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Small-Size Cherenkov Telescope with an SiPM-Based Camera: Full-Particle Modeling of the Cosmic γ-Ray Source Detection Threshold

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Abstract

Full-particle massive modeling of physical processes in the Earth’s atmosphere leading to generation of Cherenkov radiation in γ-ray- and proton-induced extensive air showers (EASs), as well as Monte Carlo modeling of photon transport in small-size Cherenkov telescope and signal registration with a camera based on OnSemi MicroFJ type semiconductor photomultiplier (SiPM) detectors have been performed. Calculations have been carried out for primaries with energies in the 0.3–30 TeV range and a Cherenkov telescope with an ≃10 m2 mirror similar to that employed at the TAIGA observatory. It is shown that, even with strict selection criteria ensuring high-quality EAS images, the threshold detection energy of the SiPM-based camera would not exceed 0.8 TeV, which is about twice as low as the detection threshold (≃1.5 TeV) of a small-size TAIGA-IACT telescope camera based on vacuum photomultipliers.

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Notes

  1. It should be noted that the inclusion of this doublet in the present modeling is not as important, since it is assumed that the upgraded camera will operate with filters and the long-wavelength boundary of observations would be at about 600 nm. Thus, the given spectral detail is only taken into account for completeness of the model and for future investigations involving detection regimes with filters transmitting at wavelengths above 600 nm.

  2. In view of limited computing resources, modeling of various parts of the telescope tract has to be carried out in parallel (simultaneously). This circumstance did not allow us to try all the most appropriate and justified values of parameters of the proposed camera at once so as to ensure the best solution to the formulated problem. Instead, we had to use estimations based on the data of other research groups reporting on the corresponding issues.

  3. The sign of averaging is omitted. Here and below, the array-average value is used unless it is indicated that a particular pixel map (or array) is implied and pixel indices are given.

  4. The value of 2θEAS ≃ 2.60 is a typical angular size of EAS [51]. The total exposure of a region in the focal plane limited by angle θEAS around the brightest pixel is above 80% of the total exposure of the camera to EAS Cherenkov radiation in the entire energy range.

  5. Strictly speaking, all the introduced indices are necessary for single-valued correspondence of the physical characteristics and situations (EAS type, optical filters, etc.). For the sake of brevity in data presentation (e.g., at the axes of plots), these indices (as well as the symbol of averaging) will be omitted where this cannot lead to ambiguity.

  6. The currently proposed variant admits the possibility that the “dead” time of the system of primary data processing could last up to ≃ 500 μs—i.e., even in view of technical limitations, the telescope total count rate should not exceed ≃2 kHz, not to mention restrictions imposed subsequently by the storage and detailed processing of obtained images

  7. The currently proposed variant stipulates testing of one to three upgraded SiPM clusters. Therefore, the conditions of trigger operation can be refined in the course of project realization in the direction of some softening as compared to those planned for the fully upgraded camera.

  8. For energies close to the threshold, this is equivalent to using an approximate expression for the effective area Seff (E) ≃ 2πrP(E, r)∆r in formula (9), where r = 120 m and ∆r ∼ 100 m is the typical width of rP(r) distribution (as can be seen from an example of P(r) distribution in [34]). It should be noted that, since r = 120 m is close to some average value of the impact parameter of an EAS induced by primary particles with near-threshold energies, this approximation provides quite an adequate estimation of the detection area at the corresponding energies.

  9. This is quite expectable, as it already follows from the comparison of probabilities \(P_{{{\text{opt}}}}^{S}\)(E) and \(P_{{{\text{ZWB}}}}^{S}\)(E) (see Fig. 6), which also differ rather weakly.

  10. The possibility of using a two-threshold algorithm of image cleaning will be discussed in subsequent papers.

  11. It should be noted that, since model calculations [17] employed approximate semianalytical models of the formation and registration of EAS Cherenkov radiation, these calculations made it possible to estimate only the level of the average signal \(\sigma _{F}^{N}\), and did not allow to determine its root-mean-square deviation \(\sigma _{F}^{N}\) from a series of events. In this respect, the estimated signal levels calculated in the present work, as well as the results obtained in [17], provide rather a general, but still quite complete notion of the possibilities of EAS Cherenkov radiation observation using the TAIGA-IACT telescope with an upgraded SiPM-based camera.

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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

The results of this investigation can be used, in particular, for upgrading the unique scientific facility MGU–IGU Astrophysical Complex in the framework of assignment no. 13.UNU.21.0007 between the Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation and Irkutsk State University.

Funding

The work was supported by the Russian Science Foundation, project no. 19-72-20045.

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  1. Ioffe Physical Technical Institute, 194021, St. Petersburg, Russia

    E. E. Kholupenko, D. V. Badmaev, A. S. Antonov, A. A. Bogdanov, A. M. Krassilchtchikov, D. O. Kuleshov, Yu. V. Tuboltsev, E. M. Khilkevich & Yu. V. Chichagov

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Kholupenko, E.E., Badmaev, D.V., Antonov, A.S. et al. Small-Size Cherenkov Telescope with an SiPM-Based Camera: Full-Particle Modeling of the Cosmic γ-Ray Source Detection Threshold. Tech. Phys. 67, 80–103 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1134/S106378422201008X

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