Abstract
This paper is concerned with the investigation of UC and BUC plane partitions based upon the fermion calculus approach. We construct generalized the vertex operators in terms of free charged fermions and neutral fermions and present the interlacing (strict) 2-partitions. Furthermore, it is showed that the generating functions of UC and BUC plane partitions can be written as product forms.
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1 Introduction
Free charged fermions and neutral fermions proposed by Kyoto school [1,2,3,4,5] play a crucial role in construction of \(\tau \)-functions of integrable systems such as KP and BKP hierarchies. Tsuda [6] introduced the universal character (UC) hierarchy which is the generalization of KP hierarchy. Then Ogawa [7] constructed UC hierarchy of B-type (BUC hierarchy) which can be regarded as the extension of BKP hierarchy. The algebraic structures of UC and BUC hierarchies have been well discussed based upon the free fermions and neutral fermions [6,7,8]. By means of fermion calculus [5], the relations between vertex operators and KP plane partitions have been developed [9]. Fermionic approach is a extremely useful tool in exploring the structure and properties of integrable systems. Ünal [10, 11] presented the \(\tau \)-functions of the KP and BKP hierarchies as determinants and Pfaffians with charged free fermions and neutral free fermions.
Plane partitions are generated in crystal melting model [12, 13] which have widely applications in various fields of mathematics and physics, such as statistical models, number theory and representation theory. The generating function of plane partitions describes the characteristics of plane partitions which has widely application in combinatorics [14, 15], statistical mechanics [16, 17] and integrable systems [18]. Okounkov et al. [19] analyzed generating function for plane partitions in terms of vertex operators expressed as exponentials of bilinear in fermions. Then the partition functions of the topological string theory have been developed by the fermion calculus approach [20]. Recently, Wang et al. [21, 22] investigated 3-dimensional (3D) Boson representation of \(W_{1+\infty }\) algebra and studied Littlewood-Richardson rule for 3-Jack polynomials by acting 3D Bosons on 3D Young diagrams (plane partitions). By using the fermion calculus approach, Foda et al. [9, 23] established the product forms for the generating function of KP and BKP plane partitions based on the KP free charge fermions and BKP neutral fermions, respectively. It is also proved the generating function is a special \(\tau \)-function of the 2D Toda lattice. The aim of this paper is to investigate the generating function of plane partitions for UC and BUC hierarchies.
The paper is organized as follows. Section 2 provides a review of the fundamental facts of free fermions, plane partitions and generating functions. Section 3 is devoted to investigation of the UC plane partitions by fermion calculus approach. We introduce the interlacing partitions are presented with half-integers and construct interlacing 2-partitions, from which a product form of the generating function for UC plane partitions are derived. In Sect. 4, By introducing generating interlacing strict 2-partitions, we study the generating function for BUC plane partitions. The last section is conclusions and discussions.
2 Preliminaries
In this section, we mainly retrospect basic facts about free fermions, plane partitions and generating functions [5, 6, 23,24,25,26].
2.1 Charged fermions and UC hierarchy
\(\psi _{m},\psi _{m}^{*},\) \(\phi _{m}\) and \(\phi _{m}^{*}\) \( (m\in {\mathbb {Z}}+\frac{1}{2})\) are charged fermions, the charge of the fermions is given by
Fermion | \(\psi _n\) | \(\psi _n^*\) | \(\phi _n\) | \(\phi _n^*\) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Charge | (1, 0) | \((-1,0)\) | (0, 1) | \((0,-1)\) |
Algebra \({\mathcal {A}}\) over \({\mathbb {C}}\) is generated by the commutation relations
and \(\psi _n^2=\psi _n^{*2}=\phi _n^2=\phi _n^{*2}=0.\)
A Maya diagram is made up of black and white stones lined up along the real line, indexed by half-integers. It is required that far away to the right (when \(n\gg 0\)) all the stones are black, whereas far away to the left (when \(n\ll 0),\) they are all white. By writing \(\alpha _j\in {\mathbb {Z}}+\frac{1}{2}\) for the position of the black stone, we can describe a Maya diagram as an increasing sequence of half-integers
that satisfies the following conditions
The right state corresponding to the Maya diagram \(\alpha \) is defined as
A left action of the fermions is given by the following rules
In particular,
Similarly, a Maya diagram can also be represented as
where \(\alpha ^{\prime }_j\in {\mathbb {Z}}+\frac{1}{2}\) denotes the position of the white stone and \(\alpha ^{\prime }_{j+1}=\alpha ^{\prime }_{j}-1\) for all sufficiently large j. The left state corresponding to the Maya diagram \(\alpha \) is denoted as
A right action of the fermions is given by
while \(\phi \) and \(\phi ^{*}\) have respectively the same action as \(\psi \) and \(\psi ^{*},\) except replacing \(\psi \) with \(\phi .\) Particularly, the vacuum state \(|{\textrm{vac}}\rangle \) and the dual vacuum state \(\langle {\textrm{vac}}|\) are defined as
which satisfy
The charged fermionic Fock space \({\mathcal {F}}\) and the dual Fock space \({\mathcal {F}}^{*}\) are generated by
where
The vector subspace of \({\mathcal {F}}\) with charge \((l_1,l_2)\) is written as \({\mathcal {F}}_{l_1,l_2}.\) Consider a pairing \(\langle \quad \rangle :{\mathcal {F}}^{*}\times {\mathcal {F}}\rightarrow {\mathbb {C}}\) denoted by
where \(\langle \quad \rangle \) is called the vacuum expectation value. The following properties hold
The UC hierarchy is a system satisfying the following bilinear identity
where \(|u\rangle \in {\mathcal {F}}_{0,0}\) has charge (0, 0).
Define the colon operator : : as
Consider the operators \(H_{n}\) and \({\tilde{H}}_{n}\) \((n\in {\mathbb {Z}}),\)
Then the following properties hold
Noting
The operators called Hamiltonian are defined as
along with the generating functions of charged fermions
For convenience, \(H_{\pm }({\textbf{x}},{\textbf{y}};\partial _{{\textbf{x}}},\partial _{{\textbf{y}}})\) is represented as \(H_{\pm }({\textbf{x}},{\textbf{y}}).\)
Proposition 2.1
The commutative relations between the Hamiltonian \(H_{\pm }({\textbf{x}},{\textbf{y}})\) and generating functions of charged fermions are as follows
where
Proof
By means of Eqs. (2.22) and (2.24), we obtain
The other formulas can be proved in the same way. \(\square \)
Lemma 2.2
The following equations hold
Proof
From the Eq. (2.26) , it follows that
Using the similar procedure, we can prove other equations. \(\square \)
Remark 2.3
Under the reduction \(\phi _{m}=\phi _m^*=0,\) Eq. (2.19) leads to bilinear identity of KP hierarchy. The Eqs. (2.1)–(2.29) leads to definitions and properties in KP hierarchy.
2.2 Neutral fermions and BUC hierarchy
In this section, we introduce neutral fermions \(\phi _{n}\) and \(\bar{\phi }_{m}\) \((n,m\in {\textbf{Z}}),\) which are generators of the algebra \(\widetilde{{\mathcal {A}}}\) over \({\mathbb {C}}\) and satisfy
The neutral fermionic Fock space \({\widetilde{\mathcal {F}}}\) and the dual Fock space \({\widetilde{\mathcal {F}}}^{*}\) can be defined as
where the vacuum state \(|0\rangle \) and the dual vacuum state \(\langle 0|\) are denoted by
Introduce the operators \(H^{\prime }_{m}\) and \(\bar{H}^{\prime }_{m}\) \((m\in {\textbf{N}}_{\textrm{odd}})\)
Note that
In particular,
The Hamiltonian is written as
It should be noted that BUC hierarchy satisfies the bilinear identity, which is given in [7].
Lemma 2.4
For the generating functions of neutral fermions,
we have
where
Proof
From Eqs. (2.35) and (2.37), we obtain
Therefore, we have
The proof of the other formula is quite similar, so is omitted. \(\square \)
Consider the neutral fermion vertex operators
where
2.3 Plane partitions
A partition (strict partition) is a non-increasing (strictly decreasing) sequence consisting of non-negative integers, denoted as \(\alpha =(\alpha _{1},\alpha _{2},\ldots ),\) with weights \(|\alpha |=\sum _{i\ge 1}\alpha _i.\) Define a partition \(\alpha ^{\prime }=(\alpha _{1}^{\prime },\alpha _{2}^{\prime },\ldots ),\) which is obtained by taking the transpose of \(\alpha .\) Suppose that there are r nodes on the main diagonal of partitions \(\alpha \) and set \(t_{i}=\alpha _{i}-i,\) \(p_{i}=\alpha _{i}^{\prime }-i\) for \(1\le i\le r,\) we have \(p_{1}>p_{2}>\cdots >p_{r}\ge 0,\) \(t_{1}>t_{2}>\cdots >t_{r}\ge 0.\) The partition \(\alpha \) can be also expressed as
A hook refers to the set of boxes
The partition \(\alpha \) can be denoted by the hook as
where \(r\ge 1,\) \(p_1>\cdots >p_r\geqslant 0\) and \(t_1>\cdots >t_r\geqslant 0.\)
Example 2.5
The partition \(\alpha =(4,2,0|3,1,0)\) in Fig. 1 can be constructed by a set of hooks, where \(h(3,4|1)=\left\{ \bigcup _{k=0}^3(1+k,1)\right\} \cup \left\{ \bigcup _{l=0}^{4}(1,1+l)\right\} ,\) \(h(1,2|2)=\left\{ (2,2),\right. \) \(\left. (3,2),(2,3),(2,4)\right\} \) and \(h(0,0|3)=\left\{ (3,3)\right\} .\)
For the partitions \(\alpha =(\alpha _{1},\alpha _{2},\ldots )\) and \(\beta =(\beta _{1},\beta _{2},\ldots ),\) we say that \(\beta \) interlaces \(\alpha \) and write \(\alpha \succ \beta ,\) which is defined by the following relation
where \(\alpha _{1}\ge \alpha _{2}\ge \cdots \ge 0\) and \(\beta _{1}\ge \beta _{2}\ge \cdots \ge 0.\) Consider the set
where \(t_{r+1}\equiv 0\) and \(h(-1,t'_r|r)\equiv \emptyset .\) All partitions that intersect \(\alpha \) and \(\beta \) are contained in \({\mathcal {D}}_{\alpha }.\)
Let a strict partitions \(\tilde{\alpha }=(m_{1},m_{2},\ldots ,m_{2r}),\) the right state and left state corresponding to \(\tilde{\alpha }\) can be written as
where
Lemma 2.6
[9] Setting \(\tilde{\alpha }=(m_{1},\ldots ,m_{2r}),\) from Eqs. (2.43) and (2.50), the following relations hold
A plane partition \(\pi \) is a set of non-negative integers \(\pi _{ij}\) which satisfies
Each plane partition can be represented as a composition of specific partitions, denoted as \((\ldots ,\pi _{-1}, \pi _0,\pi _1,\ldots ).\) Indicate \(\pi _{i}\) as
then the plane partition \(\pi \) satisfies
for sufficiently large \(M,N\in {\mathbb {N}}\) and the weight \(|\pi |=\sum _{i=-M}^{N}|\pi _i|.\)
A strict plane partition \(\tilde{\pi }\) satisfies
for all integers \(i,j\ge 1.\)
For a strict plane partition \(\tilde{\pi },\) we refer to the set of all connected boxes as paths, which are connected horizontal plateaux in the 3-dimensional view. \(p(\tilde{\pi })\) denotes the number of paths possessed by \(\tilde{\pi }.\) For strict plane partitions \(\tilde{\pi }_{i}\) and \(\tilde{\pi }_{j},\) \(n(\tilde{\pi }_{i})\) represents the number of nonzero elements in \(\tilde{\pi }_{i}\) and \(n(\tilde{\pi }_{i}|\tilde{\pi }_{j})\) represents the number of non-zero elements in \(\tilde{\pi }_{i}\) but not in \(\tilde{\pi }_{j}.\)
The generating function for plane partitions is given by
The generating function for strict plane partitions can be expressed as
3 UC plane partitions
In this section, we construct generalized charged fermion vertex operators and investigate interlacing 2-partitions. By means of fermion calculus approach, the generating function for UC plane partitions has been developed.
3.1 Generalized charged fermion vertex operators
Introduce
where z and v are indeterminate. The Hamiltonian \(H_{\pm }({\textbf{x}},{\textbf{y}})\) can be rewritten as
Let us define the generalized charged fermion vertex operators
It is easy to derive
Taking \(\xi _{\pm }({\textbf{x}}-\tilde{\partial }_{\textbf{y}},k)=\xi _{\pm }({\textbf{z}},k)\) and \(\xi _{\pm }({\textbf{y}}-\tilde{\partial }_{\textbf{x}},k)=\xi _{\pm }({\textbf{v}},k),\) we have
Proposition 3.1
The vertex operators \(\Gamma _{+}({\textbf{z}},{\textbf{v}})\) and \(\Gamma _{-}({\textbf{z}},{\textbf{v}})\) satisfy the following relations
Proof
We only prove the first formula of Eq. (3.6), other formulas can be proved similarly. By means of Eqs. (2.26), (2.29) and (3.5), we get
It follows from Eq. (2.25) that
Comparing the orders of k on both sides yields
\(\square \)
The operators \(H_{+}({\textbf{z}},{\textbf{v}})\) and \(H_{-}({\textbf{z}}^{\prime },{\textbf{v}}^{\prime })\) satisfy
Then
Remark 3.2
The vertex operators \(\Gamma _{+}({\textbf{z}},{\textbf{v}})\) and \(\Gamma _{-}({\textbf{z}},{\textbf{v}})\) are reduced to the charged fermion vertex operators \(\Gamma _{+}({\textbf{z}})\) and \(\Gamma _{-}({\textbf{z}})\) by deleting the variables \(\phi _{m},\phi _m^*\) and v, respectively. Then Eqs. (3.4)–(3.10) lead to the properties for KP hierarchy.
3.2 Generating interlacing 2-partitions
If the Maya diagram has charge 0, there is a one-to-one correspondence between the Maya diagram and the partition. The right state corresponding to partitions \(\alpha \) and \(\beta \) in space \({\mathcal {F}}_{0,0}\) can be represented as
where \(\kappa =\sum _{k=1}^{r}\left[ (m_{k}+\frac{1}{2})+k\right] ,\) \(\tilde{\kappa }=\sum _{k=1}^{s}\left[ \left( {\tilde{m}}_{k}+\frac{1}{2}\right) +k\right] ,\) \(m_1<\cdots<m_r<0,n_1<\cdots<n_r<0,\) \({\tilde{m}}_{1}<\cdots<{\tilde{m}}_s<0\) and \({\tilde{n}}_1<\cdots<{\tilde{m}}_s<0.\) The left state has a similar representation in the charge (0, 0) sector of the dual Fock space \({\mathcal {F}}^{*},\)
where \(\kappa ^{\prime }=\sum _{k=1}^{r}\left[ (m_{k}-\frac{1}{2})+k\right] ,{\tilde{\kappa }}^{\prime }=\sum _{k=1}^{s}\left[ \left( {\tilde{m}}_{k}\right. \right. \) \(\left. \left. -\frac{1}{2}\right) +k\right] ,0<m_1<\cdots<m_r,0<n_1<\cdots<n_r,0<{\tilde{m}}_{1}<\cdots <{\tilde{m}}_s\) and \(0<{\tilde{n}}_1<\cdots <{\tilde{n}}_s.\)
Define 2-partition \(\chi \) and write \((\chi )= (\alpha ,\beta ),\) which represents a pair of partitions \(\alpha \) and \(\beta .\) Then we have \(|\chi \rangle =|\alpha ,\beta \rangle ,\) \(\langle \chi |=\langle \alpha ,\beta |\) and the weight \(|\chi |=|\alpha |+|\beta |.\) Let 2-partitions \((\chi )= (\alpha ,\beta )\) and \((\bar{\chi })=(\bar{\alpha },\bar{\beta }) ,\) we say that \((\bar{\chi })\) interlaces \((\chi ),\) and write \((\chi )\succ (\bar{\chi }) ,\)
In particular, if \(\beta =\emptyset ,\) 2-partition \(\chi \) is reduced to the partition \(\alpha .\) Equations (3.11) and (3.12) lead to
Definition 3.3
An ‘UC plane partition’ is defined as \((\ldots ,\chi _{-1},\chi _0,\chi _1,\ldots ),\) which denotes a pair of plane partitions and satisfies
where the weight of the UC plane partition is the sum of the weights of these 2-partitions.
Example 3.4
The UC plane partition \((\chi _{-3},\chi _{-2},\chi _{-1},\chi _{0},\chi _{1},\chi _{2},\chi _{3},\chi _{4})\) in Fig. 5 represents a pair of plane partitions \(\pi =(\alpha _{-3},\alpha _{-2},\alpha _{-1},\alpha _{0},\alpha _{1}, \alpha _{2},\alpha _{3},\alpha _{4})\) and \(\tilde{\pi }=(\beta _{-3},\beta _{-2},\beta _{-1},\beta _{0}, \beta _{1},\beta _{2},\beta _{3},\beta _{4}),\) where \((\chi _{i})= (\alpha _{i},\beta _{i})\) and the weight is \(\sum _{i=-3}^{4}|\alpha _i|+|\beta _i|=61.\)
Lemma 3.5
Let \(|\alpha \rangle \) and \(\langle \alpha |\) be states corresponding to the partition \(\alpha \) in the Fock space \({\mathcal {F}}\) and the dual Fock space \({\mathcal {F}}^{*},\) which are described in Eq. (3.14). Then we have
Proof
Set \(n_{(r+1)}\equiv \frac{1}{2}.\) From Eqs. (3.6) and (3.14), one obtains
where
The following equation holds
Using the commutation relations (2.1), we have
From Eqs. (2.14), (3.20) and (3.21), we obtain
Therefore
Set
It can be clearly found that the terms of the expansion of the Eq. (3.23) contain all of the partitions in \({\mathcal {D}}_{\alpha },\) accompanied by the weighting factor z. Each weighted partition can be expressed as
The powers of z can be written as
where
From Eqs. (3.24)–(3.27), the Eq. (3.23) can be rewritten as
A similar proof for the left state yields
For \(\forall 1\leqslant j\leqslant r,\) let
Then one obtains
\(\square \)
Lemma 3.6
Let the states corresponding to the 2-partition \((\chi )= (\alpha ,\beta )\) be \(|\chi \rangle =|\alpha ,\beta \rangle \) and \(\langle \chi |=\langle \alpha ,\beta |.\) The following relations hold
Proof
By means of the Eq. (3.11)
where
By using the Eq. (3.16), we have
Setting \(|\beta ^{\prime }\rangle =(-1)^{{{\tilde{\kappa }}_1}}\phi _{{{{\tilde{m}}}^{\prime }}_{1}}\cdots \phi _{{{{\tilde{m}}}^{\prime }}_{s}}\phi _{{{{\tilde{n}}}^{\prime }}_{1}}^{*}\cdots \phi _{{{{\tilde{n}}}^{\prime }}_{s}}^{*}|{\textrm{vac}}\rangle ,\) \(T_1\) is rewritten as
According to the commutation relations (2.1) one obtains
where
Taking \(|\alpha ^{\prime }\rangle =(-1)^{{\kappa _1}}\psi _{m^{\prime }_1}\cdots \psi _{m^{\prime }_r}\psi _{n^{\prime }_1}^*\cdots \psi _{n^{\prime }_r}^*|{\textrm{vac}}\rangle ,\) combining the Eq. (3.11) gets
Using the similar approach yields
\(\square \)
Setting \(\beta =\emptyset ,\) Eqs. (3.40) and (3.41) are reduced to
The case of \(\alpha =\emptyset \) is similar to the above.
3.3 Generating function for UC plane partitions
Consider the correlation function
where p and q are indeterminate. Set 2-partition \((\chi )= (\alpha ,\beta ) ,\) and insert \( \sum _{\chi }|\chi \rangle \langle \chi |\) in the middle of a pair of multiplicative vertex operators. It follows that
By means of Eqs. (3.40)–(3.42), the generated weights are of the form
Set \(({\chi ^{\prime }_{j}})=(\alpha _{j}^{\prime },\beta _{j}^{\prime })\) and \(\alpha _{-M_1}^{\prime }=\alpha _{N_1}^{\prime }=\beta _{-M_2}^{\prime }=\beta _{N_2}^{\prime }=\emptyset ,\) then we have
where \(M=\max \{M_1,M_2\},\) \(N=\max \{N_1,N_2\}\) and \(-M \le j\le N.\) Note that the plane partition \(\pi \) consists of \(\alpha _{j}^{\prime }\) and the plane partition \(\pi ^{\prime }\) consists of \(\beta _j^{\prime }.\) Hence interlacing relation above indicates
The Eq. (3.45) can be rewritten as
Then we derive the generating function for UC plane partitions
On the other hand, by using the Eqs. (3.4) and (3.10), we can express the generating function for UC plane partitions as the product of the generalized MacMahon’s formula
4 BUC plane partitions
In this section, the BUC plane partitions will be developed. By using the fermion calculus method, we construct generalized neutral fermion vertex operators. Based upon interlacing strict 2-partitions derived by the vertex operator, we investigate the properties of the generating function for BUC plane partitions.
4.1 Generalized neutral fermion vertex operators
Set
where z and v are indeterminate. Replacing the variables above, we obtain
Meanwhile the generalized neutral fermion vertex operators \(\Upsilon _{+}({\textbf{z}},{\textbf{v}})\) and \(\Upsilon _{-}({\textbf{z}},{\textbf{v}})\) are defined as
In particular,
Taking the transformation of \(\zeta _{\pm }({\textbf{x}}-2\tilde{\partial }_{\textbf{y}}^{\prime },k)\) and \(\zeta _{\pm }({\textbf{y}}-2\tilde{\partial }_{\textbf{x}}^{\prime },k),\) we have
Proposition 4.1
The following equations hold
Proof
From Eqs. (2.39), (2.41) and (4.5), it is clear that
Substituting Eq. (2.38) into the above equation and comparing the orders of k, one obtains
Other equations can be proved with the same method. \(\square \)
By means of Eqs. (2.35) and (4.2), we have
It follows that
4.2 Generating interlacing strict 2-partitions
Let strict partitions \(\tilde{\alpha }=(m_{1},m_{2},\ldots ,m_{2r})\) and \(\tilde{\beta }=(n_{1},n_{2},\ldots ,n_{2s}).\) In the Fock space \({\widetilde{\mathcal {F}}}\) and the dual Fock space \({\widetilde{\mathcal {F}}}^{*},\) the states corresponding to \(\tilde{\alpha }\) and \(\tilde{\beta }\) can be described as
where \(m_{1}>\cdots >m_{2r}\geqslant 0,\) \(n_{1}>\cdots >n_{2r}\geqslant 0\) and
Denote strict 2-partition \(\tilde{\chi }\) as \((\tilde{\chi })=(\tilde{\alpha },\tilde{\beta }),\) which possesses the same properties as 2-partition. Note that if \(\beta =\emptyset ,\) strict 2-partition \((\tilde{\chi })=(\tilde{\alpha },\tilde{\beta })\) is equivalent to the strict partition \(\tilde{\alpha }.\) Eq. (4.11) leads to
Definition 4.2
Define the ‘BUC plane partition’ as \((\ldots ,\tilde{\chi }_{-1}, \tilde{\chi }_0,\tilde{\chi }_1,\ldots )\) which represents a pair of BKP plane partitions \(\tilde{\pi }\) and \(\tilde{\pi }^{\prime },\) where \(\tilde{\pi }=(\ldots ,\tilde{\alpha }_{-1},\tilde{\alpha }_0,\tilde{\alpha }_1,\ldots ),\) \(\tilde{\pi }^{\prime }=(\ldots ,\tilde{\beta }_{-1},\tilde{\beta }_0,\tilde{\beta }_1,\ldots )\) and \((\tilde{\chi }_k)=(\tilde{\alpha }_k,\tilde{\beta }_k).\)
Lemma 4.3
Let the states corresponding to the strict 2-partition \((\tilde{\chi })=(\tilde{\alpha },\tilde{\beta })\) be \(|\tilde{\chi } \rangle =|\tilde{\alpha },\tilde{\beta }\rangle \) and \(\langle \tilde{\chi }|=\langle \tilde{\alpha },\tilde{\beta }|.\) Then
where \((\tilde{\chi }^{\prime })=(\tilde{\alpha }^{\prime },\tilde{\beta }^{\prime })\) and
Proof
By means of Eqs. (4.6) and (4.11), one obtains
where
Substituting Eq. (2.52) into Eq. (4.18), we have
Since the assumed state is not involved in the subsequent calculations, we let
From the commutation relations (2.31), the Eq. (4.17) can be rewritten as
It follows from Eq. (2.52) that
Setting
Applying the above results to Eq. (4.21) yields
Similarly, it is show that
\(\square \)
In particular, if \(\tilde{\beta }=\emptyset ,\) Eqs. (4.24) and (4.25) are respectively transformed into
A similar conclusion can be obtained for \(\tilde{\alpha }=\emptyset .\)
4.3 Generating function for BUC plane partitions
Define correlation function \(S_{B}(t,q)\) as
which provides a generating function for BUC plane partitions, where t and q are indeterminate.
Proposition 4.4
For a strict plane partition \(\tilde{\pi },\) we have
Proof
Let us use the example of strict plane partition in Fig. 4 to explain this formula. From Fig. 4, it is clear that
and
From the above relations, it is showed that diagonal slices not being intersected receive a factor of 2, otherwise zero. Multiplying \(n(\tilde{\pi }^{0})=3\) as the power of 2 and \(p(\tilde{\pi })=11\) in Fig. 6, we have
It follows that this method extends to arbitrary strict plane partitions. \(\square \)
Setting a strict 2-partition \((\tilde{\chi })=(\tilde{\alpha },\tilde{\beta })\) and inserting \(\sum _{\tilde{\chi }}|\tilde{\chi }\rangle \langle \tilde{\chi }|\) to the above equation yields
Equations (4.24)–(4.26) show that the generated weights are given by
Let \((\tilde{\chi }_{j}^{\prime })=(\tilde{\alpha }_{j}^{\prime },\tilde{\beta }_{j}^{\prime }),\) \(\tilde{\alpha }_{-M_1}^{\prime }=\tilde{\alpha }_{N_1}^{\prime }=\tilde{\beta }_{-M_2}^{\prime }=\tilde{\beta }_{N_2}^{\prime }=\emptyset ,\) \(M=\max \{M_1,M_2\},\) \(N=\max \{N_1,N_2\}\) and \(-M \le j\le N.\) Note that the plane partition \(\tilde{\pi }\) is made up of \(\tilde{\alpha }_{j}^{\prime }\) and the plane partition \(\tilde{\pi }^{\prime }\) is made up of \(\tilde{\beta }_j^{\prime }.\) Combining Proposition 4.4, the Eq. (4.33) can be represented as
It shows that all strict 2-partitions \((\tilde{\chi }_{j}^{\prime })=(\tilde{\alpha }_{j}^{\prime },\tilde{\beta }_{j}^{\prime })\) satisfy
which is equivalent to
Then the Eq. (4.34) can be rewritten as
It follows that
In addition, by means of the Eq. (4.10), the generating function for BUC plane partitions can be represented as
Equation (4.39) can be regarded as the extension of the shifted MacMahon’s formula [26].
5 Conclusions and discussions
In this paper, by means of constructing the generalized fermion vertex operators and interlacing (strict) 2-partitions, we have discussed generating functions for UC and BUC plane partitions which can be written as product forms. It should be pointed out that the fermion calculus approach play a vital role in establishing generating functions of plane partitions. How to use this method to look for the structure and properties of plane partitions in other integrable systems, such as symplectic universal character (SUC) hierarchy and the orthogonal universal character (OUC) should be an interesting question, which will be studied in the near future.
Data Availability Statement
This manuscript has no associated data or the data will not be deposited. [Authors’ comment: This paper is devoted to connecting “Universal character” with plane partition. The study focus on the mathematical construction and computation. That is why there is no data.]
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Acknowledgements
This work is partially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 11965014 and 12061051), the Natural Science Foundation of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region (Grant No. 2023MS01003) and the Program for Young Talents of Science and Technology in Universities of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region (Grant No. NJYT23096). The authors gratefully acknowledge the support of Professor Ke Wu and Professor Weizhong Zhao at Capital Normal University, China.
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