Abstract
An analysis of our own data and published data on comparable standard metabolism in vertebrates has been carried out. It was shown that within each family and most of the orders this parameter varies insignificantly and the mean values for the comparable standard metabolism are grouped around certain values presumably corresponding to the stationary states to which organisms aspire in the course of evolution. There was a significant difference in the comparable standard metabolism in poikilothermic and homeothermic animals, apparently related to the existence of a heat barrier, which is overcome by the appearance of thermoregulation. In total, seven levels of stationary states were distinguished for vertebrates and 12 of them for all animals. It was established that the ratio of the values of the comparable standard metabolism for neighboring levels varies insignificantly and is ~2.2. It was noted that in the process of macroevolution of phyla and classes, their constituent units occupy ever higher stationary levels. A possible mechanism of transition from one stationary level to another is discussed.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
AmphibiaWeb, 2017. http://www.amphibiaweb.org/.
Avibase—The World Bird Database, 2017. https://avibase. bsc-eoc.org/.
Bennett, A.F. and Dawson, W.R., Metabolism, in Biology of the Reptilia, Gans, C. and Dawson, W.R., Eds., New York: Acad. Press, 1976, vol. 5, pp. 127–223.
Brody, S., Bioenergetics and Growth, New York: Reinhold, 1945.
BOLD: The Barcode of Life Data System, 2017. http://www.boldsystems.org.
Brown, G.W., The metabolism of Amphibia, in Physiology of the Amphibia, Moore, J.A., Ed., New York: Acad. Press, 1964, pp. 1–98.
Dinosaur World, 2017. http://dinosaur-world.com/.
Dol’nik, V.R., Energy metabolism and evolution of animals, Usp. Sovrem. Biol., 1968, vol. 66, no. 5, pp. 276–293.
FishBase. A Global Information System on Fishes, 2017. http://www.fishbase.org/.
Hails, C.J., The metabolic rate of tropical birds, Condor, 1983, vol. 85, no. 1, pp. 61–65.
Hofman, M.A., Energy metabolism, brain size and longevity in mammals, Quart. Rev. Biol., 1983, vol. 58, no. 4, pp. 495–512.
Hopson, J.A., Relative brain size and behaviour in archosaurian reptiles, Ann. Rev. Ecol. System., Johnston, R.F., Frank, P.W., and Michener, C.B., Eds., 1977, vol. 8, pp. 429–448.
Human Echo Development, Human Development (Humanity). Human Intelligence, Extinct, and Extant Animals, 2010. http://alligater.org/publ/3-1-0-367.
ITIS. The Integrated Taxonomic Information System, 2017. www.itis.gov/.
Ivanter, E.V. and Korosov, A.V., Elementarnaya biometriya (Elementary Biometrics), Petrozavodsk: Izd. PetrGU, 2010.
Ivlev, V.S., Experience in assessing the evolutionary significance of the levels of energy metabolism, Zh. Obshch. Biol., 1959, vol. 20, no. 6, pp. 94–103.
Kendeigh, S.C., Dol’nik, V.R., and Gavrilov, V.M., Avian energetics, in Carnivorous Birds in Ecosystems. Intern. Biol. Program, Cambridge: Univ. Press, 1977, vol. 12, pp. 127–204.
Carroll, R., Paleontologiya i evolyutsiya pozvonochnykh (Paleontology and Evolution of Vertebrates), Moscow: Mir, 1993, vol. 2.
King, J.K. and Farner, D.S., Energy metabolism, thermoregulation and body temperature, in Biology and Comparative Physiology of Birds, Marshall, A.J., Ed., New York: Acad. Press, 1961, vol. 2, pp. 215–288.
Malek-Mansur, M., Nikolis, G., and Prigozhin, I., Nonequilibrium phase transitions in chemical systems, in Termodinamika i kinetika biologicheskikh protsessov (Thermodynamics and Kinetics of Biological Processes), Moscow: Nauka, 1980, pp. 59–83.
Mammals’Planet, 2017. http://www.planet-mammiferes.org/.
Osnovy paleontologii. Spravochnik dlya paleontologov i geologov SSSR (Fundamentals of Paleontology. A Handbook for Paleontologists and Geologists of the USSR), vol. 13: Mlekopitayushchie (Mammals), Orlov, Yu.A., Ed., Moscow: Gos. Nauch.-Tekhn. Izd. Lit. po geologii i okhrane nedr, 1962.
Osnovy paleontologii. Spravochnik dlya paleontologov i geologov SSSR (Fundamentals of Paleontology. A Handbook for Paleontologists and Geologists of the USSR), vol. 11: Beschelyustnye, ryby (Agnatha, Pisces), Orlov, Yu.A., Ed., Moscow: Nauka, 1964a.
Osnovy paleontologii. Spravochnik dlya paleontologov i geologov SSSR (Fundamentals of Paleontology. A Handbook for Paleontologists and Geologists of the USSR), vol. 12: Zemnovodnye, presmykayushchiesya i ptitsy (Amphibians, Reptiles, and Birds) Orlov, Yu.A., Ed., Moscow: Nauka, 1964b.
Paleobiology Database, Fossilworks, 2017. http://fossilworks. org.
Panteleev, P.A., Bioenergetika melkikh mlekopitayushchikh (Bioenergetics of Small Mammals), Moscow: Nauka, 1983.
Prigogine, I. and Nicolis, G., Biological order, structure and instabilities, Quart. Rev. Biophys., 1971, vol. 4, nos. 2/3, pp. 107–148.
Prigogine, I., Exploring complexity, Eur. J. Operational Res., 1987, vol. 30, no. 2, pp. 97–103.
Severtsov, A.S., Napravlennost’ evolyutsii (Directed Evolution), Moscow: Izd. MGU, 1990.
Shapiro, S.S. and Wilk, M.B., An analysis of variance test for normality, Biometrika, 1965, vol. 52, no. 3, pp. 591–611.
Schmalhausen, I.I., Problemy darvinizma (Problems of Darwinism), Leningrad: Nauka, 1969.
Strel’nikov, I.D., Anatomo-fiziologicheskie osnovy vidoobrazovaniya pozvonochnykh (Anatomical and Physiological Bases of Speciation of Vertebrates), Leningrad: Nauka, 1970.
Taigen, T.L., Activity metabolism of anuran amphibians: implications for the origin of endothermy, Am. Nat., 1983, vol. 121, no. 1, pp. 94–109.
The Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF), 2017. http://www.gbif.org. The Reptile Database, 2017. http://reptile-database.reptarium. cz/.
Vinberg, G.G., Intensivnost’ obmena i pishchevye potrebnosti ryb (The Intensity of Metabolism and Nutritional Needs of Fishes), Minsk: Izd. Belorus. Univ., 1956.
Vladimirova, I.G. and Serbinova, I.A., Respiration rate depending on body weight in some representatives of the caudate and anuran amphibians, Zh. Obshch. Biol., 1992, vol. 53, no. 5, pp. 744–749.
Vladimirova, I.G. and Zotin, A.I., Dannye o vliyanii temperatury na potreblenie kisloroda u zhivotnykh (Data on the Effect of Temperature on Oxygen Consumption in Animals), vol. 1: Mlekopitayushchie (Mammals), Deposited at VINITI, 1986, no. 3659-V86.
Vladimirova, I.G. and Zotin, A.I., Standard metabolism in Amphibia, Izv. Akad. Nauk, Ser. Biol., 1994, no. 1, pp. 81–92.
WoRMS Editorial Board, World Register of Marine Species, 2017. http://www.marinespecies.org.
Xu, X., Norell, M.A., Kuang, X., Wang, X., Zhao, Q., and Jia, Ch., Basal tyrannosauroids from China and evidence for protofeathers in tyrannosauroids, Nature, 2004, vol. 431, no. 7009, pp. 680–684.
Zar, J.H., Standard metabolism comparisons between orders of birds, Condor, 1968, vol. 70, no. 3, pp. 278–279.
Zotin, A.I., Classification of birds by energy metabolism, in Aktualne problmy aviarnej genetiky, Smolenice: Slovensk. Acad., 1979, pp. 33–55.
Zotin, A.I., Bioenergetic directionality of the evolutionary progress of organisms, in Termodinamika i regulyatsiya biologicheskikh protsessov (Thermodynamics and Regulation of Biological Processes), Moscow: Nauka, 1984, pp. 269–274.
Zotin, A.I., Progressivnaya evolyutsiya zhivotnykh. 2. Koeffitsient entsefalizatsii i prodolzhitel’nost’ zhizni v klasse mlekopitayushchikh (Progressive Evolution of Animals. 2. Encephalization Coefficient and Lifespan in Mammalia), Deposited at VINITI, 1993, no. 763-V93.
Zotin, A.A., Statistical estimation of allometric coefficients, Biol. Bull. (Moscow), 2000, vol. 27, no. 5, pp. 431–437.
Zotin, A.A., Energetic macroevolution of invertebrates, Biol. Bull. (Moscow), 2018, vol. 45, no. 1, pp. 1–10.
Zotin, A.I. and Vladimirova, I.G., Data on the Standard Metabolism of Animals. 1. Mammals: All Orders Except Dermoptera, Tubulidentata, and Rodentia, Deposited at VINITI, 1986a, no. 3660–V86.
Zotin, A.I. and Vladimirova, I.G., Data on the Standard Metabolism of Animals. 2. Mammals: Rodents, Deposited at VINITI, 1986b, no. 5903–V86.
Zotin, A.I. and Vladimirova, I.G., Macrosystematics of mammals by the energy metabolism criteria, Izv. Akad. Nauk SSSR, Ser. Biol., 1991, no. 1, pp. 59–69.
Zotin, A.I. and Vladimirova, I.G., Data on the Standard Metabolism of Animals. 5. Amphibia, Deposited at VINITI, 1993, no. 764-V93.
Zotin, A.I. and Zotin, A.A., Progressive evolution: thermodynamic basis, Izv. Akad. Nauk, Ser. Biol., 1995, no. 4, pp. 389–397.
Zotin, A.I. and Zotin, A.A., Napravlenie, skorost’ i mekhanizmy progressivnoi evolyutsii (termodinamicheskie osnovy biologicheskoi evolyutsii) (Direction, Rate, and Mechanismsof Progressive Evolution (Thermodynamic Principles of Biological Evolution)), Moscow: Nauka, 1999.
Zotin, A.I. and Zotin, A.A., Data on oxygen consumption Amphioxiformes Agnatha Pisces, 2017a. https://www.researchgate. net/publication/313360503_Data_on_oxygen_consumption_Amphioxiformes_Agnatha_Pisces.
Zotin, A.I. and Zotin, A.A., Data on oxygen consumption Aves, 2017b. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/313841971_Data_on_oxygen_consumption_Aves.
Zotin, A.I. and Zotin, A.A., Data on oxygen consumption Reptilia, 2017c. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/313361441_Data_on_oxygen_consumption_Reptilia.
Zotin, A.I., Vladimirova, I.G., and Kirpichnikov, A.A., Energy metabolism and direction of the evolutionary progress in Mammalia, Zh. Obshch. Biol., 1990, vol. 51, no. 6, pp. 760–767.
Zotin, A.A., Lamprecht, I., and Zotin, A.I., Heat barriers in progressive evolution of animals and humans, Biol. Bull. (Moscow), 1998, vol. 25, no. 3, pp. 247–252.
Zotin, A.A., Lamprecht, I., and Zotin, A.I., Bioenergetic progress and heat barriers, J. Non-Equilib. Thermodyn., 2001, vol. 26, pp. 191–202.
Zotin, A.I., Vladimirova, I.G., and Zotin, A.A., Data on oxygen consumption Amphibia. 2017a. https://www.researchgate. net/publication/313360995_Data_on_oxygen_consumption_Amphibia.
Zotin, A.I., Vladimirova, I.G., and Zotin, A.A., Data on oxygen consumption Mammalia. 2017b. https://www.researchgate. net/publication/313841970_Data_on_oxygen_consumption_Mammalia.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Original Russian Text © A.A. Zotin, 2018, published in Izvestiya Akademii Nauk, Seriya Biologicheskaya, 2018, No. 4.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Zotin, A.A. Energetic Macroevolution of Vertebrates. Biol Bull Russ Acad Sci 45, 299–309 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1134/S1062359018040155
Received:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1134/S1062359018040155