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Abstract
Introduction Sexual dysfunction in the postpartum period is a very common and relevant clinical problem, which has a significant adverse impact on the health of women. We aim to analyse the efficacy and safety of non-pharmacological interventions for treating sexual dysfunction in postpartum women. Our review aims to provide accurate data for effective policy-making and improve our understanding of the treatment of postpartum sexual dysfunction with non-pharmacological therapies.
Methods and analysis The Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials in The Cochrane Library, clinicaltrials.gov, Medline/PubMed, CINAHL (Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature), LILACS (Literatura Latino-americana e do Caribe em Ciências da Saúde) and Embase will be used to search for articles dated from database inception to July 2019. Randomised controlled clinical trials and large prospective cohorts with control groups using non-pharmacological treatments for sexual dysfunction in postpartum women will be included. Sexual problems are directly linked to sexual dysfunction; thus, the primary outcome will be the absolute number or percentage of sexual issues in each treatment group. The secondary outcomes will be assessed by decreased sexual problems, such as lack of lubrication, decreased libido and difficulty reaching orgasm. Three reviewers will independently select trials and extract data from the original publications. The citations will be screened independently by reviewers in duplicate. The risk of bias of the included studies will be assessed according to the Cochrane risk of bias tool. Data synthesis will be performed using Review Manager (RevMan) software V.5.2.3. In the event that a meta-analysis is possible, we will assess the heterogeneity across the studies by computing the I2 statistic.
Ethics and dissemination As the design of this study includes a review of published data, the need to obtain ethical approval was waived by our institutional review committee. We intend to publish the findings of this systematic review in a peer-reviewed journal.
PROSPERO registration number CRD42018103077.
- postpartum period
- physical therapy modalities
- women
- sexuality
- sexual health
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Strengths and limitations of this study
There are no existing reviews regarding the use of non-pharmacological interventions for treating sexual dysfunction in postpartum women.
This systematic review includes studies on postpartum female participants of all ages who have sexual dysfunction problems.
Three reviewers will independently select trials that are eligible for inclusion in this review, extract data on different variables and assess the risk of bias.
The review will be limited by variation in sexual disorders, such as the presence of pain, difficulty reaching orgasm, lack of arousal, poor lubrication and low desire.
Our review and meta-analysis intend to combine and compute the results of different studies that have comparable effect sizes; however, we acknowledge the risk of only obtaining a limited number of studies with small sample sizes.
Introduction
Description of the condition
Female sexual dysfunction is highly prevalent and takes many different forms including lack of sexual desire, impaired arousal, inability to achieve orgasm, pain with sexual activity or a combination of these issues.1 2 The reasons for female sexual dysfunction are multifactorial, often with several different aetiologies contributing to the problem. The postpartum period is characterised by not only physical and emotional changes but also a specific shift in social interactions; this includes the couple’s relationship, which can affect their sex life in an abrupt manner.1–3 During this transitional phase, balance and flexibility are required of the couple, and it can also be an exciting time to develop a new perspective on sexuality. A couple’s sexual life after childbirth might either improve or experience changes that negatively impact on the couple’s physical and psychological health.2–5 There may be decreased vaginal lubrication caused by the high concentration of progesterone, which often results in discomfort/pain during vaginal penetration.6–8 With regards to sexuality, the couple may have decreased desire and frequency of sexual activity, but in some cases the desire is increased. Furthermore, there may be changes in the choice of sexual positions, in particular when discomfort/pain is felt; the latter can reduce eroticism and sexual performance.7–9 The most common female sexual problem after childbirth is dyspareunia, or pain during vaginal penetration, especially after the first pregnancy and in cases where the female has undergone an episiotomy.9–13
Description of the intervention
Sexual disorders can be complex, and their treatment can be time-intensive and require special expertise. Non-pharmacological therapies, such as sexual and couples’ therapy, pelvic floor exercises, psychotherapy, lifestyle changes, improving body image, and use of vaginal lubricants and moisturisers are extremely important in the postpartum period.
Ideally, with the women’s prior consent, communication and management decisions should be shared between the patient’s clinician and other healthcare providers who treat the patient (eg, the physiotherapist).
How the intervention might work
Female sexual dysfunction typically affects more than one aspect of sexuality (eg, orgasm, desire and arousal), and most therapies also impact several aspects. Thus, it is not generally possible to identify an isolated sexual issue and select a therapy that specifically targets that concern.11–21
Many studies of sexual dysfunction treatment use validated questionnaire scores22–25 as a measurement of outcome. Since there are multiple questionnaires that use different questions and scales, it is difficult to compare data between studies and treatments.
The purpose of this study is to compare non-pharmacological interventions and/or therapies available during the postpartum period and determine the efficacy of each of them either separately or combined, with the objective to decrease sexual problems in women after childbirth.
Why it is important to perform this review
Postpartum sexual dysfunction is not a rare condition; indeed, a longitudinal study found that 26.5%–34.8% of women were at risk of sexual dysfunction in pregnancy and puerperium.26 Factors beyond delivery that can contribute to postpartum sexual dysfunction include perineal trauma (surgical or non-surgical)14–16; emergency caesarean delivery or vacuum-assisted vaginal delivery11 12; low oestrogen and lubrication levels, particularly in breastfeeding women14–18 and postpartum mood changes, fatigue and time constraints.18 19 Although studies have reported that certain sexual problems reported by postpartum women, such as lack of vaginal lubrication and pain during intercourse, returned to levels similar to those found before pregnancy at approximately 12 months postpartum, the rate of decreased interest in sexual activity remained higher in these patients.20–25 27
The WHO considers sexual dysfunction a major public health problem that, given the negative impact that it has been shown to have on quality of life, should be thoroughly investigated.2 10–13
Objectives
The objective of the study is to systematically review the scientific literature and, if possible, perform a meta-analysis to determine the effectiveness of different non-pharmacological interventions for treating sexual dysfunction in postpartum women.
Methods
The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) statement guidelines will be used to construct this systematic review protocol.28
Criteria for considering studies for this review
Types of studies
The inclusion criteria will be as follows: (1) articles will be considered without any language restrictions; (2) studies including postpartum women, irrespective of age; (3) if the data subsets are published in more than one article, only the latest subset will be included and (4) parallel randomised controlled trials (RCTs) and large prospective cohorts with control groups. The following studies will be excluded: (1) case reports; (2) publications that do not specifically relate to sexual dysfunction in women and (3) those with insufficient data to be extracted or calculated from the original article.
Types of participants
Female participants with sexual issues initiated in pregnancy or in the puerperium, irrespective of age, will be included. Analyses of trials based on sexual dysfunction in other conditions, such as menopause, will be excluded.
Types of interventions
Parallel RCTs and cohort studies that compare non-pharmacological rehabilitative interventions (such as couples’ therapy, sex therapy and pelvic floor exercises) with a concurrent control group receiving no treatment or a placebo will be eligible. Studies comparing these therapies with another active intervention will be excluded.
Types of outcome measurements
The Female Sexual Function Index21 22 is a multidimensional self-reporting instrument for the assessment of female sexual function that has been developed as a quick tool for assessing the key dimensions of sexual function in women (desire, arousal, lubrication, orgasm, satisfaction and pain). The primary outcome will be sexual problem improvement rates (directly linked to sexual dysfunction) in each treatment group. The secondary outcome will be the length of time of sexual dysfunction, defined as the presence of pain, more difficulty reaching orgasm, lack of arousal, poor lubrication and low desire; the outcome measurements will be based on percentages. Small but significant changes will be considered clinically relevant because a sexual upgrade almost always equates to an improvement in the quality of life. Any discrepancies in outcome measurements will be resolved through discussion by the review team.
Patient and public involvement
This work is a systematic review protocol; the research will be performed by a wide and comprehensive search of literature from databases, and individual patient data will not be included. Thus, the authors will not involve patients when setting the search questions, determining the outcome measurements, during the design and implementation of the study and in the dissemination of the results.
Search methods for identification of studies
Electronic searches
The Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials in The Cochrane Library, clinicaltrials.gov, Medline/PubMed, CINAHL, LILACS and Embase will be used to search for articles dated from database inception to July 2019.
Other sources
The scope of the computerised literature search may be enlarged based on the reference lists of retrieved articles.
Search strategy
Box 1 presents the search strategy for Medline.
Medline search strategy
Search items
Randomized controlled trial
Controlled clinical trial
Cohort studies
Clinical trial
OR/1–4
Sexual dysfunction
Female sexual dysfunction
Hypoactive sexual desire disorder
Psychosexual dysfunctions
Sexual arousal disorder
OR/6–10
Postpartum sexual function
Postpartum period
Pregnancy postpartum
Postnatal care
Postpartum pain
Postpartum pelvic floor
Puerperium
OR/12–18
Non-pharmacological therapies
Treatment outcome
Couples therapy
Sexual therapy
Sexual health
Sexual satisfaction
OR/20–25
Pelvic floor
Psychotherapy
Exercise movement techniques
Body image
Vaginal lubricants
Vaginal moisturizers
OR/27–32
5 AND 11 AND 19 AND 26 AND 33
Data collection and analysis
Selection of studies
Three authors, MNM, KSM and AKG will independently screen the search results using titles and abstracts. Duplicates and reviews will be removed from the database. Reviewers will then go through the full text in order to determine whether it meets the inclusion criteria. Studies will be excluded if women were not in the postpartum period. Discrepancies will be resolved by a fourth reviewer, IV. The selection of the study is summarised in a PRISMA flow diagram (figure 1).
Flow diagram of the search for eligible studies on non-pharmacological interventions for treating sexual dysfunction in postpartum women. CENTRAL: Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials.
Data extraction and management
Three review authors, MNM, KSM and AKG, will independently assess and extract the included study data according to a data extraction form that includes basic details (name of the authors, publication date, country and sample size), participant details (age and underlying symptomatology), diagnostic standards (lack of orgasm, desire and arousal disorders, vaginal discomfort/pain and poor lubrication), intervention details (sex and couples therapy, pelvic floor exercises, psychotherapy, lifestyle changes, improving body image, use of lubricants and moisturisers) and outcomes (decreased rates of sexual dysfunction or recurrence rates of sexual dysfunction). Extracted data will be checked by RNC and disagreements will be resolved through discussion. If necessary, a further reviewer, IV, will provide the final judgement.
Risk of bias assessment
Two independent reviewers, MNM and RNC, will independently assess the risk of bias in the included studies using the Cochrane risk of bias tool.29 The modified Cochrane Collaboration tool will be used to assess the risk of bias for RCTs. Bias is assessed as a judgement (high, low or unclear) for individual element from five domains (selection, performance, attrition, reporting and other).
Measures of treatment effect
The primary outcome (improvement rate in sexual function) will be based on percentages. In addition, the dichotomous outcomes (improvement or no improvement) will be included in this research. Any small but significant change will be considered to be clinically relevant, since this study is about the quality of sexual life. This will be carried out using Review Manager (RevMan) software V.5.2.3. We will calculate the OR for dichotomous data and the weight mean difference, with associated 95% CI, for continuous data.
Unit of analysis issues
For a decreased rate of sexual dysfunction, the unit of analysis will be defined as 21 and 30 days after the initiation of therapy. For the length of time of sexual dysfunction, 3 months and 6 months following the intervention will be considered as short-term and long-term follow-up, respectively.
Addressing missing data
We will attempt to obtain any missing data by contacting the first or corresponding authors or coauthors of an article via phone, email or post. If we fail to receive any necessary information, the data will be excluded from our analysis and will be addressed in the discussion section. An alternative way to achieve a balanced dataset instead of discarding units that have incomplete observations is to estimate them using imputation-based rules; this method can predict missing values to complete the data and then analyse the obtained data through standard statistical methods. Through the simple imputation method each missing value is replaced by a single imputed value. The completed data sets are analysed and used to estimate a plausible value representing the uncertainty about the value to be imputed. The included papers will also have their references screened for additional studies that were not identified in the electronic searches.
Assessment of heterogeneity
The heterogeneity between the trial results will be evaluated using a standard χ2 test with a significance level of p<0.1. To assess heterogeneity, we plan to compute the I2 statistic, which is a quantitative measurement of inconsistency across studies. A value of 0% indicates no observed heterogeneity, whereas I2 values ≥50% indicate a substantial level of heterogeneity. However, the assessment of heterogeneity will only occur if it is necessary in order to undertake a meta-analysis.
Assessment of reporting biases
Considering that this protocol has not yet been initiated, the number of studies that will be found is still undetermined. However, if 10 or more publications that pertain to the measured outcome are found, funnel plots, as well as the tests of Egger and Begg, will be used to assess the presence of heterogeneity and potential reporting biases.30 A linear regression approach will be used to evaluate funnel plot asymmetry.
Data synthesis
This will be carried out using the RevMan software V.5.2.3; this allows the user to enter protocols, complete reviews, as well as include text, characteristics of the studies, comparison tables and study data. The RevMan software will allow us to perform meta-analyses of the data that the ORs will obtain. For dichotomous outcomes, we will extract or calculate the OR and 95% CI for each study. Where there is heterogeneity (I2 >75%), a random-effect model will be used to combine the trials to calculate the relative risk (RR) and 95% CI, using the DerSimonian-Laird algorithm in The Meta for Package, a meta-analysis package for R.
Other study characteristics and results will be summarised narratively if the meta-analysis cannot be performed for all or some of the included studies.
Sensitivity analyses
We will conduct sensitivity analyses for the primary outcome in order to determine whether the outcome would be different if the analyses of subgroups considering different non-pharmacological therapies were performed, as well as if we included only clinical trials involving postpartum women at an age where the prevalence of sexual dysfunction is higher. Sensitivity analyses will be important to explore the robustness of the findings regarding the study quality and sample size, and this is only possible to consider if a meta-analysis is undertaken. This will be shown in a summary table.
Subgroup analyses
Subgroup analyses will be based on the type of intervention, type of delivery, participant ages, number of deliveries and study settings. Meta-regressions will be conducted to compare the ratio of RRs to investigate whether any observed differences between the subgroups are statistically significant.
Confidence in cumulative evidence
To describe the strength of evidence for the included data, we will use the Grading of Recommendation Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) approach as outlined in the GRADE handbook31 to incorporate summary assessments into broader measurements to ensure the judgments about bias risk, consistency, directness, precision and publication bias.27 The quality of evidence will be identified as high (the true effect lies close to that of the estimate of the effect), moderate (the true effect is likely to be close to the estimate of the effect, but there is a possibility that it is substantially different), low (the true effect may be substantially different from the estimate of the effect) or very low (the true effect is likely to be substantially different from the estimate of the effect).
Discussion
Sexual dysfunction in the postpartum period is a very common and relevant clinical problem, with a significant adverse impact on women’s health.2 9 11–15 We aim to analyse the efficacy and safety of interventions for treating sexual dysfunction in postpartum women. We expect that our review will provide accurate data to assist with effective policy-making. Furthermore, this review will improve our understanding of the treatment for postpartum sexual dysfunction with non-pharmacological therapies. Research on female sexuality during the postpartum period is of extreme importance; however, many professionals neglect the emotional and sexual needs of these patients.8 12–18
Ethics and dissemination
The need for ethical approval was waived because this systematic review will use published patient data. Findings of this systematic review will be published in a peer-reviewed journal, and updates will be conducted if there is a sufficient amount of new evidence that would likely alter the conclusions of the review.
Acknowledgments
The authors acknowledge the assistance provided by the Graduate Program for Health Sciences of the Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte (UFRN) in the guidance of literary research.
References
Footnotes
Contributors MNM is the guarantor. IV and IM contributed to the conception of this review. MNM and KSM drafted the manuscript of the protocol, and AKG revised it. RNC and AKG developed the search strategies, and AKG and KSM will implement them. MNM, KSM, IV, IM, RNC and AKG will screen the potential studies, extract the data and assess their quality. In case of disagreement between the data extractors, RNC will advise on the methodology and will work as the arbitrator. MNM will complete the data synthesis. All authors have approved the final version for publication.
Funding The authors have not declared a specific grant for this research from any funding agency in the public, commercial or not-for-profit sectors.
Competing interests None declared.
Patient consent for publication Not required.
Provenance and peer review Not commissioned; externally peer reviewed.
Data availability statement Data are available in a public, open access repository. There are no data in this work. Data are available upon reasonable request. Data may be obtained from a third party and are not publicly available. No data are available. All data relevant to the study are included in the article or uploaded as supplementary information.