Abstract
Cellular DNA polymerases belong to several families and carry out different functions. Highly accurate replicative DNA polymerases play the major role in cell genome replication. A number of new specialized DNA polymerases were discovered at the turn of XX–XXI centuries and have been intensively studied during the last decade. Due to the special structure of the active site, these enzymes efficiently perform synthesis on damaged DNA but are characterized by low fidelity. Human DNA polymerase iota (Pol ι) belongs to the Y-family of specialized DNA polymerases and is one of the most error-prone enzymes involved in DNA synthesis. In contrast to other DNA polymerases, Pol ι is able to use noncanonical Hoogsteen interactions for nucleotide base pairing. This allows it to incorporate nucleotides opposite various lesions in the DNA template that impair Watson-Crick interactions. Based on the data of X-ray structural analysis of Pol ι in complexes with various DNA templates and dNTP substrates, we consider the structural peculiarities of the Pol ι active site and discuss possible mechanisms that ensure the unique behavior of the enzyme on damaged and undamaged DNA.
Similar content being viewed by others
Abbreviations
- AAF:
-
2-acetylaminofluorene
- AP site:
-
apurinic/apyrimidinic site
- BPDE:
-
benzo(α)pyren-diol-epoxide
- ɛ-dA:
-
1,N6-ethenodeoxyadenosine
- dBrU:
-
5-bromodeoxyuridine
- DNAP:
-
DNA polymerase
- HG:
-
Hoogsteen interactions
- O6-Me-dG:
-
O6-methyldeoxyguanosine
- N2-Et-dG:
-
N2-ethyldeoxyguanosine
- 8-oxo-dG:
-
7,8-dihydro-8-oxodeoxyguanosine
- WC:
-
Watson-Crick interactions
References
Garg, P., and Burgers, P. M. (2005) Crit. Rev. Biochem. Mol. Biol., 40, 115–128.
Rothwell, P. J., and Waksman, G. (2005) Adv. Protein Chem., 71, 401–440.
Loeb, L. A., and Monnat, R. J., Jr. (2008) Nat. Rev. Genet., 9, 594–604.
Foti, J. J., and Walker, G. C. (2010) Cell, 141, 370–370 e1.
Foti, J. J., and Walker, G. C. (2010) Cell, 141, 192–192 e1.
Umar, A., and Kunkel, T. A. (1996) Eur. J. Biochem., 238, 297–307.
Kunkel, T. A., and Bebenek, K. (2000) Annu. Rev. Biochem., 69, 497–529.
Li, Y., Korolev, S., and Waksman, G. (1998) EMBO J., 17, 7514–7525.
Reha-Krantz, L. J. (2009) Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 1804, 1049–1063.
Lindahl, T. (1993) Nature, 362, 709–715.
Lindahl, T., and Barnes, D. E. (2000) Cold Spring Harb. Symp. Quant. Bio., 65, 127–133.
Nakamura, J., and Swenberg, J. A. (1999) Cancer Res., 59, 2522–2526.
Yang, W., and Woodgate, R. (2007) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 104, 15591–15598.
Guo, C., Kosarek-Stance, J. N., Tang, T. S., and Friedberg, E. C. (2009) Cell Mol. Life Sci., 66, 2363–2381.
Pata, J. D. (2010) Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 1804, 1124–1135.
Washington, M. T., Carlson, K. D., Freudenthal, B. D., and Pryor, J. M. (2010) Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 1804, 1113–1123.
Yamtich, J., and Sweasy, J. B. (2010) Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 1804, 1136–1150.
Lemontt, J. F. (1971) Genetics, 68, 21–33.
Lawrence, C. W., and Christensen, R. (1976) Genetics, 82, 207–232.
Kato, T., and Shinoura, Y. (1977) Mol. Gen. Genet., 156, 121–131.
Ohmori, H., Hatada, E., Qiao, Y., Tsuji, M., and Fukuda, R. (1995) Mutat. Res., 347, 1–7.
Kulaeva, O. I., Koonin, E. V., McDonald, J. P., Randall, S. K., Rabinovich, N., Connaughton, J. F., Levine, A. S., and Woodgate, R. (1996) Mutat. Res., 357, 245–253.
McDonald, J. P., Levine, A. S., and Woodgate, R. (1997) Genetics, 147, 1557–1568.
Johnson, R. E., Prakash, S., and Prakash, L. (1999) Science, 283, 1001–1004.
Tang, M., Shen, X., Frank, E. G., O’Donnell, M., Woodgate, R., and Goodman, M. F. (1999) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 96, 8919–8924.
Wagner, J., Gruz, P., Kim, S. R., Yamada, M., Matsui, K., Fuchs, R. P., and Nohmi, T. (1999) Mol. Cell, 4, 281–286.
Vaisman, A., Frank, E. G., McDonald, J. P., Tissier, A., and Woodgate, R. (2002) Mutat. Res., 510, 9–22.
Biertumpfel, C., Zhao, Y., Kondo, Y., Ramon-Maiques, S., Gregory, M., Lee, J. Y., Masutani, C., Lehmann, A. R., Hanaoka, F., and Yang, W. (2010) Nature, 465, 1044–1048.
Silverstein, T. D., Johnson, R. E., Jain, R., Prakash, L., Prakash, S., and Aggarwal, A. K. (2010) Nature, 465, 1039–1043.
Masutani, C., Kusumoto, R., Yamada, A., Dohmae, N., Yokoi, M., Yuasa, M., Araki, M., Iwai, S., Takio, K., and Hanaoka, F. (1999) Nature, 399, 700–704.
Wang, Y., Woodgate, R., McManus, T. P., Mead, S., McCormick, J. J., and Maher, V. M. (2007) Cancer Res., 67, 3018–3026.
Yasui, M., Dong, H., Bonala, R. R., Suzuki, N., Ohmori, H., Hanaoka, F., Johnson, F., Grollman, A. P., and Shibutani, S. (2004) Biochemistry, 43, 15005–15013.
Minko, I. G., Harbut, M. B., Kozekov, I. D., Kozekova, A., Jakobs, P. M., Olson, S. B., Moses, R. E., Harris, T. M., Rizzo, C. J., and Lloyd, R. S. (2008) J. Biol. Chem., 283, 17075–17082.
Avkin, S., Goldsmith, M., Velasco-Miguel, S., Geacintov, N., Friedberg, E. C., and Livneh, Z. (2004) J. Biol. Chem., 279, 53298–53305.
Lone, S., Townson, S. A., Uljon, S. N., Johnson, R. E., Brahma, A., Nair, D. T., Prakash, S., Prakash, L., and Aggarwal, A. K. (2007) Mol. Cell, 25, 601–614.
Carlson, K. D., Johnson, R. E., Prakash, L., Prakash, S., and Washington, M. T. (2006) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 103, 15776–15781.
Choi, J. H., Besaratinia, A., Lee, D. H., Lee, C. S., and Pfeifer, G. P. (2006) Mutat. Res., 599, 58–65.
Ziv, O., Geacintov, N., Nakajima, S., Yasui, A., and Livneh, Z. (2009) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 106, 11552–11557.
Lehmann, A. R., Niimi, A., Ogi, T., Brown, S., Sabbioneda, S., Wing, J. F., Kannouche, P. L., and Green, C. M. (2007) DNA Repair (Amst.), 6, 891–899.
Zhuang, Z., and Ai, Y. (2009) Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 1804, 1081–1093.
Moldovan, G. L., Pfander, B., and Jentsch, S. (2007) Cell, 129, 665–679.
Makarova, A. V., Tarantul, V. Z., and Gening, L. V. (2008) Biochemistry (Moscow), 73, 346–352.
Ishikawa, T., Uematsu, N., Mizukoshi, T., Iwai, S., Iwasaki, H., Masutani, C., Hanaoka, F., Ueda, R., Ohmori, H., and Todo, T. (2001) J. Biol. Chem., 276, 15155–15163.
Tissier, A., McDonald, J. P., Frank, E. G., and Woodgate, R. (2000) Genes Dev., 14, 1642–1650.
Zhang, Y., Yuan, F., Wu, X., and Wang, Z. (2000) Mol. Cell. Biol., 20, 7099–7108.
Frank, E. G., and Woodgate, R. (2007) J. Biol. Chem., 282, 24689–24696.
Johnson, R. E., Washington, M. T., Haracska, L., Prakash, S., and Prakash, L. (2000) Nature, 406, 1015–1019.
Tissier, A., Frank, E. G., McDonald, J. P., Iwai, S., Hanaoka, F., and Woodgate, R. (2000) Embo J., 19, 5259–5266.
Rechkoblit, O., Zhang, Y., Guo, D., Wang, Z., Amin, S., Krzeminsky, J., Louneva, N., and Geacintov, N. E. (2002) J. Biol. Chem., 277, 30488–30494.
Washington, M. T., Minko, I. G., Johnson, R. E., Wolfle, W. T., Harris, T. M., Lloyd, R. S., Prakash, S., and Prakash, L. (2004) Mol. Cell. Biol., 24, 5687–5693.
Wolfle, W. T., Johnson, R. E., Minko, I. G., Lloyd, R. S., Prakash, S., and Prakash, L. (2005) Mol. Cell. Biol., 25, 8748–8754.
Wolfle, W. T., Johnson, R. E., Minko, I. G., Lloyd, R. S., Prakash, S., and Prakash, L. (2006) Mol. Cell. Biol., 26, 381–386.
Johnson, R. E., Yu, S. L., Prakash, S., and Prakash, L. (2007) Mol. Cell. Biol., 27, 7198–7205.
Plosky, B. S., Frank, E. G., Berry, D. A., Vennall, G. P., McDonald, J. P., and Woodgate, R. (2008) Nucleic Acids Res., 36, 2152–2162.
Choi, J. Y., and Guengerich, F. P. (2006) J. Biol. Chem., 281, 12315–12324.
Choi, J. Y., Lim, S., Kim, E. J., Jo, A., and Guengerich, F. P. (2010) J. Mol. Biol., 404, 34–44.
Haracska, L., Johnson, R. E., Unk, I., Phillips, B. B., Hurwitz, J., Prakash, L., and Prakash, S. (2001) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 98, 14256–14261.
Haracska, L., Acharya, N., Unk, I., Johnson, R. E., Hurwitz, J., Prakash, L., and Prakash, S. (2005) Mol. Cell. Biol., 25, 1183–1190.
Vaisman, A., Tissier, A., Frank, E. G., Goodman, M. F., and Woodgate, R. (2001) J. Biol. Chem., 276, 30615–30622.
Frank, E. G., Sayer, J. M., Kroth, H., Ohashi, E., Ohmori, H., Jerina, D. M., and Woodgate, R. (2002) Nucleic Acids Res., 30, 5284–5292.
Pence, M. G., Blans, P., Zink, C. N., Hollis, T., Fishbein, J. C., and Perrino, F. W. (2009) J. Biol. Chem., 284, 1732–1740.
Kehres, D. G., and Maguire, M. E. (2003) FEMS Microbiol. Rev., 27, 263–290.
Bebenek, K., Tissier, A., Frank, E. G., McDonald, J. P., Prasad, R., Wilson, S. H., Woodgate, R., and Kunkel, T. A. (2001) Science, 291, 2156–2159.
Prasad, R., Bebenek, K., Hou, E., Shock, D. D., Beard, W. A., Woodgate, R., Kunkel, T. A., and Wilson, S. H. (2003) J. Biol. Chem., 278, 29649–29654.
Haracska, L., Prakash, L., and Prakash, S. (2003) Genes Dev., 17, 2777–2785.
Petta, T. B., Nakajima, S., Zlatanou, A., Despras, E., Couve-Privat, S., Ishchenko, A., Sarasin, A., Yasui, A., and Kannouche, P. (2008) Embo J., 27, 2883–2895.
Bomar, M. G., D’souza, S., Bienko, M., Dikic, I., Walker, G. C., and Zhou, P. (2010) Mol. Cell, 37, 408–417.
Burschowsky, D., Rudolf, F., Rabut, G., Herrmann, T., Peter, M., and Wider, G. (2011) J. Biol. Chem., 286, 1364–1373.
Nair, D. T., Johnson, R. E., Prakash, S., Prakash, L., and Aggarwal, A. K. (2004) Nature, 430, 377–380.
Nair, D. T., Johnson, R. E., Prakash, L., Prakash, S., and Aggarwal, A. K. (2005) Structure, 13, 1569–1577.
Nair, D. T., Johnson, R. E., Prakash, L., Prakash, S., and Aggarwal, A. K. (2006) Structure, 14, 749–755.
Prakash, S., Johnson, R. E., and Prakash, L. (2005) Annu. Rev. Biochem., 74, 317–353.
Kirouac, K. N., and Ling, H. (2009) Embo J., 28, 1644–1654.
Makarova, A. V., Grabow, C., Gening, L. V., Tarantul, V. Z., Tahirov, T. H., Bessho, T., and Pavlov, Y. I. (2011) PLoS One, 6, e16612.
Ummat, A., Silverstein, T. D., Jain, R., Buku, A., Johnson, R. E., Prakash, L., Prakash, S., and Aggarwal, A. K. (2012) J. Mol. Biol., 415, 627–634.
Johnson, R. E., Trincao, J., Aggarwal, A. K., Prakash, S., and Prakash, L. (2003) Mol Cell. Biol., 23, 3008–3012.
Jain, R., Nair, D. T., Johnson, R. E., Prakash, L., Prakash, S., and Aggarwal, A. K. (2009) Structure, 17, 974–980.
Nair, D. T., Johnson, R. E., Prakash, L., Prakash, S., and Aggarwal, A. K. (2009) Structure, 17, 530–537.
Nair, D. T., Johnson, R. E., Prakash, L., Prakash, S., and Aggarwal, A. K. (2008) Structure, 16, 239–245.
Nair, D. T., Johnson, R. E., Prakash, L., Prakash, S., and Aggarwal, A. K. (2005) Science, 309, 2219–2222.
Kirouac, K. N., and Ling, H. (2011) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 108, 3210–3215.
Johnson, R. E., Prakash, L., and Prakash, S. (2005) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 102, 10466–10471.
Donny-Clark, K., Shapiro, R., and Broyde, S. (2009) Biochemistry, 48, 7–18.
Vaisman, A., Ling, H., Woodgate, R., and Yang, W. (2005) Embo J., 24, 2957–2967.
Johnson, R. E., Haracska, L., Prakash, L., and Prakash, S. (2006) Mol. Cell. Biol., 26, 6435–6441.
Donny-Clark, K., and Broyde, S. (2009) Nucleic Acids Res., 37, 7095–7109.
Choi, J. Y., Lim, S., Eoff, R. L., and Guengerich, F. P. (2009) J. Mol. Biol., 389, 264–274.
Pence, M. G., Choi, J. Y., Egli, M., and Guengerich, F. P. (2010) J. Biol. Chem., 285, 40666–40672.
Nair, D. T., Johnson, R. E., Prakash, L., Prakash, S., and Aggarwal, A. K. (2006) Nat. Struct. Mol. Biol., 13, 619–625.
Strauss, B. S. (2002) DNA Repair (Amst.), 1, 125–135.
Zhang, Y., Yuan, F., Wu, X., Taylor, J. S., and Wang, Z. (2001) Nucleic Acids Res., 29, 928–935.
Levine, R. L., Miller, H., Grollman, A., Ohashi, E., Ohmori, H., Masutani, C., Hanaoka, F., and Moriya, M. (2001) J. Biol. Chem., 276, 18717–18721.
Collins, A. R. (1999) Bioessays, 21, 238–246.
Zhang, Y., Yuan, F., Wu, X., Wang, M., Rechkoblit, O., Taylor, J. S., Geacintov, N. E., and Wang, Z. (2000) Nucleic Acids Res., 28, 4138–4146.
McCulloch, S. D., Kokoska, R. J., Garg, P., Burgers, P. M., and Kunkel, T. A. (2009) Nucleic Acids Res., 37, 2830–2840.
Vidal, A. E., and Woodgate, R. (2009) DNA Repair (Amst.), 8, 420–423.
Gening, L. V. (2011) Biochemistry (Moscow), 76, 61–68.
Faili, A., Aoufouchi, S., Flatter, E., Gueranger, Q., Reynaud, C. A., and Weill, J. C. (2002) Nature, 419, 944–947.
McDonald, J. P., Frank, E. G., Plosky, B. S., Rogozin, I. B., Masutani, C., Hanaoka, F., Woodgate, R., and Gearhart, P. J. (2003) J. Exp. Med., 198, 635–643.
Ratnam, S., Bozek, G., Nicolae, D., and Storb, U. (2010) Mol. Immunol., 47, 2611–2618.
Yuan, B., You, C., Andersen, N., Jiang, Y., Moriya, M., O’Connor, T. R., and Wang, Y. (2011) J. Biol. Chem., 286, 17503–17511.
Lee, G. H., and Matsushita, H. (2005) Cancer Sci., 96, 256–259.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding authors
Additional information
Original Russian Text © A. V. Makarova, A. V. Kulbachinskiy, 2012, published in Biokhimiya, 2012, Vol. 77, No. 6, pp. 669–685.
Electronic supplementary material
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Makarova, A.V., Kulbachinskiy, A.V. Structure of human DNA polymerase iota and the mechanism of DNA synthesis. Biochemistry Moscow 77, 547–561 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1134/S0006297912060016
Received:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1134/S0006297912060016