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On the Problem of the Evolutionary Origin of Schooling Behavior of Fish

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Abstract

Schooling as an ecological phenomenon first arose in the early Teleostei about 200–220 million years ago; there are currently no rigorous data on the presence of this form of social behavior in older fish, including Elasmobranchii. The evolutionary path of the emergence of schools could pass through several successive stages from asociality to aggregations and proto-schools and then to true equipotential schools. Schooling fish follow the same path in their early ontogeny. This article discusses the motives for the emergence of schooling behavior (ensuring the protection and survival of ancient fish during their development of the pelagic zone) and the prerequisites for the emergence and development of schooling (characteristics that fish transitioning to schooling should have). It is quite obvious that schooling is not related to evolutionary age or phylogenetic relationships of taxonomic groups or individual species of Teleostei. The transition to a schooling lifestyle is due to a change in the ecology of fish in connection with the development of new habitat conditions. Having arisen, schooling behavior disappears and again and repeatedly arises independently not only in different groups, but also among closely related Teleostei. Evolutionarily acquired schooling can be transformed into other forms of social behavior when personalization appears. Information about the genetic nature of schooling has been given.

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Notes

  1. Hereinafter, we use the system proposed by Nelson (2006).

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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

The authors express their sincere gratitude to A.D. Mochek, L.M. Baskin (Institute of Ecology and Evolution, Russian Academy of Sciences) and K.V. Kuzishchin and E.A. Marusov (Moscow State University) for valuable advice when discussing the issues raised in the article, and also grateful to A.A. Kazhlaev, A.S. Patseva and L.S. Alekseeva (Moscow State University), who provided great assistance in preparing the article for publication. The authors are sincerely grateful to P.I. Kirillov (Institute of Ecology and Evolution, Russian Academy of Sciences) for careful and constructive editing of the text and illustrations, which improved the quality of the article.

Funding

The article was prepared within the framework of scientific projects of the state assignment of the Moscow State University No. 121032300100-5 and the Institute of Ecology and Evolution, Russian Academy of Sciences No. 121122300056-3 in the Unified State Information System for Accounting the Results of Civil Research, Development and Technological Works.

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  1. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia

    A. O. Kasumyan

  2. Severtsov Institute of Problems of Ecology and Evolution, Russian Academy of Science (IPEE RAS), Moscow, Russia

    D. S. Pavlov

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  1. A. O. Kasumyan
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Kasumyan, A.O., Pavlov, D.S. On the Problem of the Evolutionary Origin of Schooling Behavior of Fish. J. Ichthyol. 63, 1374–1389 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1134/S0032945223070135

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