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Bubble formation in water with addition of a hydrophobic solute

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Abstract

We show that phase separation can occur in a one-component liquid outside its coexistence curve (CX) with addition of a small amount of a solute. The solute concentration at the transition decreases with increasing the difference of the solvation chemical potential between liquid and gas. As a typical bubble-forming solute, we consider O2 in ambient liquid water, which exhibits mild hydrophobicity and its critical temperature is lower than that of water. Such a solute can be expelled from the liquid to form gaseous domains while the surrounding liquid pressure is higher than the saturated vapor pressure p cx. This solute-induced bubble formation is a first-order transition in bulk and on a partially dried wall, while a gas film grows continuously on a completely dried wall. We set up a bubble free energy ΔG for bulk and surface bubbles with a small volume fraction ϕ. It becomes a function of the bubble radius R under the Laplace pressure balance. Then, for sufficiently large solute densities above a threshold, ΔG exhibits a local maximum at a critical radius and a minimum at an equilibrium radius. We also examine solute-induced nucleation taking place outside CX, where bubbles larger than the critical radius grow until attainment of equilibrium.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Chemistry, Tokyo Metropolitan University, 192-0397, Hachioji, Tokyo, Japan

    Ryuichi Okamoto

  2. Department of Physics, Kyoto University, 606-8502, Kyoto, Japan

    Akira Onuki

Authors
  1. Ryuichi Okamoto
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  2. Akira Onuki
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Correspondence to Ryuichi Okamoto.

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Okamoto, R., Onuki, A. Bubble formation in water with addition of a hydrophobic solute. Eur. Phys. J. E 38, 72 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1140/epje/i2015-15072-9

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1140/epje/i2015-15072-9

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