Unimodular Trees versus Einstein Trees

The maximally helicity violating (MHV) tree level scattering amplitudes involving three, four or five gravitons are worked out in Unimodular Gravity. They are found to coincide with the corresponding amplitudes in General Relativity. This a remarkable result, insofar as both the propagators and the vertices are quite different in both theories.


Introduction
Unimodular gravity is an interesting truncation of General Relativity , where the spacetime metric is restricted to be unimodular g ≡ det g µν = −1 (1.1) It is convenient to implement the truncation through the (non invertible) map The resulting theory is not Diff invariant anymore, but only TDiff invariant. Transverse diffeomorphisms are those such that their generator is transverse, that is The ensuing action of Unimodular Gravity (cf. [1] for a recent review with references to previous literature), reads S U G ≡ d n x L U G ≡ −M n−2 P |g| 1/n R + (n − 1)(n − 2) 4n 2 g µν ∇ µ g∇ ν g g 2 (1.4) It can be easily shown using Bianchi identities that the classical equations of motion (EM) of Unimodular Gravity coincide with those of General Relativity with an arbitrary cosmological constant. The main difference at this level between both theories is that a constant value for the matter potential energy does not weight at all, which solves part of the cosmological constant problem (namely why the cosmological constant is not much bigger that observed). This property is preserved by quantum corrections [2]. A natural question to ask at this stage is whether the S-matrix would be the same for Unimodular Gravity as for General Relativity. Although the S-matrix elements have been studied by several authors in the case of General Relativity [4][5][6][7][8], we are not aware of any results concerning the computation of S-matrix elements in Unimodular Gravity. The propagators as well as the vertices are quite different in both theories, so that the answer to the question we asked at the beginning of this paragraph is not immediate.
In the present paper we shall carry out the calculation of the maximally helicity violating three, four and five graviton amplitudes at the tree-level and have found complete agreement between both theories, a fact that we find remarkable.
Recall that the usual General Relativity graviton propagator in the de Donder gauge P GR µνρσ = i 2k 2 η µσ η νρ + η µρ η νσ − 2 n − 2 η µν η ρσ (2.2) has only simple poles at k 2 = 0. In the unimodular propagator, by contrast, there appear double and triple poles in addition to the simple ones. This is a technical complication and the main reason why we can not, a priori, apply some of the recent useful techniques [14] to reduce the computation of the diagrams. In Appendix B we shall show that no gauge choice in Unimodular Gravity can yield a propagator of the form having no pole at k 2 = 0, if the Newtonian potential is to be obtained in the nonrelativistic limit. Actually, we shall see that the triple pole term in (2.1) is needed to retrieve the correct non-relativistic static limit.
Since we are going to focus on the three, four and five point amplitudes, we also need the three and four graviton vertex. These are obtained from the second and third order expansion of the Lagrangian around flat space (cf. Appendix C) and can be expressed in a condensed form, with a parameter n that gives the General Relativity vertex for n = 2 and the Unimodular Gravity one for n = 4. With the convention of all incoming momenta the expression for the three-graviton vertex reads The four-graviton vertex, in turn, is given by +g µη g ασ g βλ p ν 3 p ρ 4 + 2 + n g µρ g αβ g ηλ p σ 3 p ν 4 2n 2 − 1 2 g µρ g αη g βλ p σ 3 p ν 4 + + 2 + n g µα g ηλ g νβ p ρ 3 p σ Where S is a shorthand for a double symmetrization, namely 1. A summation over all momentum-index combinations (p 1 , µν; p 2 , ρσ; ; p 3 , αβ; p 4 , ηλ).

Spinor helicity formalism for massless particles
Although we are no using the spinor helicity formalism explicitly, we can take advantage of some useful relationships that can be derived from it and will simplify greatly the calculations.
The four momentum p µ for an on-shell particle is written in terms of two commuting Weyl spinors as p αα =σ µ,αα p µ = λ α λα + µ α µα (3.1) And in the case of a massless particle, the condition det(p αα ) = 0 implies On the other hand, the polarization tensor of the graviton can be written in terms of the gluon ones as The gluon polarization vector depends on the momentum of the given gluon and an arbitrary reference momentum − i,µ ≡ − µ (p i , r i ) where, following the conventions of [9], the gluon polarization spinors are given by with µ and µ the reference spinors which are related with the freedom to perform a gauge transformation. Therefore, they can be chosen in such a way as to simplify the computations as much as possible: this is achieved by choosing the so called "minimal gauge" -see [10]-as displayed next.
Altogether, this implies that, for any given particle Henceforth, with the appropriate choice of the reference spinors we get the following rules, 1. For the four graviton amplitudes, by choosing r 1 = r 2 = p 4 and r 3 = r 4 = p 1 we get the extra relations: 2. For the five graviton amplitudes, we choose now r 1 = r 2 = p 5 and r 3 = r 4 = r 5 = p 1 we get the extra relations:

Three graviton amplitudes
The fact that Unimodular Gravity perturbatively expanded around Minkowski spacetime is Lorentz invariant and that the graviton polarizations are the same as in General Relativity leads, by repeating the standard analysis [3], to the conclusion that the on-shell three-point amplitudes vanish on-shell for real momenta. Now, let us stress that little group scaling operates in Unimodular Gravity exactly in the manner as in General Relativity. Hence, it is plain that for conserved complex momenta the onshell nonvanishing three-point amplitudes are the same in Unimodular Gravity as in General Relativity but, perhaps, for a global constant. By explicit computation of the corresponding Feynman diagrams we have found that the constant in question is same in both theories, as becomes the fact that the classical Newton constant is indeed the same for both theories. Let us notice that the on-shell threepoint functions for complex momenta are the elementary objects in the recursive construction of the amplitudes in theories like Yang-Mills and General Relativity with or without SUSY.

Four graviton Tree Amplitudes
Let us recall that our goal is to compute the tree diagrams both in Unimodular Gravity and General Relativity in order to see whether there is any difference between both theories. This is relevant for the physical content of the theories because these amplitudes give us information on the tree level S matrix. We shall focus on the maximally helicity violating (MHV) diagrams with three, four and five external gravitons because they are the simplest nontrivial ones.
There are only three types of diagrams -which correspond to the well-known s, t and u channels, respectively-that involve four external gravitons to be worked out explicitly. The diagram that is a pure four vertex vanishes because no nonvanishing contribution to the amplitude diagram can be constructed out of two momenta entering the vertex and the four graviton polarizations satisfying the equations displayed in Section 3. The s, t and u-channel diagrams are shown in the next figures where all gravitons are outgoing. The explicit result is where as usual, s = p 1 + p 2 and u = p 1 + p 3 . These amplitudes are diagram to diagram exactly the same that the ones for General Relativity. The complete amplitude is therefore 13 14 23 24 34 2 (5.4) in agreement with the result presented for General Relativity in [7].

Five point diagrams
When computing the diagrams with five external gravitons there are three sets of diagrams. The one that is purely a 5-vertex vanishes identically. Indeed, no nonvanishing contribution to the amplitude diagram can be built from two momenta entering the vertex and the five graviton polarizations introduced in Section 3. Let us consider the others in turn

Three vertices
There are 15 different diagrams that involve three three-vertex of the type shown in Figure 4; this we shall denote by A(1 − , 2 − ; 3 + ; 4 + , 5 + ), the others will be analogously represented by using the obvious notation.
Let us write this one as example; the full set of amplitudes can be found in the Appendix D.

The four vertex
The rest of the a priori non-vanishing diagrams are those that involve one three vertex and one four vertex A(1 − , 2 − ; 3 + , 4 + , 5 + ) as shown in Figure 5 p 1 Explicit computation shows that all the 10 different diagrams do vanish.

Conclusions
It has been shown that the MHV three, four and five graviton tree amplitudes give the same contribution both in General Relativity and Unimodular Gravity. This result holds for each diagram independently and not only for the whole amplitude. Therefore we can conclude that, at least at the tree-level and for three, four or five external legs, the MHV contribution to the S matrix for pure Unimodular Gravity without coupling to other fields is the same in both theories. A remarkable fact is that all the terms that involve the double and triple poles in the propagator of Unimodular Gravity (2.1) do not contribute to any diagram we have computed in pure Unimodular Gravity. We have explicitly checked this by introducing an arbitrary coefficient in front of each piece and then verify that the final result is independent of the arbitrary coefficient we have introduced. That the contributions coming from those higher order poles go away is not trivial and we did not find any reason to expect it before computing the diagrams. Indeed, on the one hand, the triple pole summand in the propagator is needed to recover the Newtonian potential -see Appendix B-and, on the other hand, in Unimodular Gravity, one obtains the following nonzero result when k = −p − q is off-shell and the polarizations with well-defined helicity 1 µν (p) = 1 µ (p) 1 ν (p) and 2 ρσ (q) = 2 ρ (q) 2 σ (q) are arbitrary. This is in contrast with the fact that the computation of the corresponding object in General Relativity yields a vanishing result as a consequence of invariance under the full Diffeomorphism group. As a straightforward consequence, and since the BFCW recursion relations [14] can be applied to the diagrams of General Relativity [4], our results suggest that BFCW (or a similar recurrence) can be applied to Unimodular Gravity as well. This would be remarkable because of the existence of higher order poles in the propagator. Work on these issues is ongoing, and we expect to report on them soon. Each tree-level diagram workout in this paper has been computed in two independent ways, one using the computer algebra systems FORM [15] and the other Mathematica's xAct [16] package.

A Feynman rules
In order to to obtain the Feynman rules for Unimodular Gravity, let us start from the action The propagator is obtained by inverting the second order expansion of the Lagrangian around flat space-time-once properly gauge-fixed-presented in [1]. This reads, Writing now the action as and the different matrices involved read We have introduced the tensors

B The Unimodular Gravity free propagator and Newton's Law
In Unimodular Gravity the graviton field h µν couples to the traceless part,T µν , of the Energymomentum tensorà la Rosenfeld or, what is the same, the traceless part of the graviton field,ĥ µν , couples to the the Energy-momentum tensor definedà la Rosenfeld. Indeed, with T = T µ µ and h = h µ µ . The Newtonian potential can be obtained [17] from the tree-level one-graviton exchange, with transfer momentum k µ , between two very massive scalar particles by taking the so-called static limit: k µ = (0, k) µ . Let A 12 denote the amplitude for the one-graviton exchange between two scalar particles with masses M 1 and M 2 , respectively. In Unimodular Gravity -see equation (B.1)-we have In the previous equation ĥµν (k)ĥ ρσ (−k) denotes the free two-point function of the traceless graviton field and T i µν (p i , p i ), i = 1, 2, denote the lowest order contribution to the on-shell matrix elements of the energy-momentum tensor between (on-shell) states with momentum p i and p i , i = 1, 2, respectively: Now, for very massive particles and for k µ = (0, k), we have so that, in the static limit, one gets with k µ = (0, k) µ . It is the right hand side of the previous equation which must be equal to the Newtonian potential in Fourier space Let us make the following ansatz for the free graviton two-point function, < h µν (k)h ρσ (−k) >, in Unimodular Gravity: where a(k 2 ), b(k 2 ) and c(k 2 ) are arbitrary real functions. This ansatz is the most general expression consistent with Lorentz covariance, boson symmetry, the fact that h µν is a symmetric tensor and that when one replaces in the free two-point function the tensor with the following sum over polarizations, only a simple pole factor 1/k 2 multiplies this sum, as befits the unitarity and the fact that the classical action of the theory is quadratic in the derivatives. From equation (B.8), one obtains after a little algebra Substituting the previous result in equation (B.6) -recall that k µ = (0, k) µ , one gets This expression will match the Newtonian potential in (B.7) if, and only if, c(− k 2 ) = −4, which, by Lorentz invariance, leads to c(k 2 ) = −4, (B.13) whatever the value of k µ . In summary, we need a triple pole in the k µ k ν k ρ k σ contribution to twopoint function in (B.8) to get the Newtonian potential right. This is what actually happens when one works out the propagator of Unimodular Gravity by using the BRST technique explained in [1]. Notice that the propagator in (2.1) yields the Newtonian potential since the coefficient multiplying the contribution k µ k ν k ρ k σ k 6 (B.14) is −4, at n = 4.

C Expansion of the Unimodular Gravity Lagrangian
Starting from the action (A.1) we perform a background field expansion of the metric around Minkowski g µν = η µν + κh µν so it can be written as Keeping n free at this point it is worth to notice that this expansion will reduce to the General Relativity one taking n = 2.
As we are expanding Minkowski the first two terms vanish and the others read 2 Integrating by parts and discarding total derivatives the cubic term can be written as