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Development of Artificial Hybrid between Two Deepwater Sympatric Forms of Dolly Varden Salvelinus malma complex (Salmonidae) from Lake Kronotskoe (Eastern Kamchatka)

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Abstract—

The development of embryos and larvae of the hybrid (smallmouth charr females × bigmouth charr males) between unique endemic deepwater forms of northern Dolly Varden Salvelinus malma complex from Lake Kronotskoe is studied based on the progeny raised in the laboratory at 6°С. The development of hybrid embryos is delayed in comparison with that in smallmouth charr, and these embryos possess numerous anomalies. The total mortality of hybrid embryos during late organogenesis and at abortive hatching reaches 93%, and the mortality just after hatching is 3.5%. Hybrid larvae are characterized by developmental anomalies and skeletal heterochronies. Their mass mortality is observed during the formation of axial skeleton. Seven hybrid individuals (0.9%) survived for more than a year, they reached juvenile period, and skeletal anomalies were absent. These individuals differ from smallmouth charr juveniles in lower number of rays and pterygiophores in the dorsal fin. The unusual (for charrs) shape of vomer and glossohyal in hybrid specimens can be regarded as a new formation. Possible reasons for delayed embryogenesis and its anomalies, as well as skeletal anomalies and high mortality of hybrid individuals, are discussed.

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Notes

  1. The zone of the lake 20–30 m deep is referred to a deep-water zone because it is located below the thermocline (Markevich et al., 2017a).

  2. A short unpaired ossified element located before the first ray (including a pair of hemitrichia) of the developing pectoral fin has been described for the first time before. This element is observed in the dorsal row of hemitrichia, and, most often, it fuses with the closest dorsal hemitrichia after the appearance of the majority or all fin rays. Following this event, the segmentation of fin rays begins (Pichugin, 2002a). Thus, a long presence of the unpaired element indicates a delay of fin ray segmentation.

  3. In the normal larvae, paired openings for the nerve VII branches are located in the caudal part of the bone behind the lateral processes. Two openings for the nerve V branches in the middle part of the bone appear later (Pichugin, 2002b).

  4. Similar substrate up to 2 m wide is used for egg deposition of Arctic charr S. alpinus as it is observed for the small form of Lake Leprindokan and dwarf forms in lakes Davatchan and Bol’shoe Leprindo (Pavlov et al., 1990; Alekseev et al., 2019).

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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

I thank G.N. Markevich (Kronotsky State Natural Biosphere Reserve, KSNBR), E.V. Esin and L.A. Anisimova (Russian Federal Research Institute of Fisheries and Oceanography) for the collection and transportation of live eggs of the hybrid between smallmouth and bigmouth charrs to Moscow State University (MSU); T.I. Shpilenk and D.M. Panicheva (KSNBR) for technical support of the studies conducted in the KSNBR area; G.N. Markevich for the photographs of live prelarvae; A.N. Stroganov (MSU) for the equipment provided for progeny raising; and D.A. Pavlov and K.V. Kuzishchin (MSU) for the discussion of the manuscript.

Funding

This work was supported by the Russian Foundation for Basic Research, project no. 18-04-00092.

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  1. Biological Faculty, Moscow State University, 119899, Moscow, Russia

    M. Yu. Pichugin

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Pichugin, M.Y. Development of Artificial Hybrid between Two Deepwater Sympatric Forms of Dolly Varden Salvelinus malma complex (Salmonidae) from Lake Kronotskoe (Eastern Kamchatka). J. Ichthyol. 61, 923–938 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1134/S0032945221040111

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