~4.Google Scholar
- BESEN, S., AND JOHNSON, L 1986. Compatibility Standards, Competition, and Innovation in the Broadcasting Industry. Rand Corp., Santa Monica, CA.Google Scholar
- BONINO, M., AND SPRING, M. B. 1991. Standards as change agents in the information technology market. Comput. Standards Interfaces 12, 97 107. Google Scholar
- BP, AND, S. 1988. The Media Lab: Inventing the Furore at MIT. Penguin Books, New York. Google Scholar
- BUCKLEY, F. J. 1986. An overview of the IEEE Computer Society standards process. In Proceedings of the Computer Standards Conference: Striking a Balance between Technology, Economics, Politics, and Reality4or Substance, Not Fonn. (San Francisco, CA, May) IEEE Computer Society.Google Scholar
- CARGILl, F. 1989. Information Technology Standardization: Theory, Process, and Organizations. Digital Press, Rockport, MA. Google Scholar
- CERNI, D. M. 1984. Standards in process: Foundations and profiles of isdn and osi studies. NTIA Rep. 84-170. National Telecommunications and Information Administration; Institute for Telecommunications Sciences, Boulder, CO, Dec.Google Scholar
- DAVID, P. A., AND GREENfflEIN, S. M. 1990. The economics of compatibility standards: An introduction to recent research. Econ. Innovation New Technol. 1, 1,342.Google Scholar
- F~,REIZ, J., AND SALONER, G. 1987. Competition, compatibility, and standards: The economics of horses, penguins, and lemmings. In Product Standardization and Competitive Strategy, H. Landis Gabel, Ed., North Holland, New York, 1 21.Google Scholar
- FrrzGEP4LD, K. 1990. Global standards: Facilitators or barriers? IF, F,F, Spectrum 27, 6 (June), 4446. Google Scholar
- GARCIA, D. L 1993. A new role for government in standards setting? ACM StandardView 1, 2 (Dec.). Google Scholar
- GREENS'rEIN, S. M. 1992. Invisible hands and visible advisors: An economic interpretation of standardization. J. Pan. Soc. Inf. Sci. 43, 8 (Sept.).Google Scholar
- JOHNSON, J. L, CULP, J., POOL, C. T., THEIBERT, M., AND VIDMAR, R. E. 1993. The role of the government in standardization: hnproved service to the citizenry. ACM StandardView 1, 2 (Dec.), 17 24. Google Scholar
- LEHR, W. 1992. Standardization: Understanding the process. J. Pan. Soc. Inf. Sci. 43, 8 (Sept.).Google Scholar
- I2BICKI, M. 1995. Information Technology Standards: Quest for the Common Byte. Butterworth-Heineman, Boston, MA. Google Scholar
- LUCKY, R. 1989. Silicon Dreams: Information, Man, and Machine. St. Martin's Press, New York.Google Scholar
- MACPHERSON, A. 1990. International Telecommunication Standards Organizations. Artech House, Norwood, MA.Google Scholar
- NEGROPONIE, N. 1995. Being Digital. Knopf, New York. Google Scholar
- REILLY, A. K. 1994. A U.S. perspective on standards. IEEE Commun. Mag. 32, 1 (Jan.), 3(~36.Google Scholar
- ROBINSON, G. 1986. Accredited standards committee for information processing systems, X3. Comput. Standards Interfaces 5, 3, 189 193. Google Scholar
- SIlmU, M., AND STEWART, S. 1986. Market Structures and the Emergence of Standards: A Test in the Modem Market WP-8. MIT Research Program on Communications Policy, Cambridge, MA, June.Google Scholar
- SIRBU, }V{, AND ZWlMPFER, L 1985. Standards setting for computer communication: The case of x.25. IF, F,F, Commun. Mag. 23, 3 (March), 3545.Google Scholar
- SOCHATS, K. 1988. CCITT. In Encyclopedia of Microcomputers, A. Kent and J. Williams (Eds.). Marcel Dekker, New York, 226430.Google Scholar
- SPRING, M. B. 1991. Models, musings, and managers. Report to the X3 Strategic Planning Committee, April.Google Scholar
- SPRING, M. B., AND BEARMAN, T. C. 1988. Information standards: Models for furore development. Book Res. Q. 4, 3 (Fall), 3847.Google Scholar
- SPRING, }V{ B. AND CAMPBEIi, J. 1995. The document processing revolution. In Proceedings of the National Reference and Information Services Conference. Australian Library and Information Association, Sept.Google Scholar
- SPRING, M. B., GRISHAM, C., O'DONNELI, J., SKOGSEID, I., SNOW, A., TARR, G., AND WANG, P. 1994. hnproving the standards process. In Standards Development and Information Infrastructure, B. Kahin, (Ed.), John F. Kennedy School of Government, Harvard Univ., Cambridge, MA.Google Scholar
- SPRING, }V{ B., AND WEISS, $/{ B. H. 1994. Financing the standards development process. In Standards Development and Information Infrastructure, B. Kahin, (Ed.), John F. Kennedy School of Government, Harvard Univ., Cambridge, MA.Google Scholar
- ToTH, R.B. Ed. 1990. Managing the costs of standardization. In Standards Management, a Handbook for Profits. Panerican National Standards Institute, Washington, D.C.Google Scholar
- TOYOFUKU, 1L T., HI. 1993. Free ridership in the market for 10BaseT products. Master's thesis, Dept. of Information Science, Univ. of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh PA.Google Scholar
- U.S. CONGRESS, OFFICE OF TECHNOLOGY ASSESSMENT. 1992. Global Standards: Building Blocks for the Furore, TCT-512, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington D.C., March.Google Scholar
- WEISS, M. B. H. AND CARGILl, C. 1992. Consortia in the standards development process. J. pan. Soc. Inf. Sci. 43, 8 (Sept.).Google Scholar
- WEISS, $/{ B. H. AND SIlmU, M. 1990. Technological choice in voluntary standards committees: An empirical analysis. Econ. Innovation New Technol. 1, 111 133.Google Scholar
- WEISS, $/{ B. H. AND SPRING, $/{ B. 1992. Selected intellectual property issues in the standards development process. In 1992 Telecolmnunicafion Policy Research Conference (Solomons, MD, Sept.).Google Scholar
Index Terms
- The structure of IT standardization
Recommendations
ISO open systems interconnection standardization status report
Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) is a standardization program by which two heterogeneous computer systems located anywhere in the world will be able to exchange information easily by executing mutually agreed standardized protocols. The term "open" ...
The Intelligenter method (III) for "smarter" standards development and standardisation instruments
This paper shows the need for innovation in the development of standards and standardisation instruments. While standardisation activity overall is growing in terms of the number of standards being developed, exploration of new domains, organisations ...
ISO open systems interconnection standardization status report
SIGCOMM '83: Proceedings of the symposium on Communications Architectures & ProtocolsOpen Systems Interconnection (OSI) is a standardization program by which two heterogeneous computer systems located anywhere in the world will be able to exchange information easily by executing mutually agreed standardized protocols. The term "open" ...
Reviews
Darin Chardin Savage
The authors provide an overview of a hotly disputed and troubling area in the IT industry—troubling at least to businesses that are poised to invest millions of dollars in technological products and infrastructure. The introduction notes the magnitude of money involved in the question of standards, citing a conservative estimate of “the cost of only one of the Ethernet standards at about $10,000,000.” However, the flip side of this cost is the potential money lost by a company that follows an ephemeral or unstable standard into a technological cul-de-sac. The debates in this article reflect diverse opinions informed by industry (Oksala and Rutkowski) as well as academia (Spring and O'Donnell). The article develops an elaborate discussion on the issue of IT standards from email correspondence between Rutkowski and Oksala. It is an exchange that demarcates philosophical differences in approaches to the development and approval of standards. Oksala argues that standards should originate from national interests and proceed to the international level for approval, whereas Rutkowski disagrees, arguing that this type of approach is too top-heavy, encourages bureaucracy, and excludes large sectors of the marketplace and “industry constellations.” The article progresses by citing excerpts from the email exchange to address important areas such as the roles that competition, the government, and the private sector should play in the process; how unnecessary duplication can be avoided; and how issues of intellectual property are handled. The article identifies what the authors consider the crux of the debate over standardization, which lies “less in alternative standard development paths than it does in alternative approval paths,” and concludes with a final synopsis of the issues in a delineation of open-ended statements. The article is useful for becoming familiar with the current status and implications of the unresolved debate surrounding IT standardization. The extensive bibliography identifies a number of sources for further information on this topic.
Access critical reviews of Computing literature here
Become a reviewer for Computing Reviews.
Comments