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Olfactory Organ of Anemonefishes of the Genus Amphiprion (Amphiprioninae, Pomacentridae)

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Abstract—

The structure of the olfactory organ is studied in five species of anemonefishes of the genus Amphiprion: A. polymnus, A. clarkii, A. frenatus, A. perideraion, and A. ocellaris. All fish have one nostril, olfactory rosette of the arrow-shaped type with no secondary folding on olfactory lamellae, and two ventilation sacs (ethmoidal and larger lacrimal). The rosette is located on the medial (A. clarkii and A. perideraion) or ventromedial (A. polymnus, A. frenatus, and A. ocellaris) sides of the olfactory cavity; the number of lamellae in the rosette increases as a fish grows. The greatest total number of lamellae is 24 in A. polymnus. Intercalary (in four species) and dichotomous (in three species) lamellae are found in the rosette of most anemonefishes, which is an extremely rare case in other fishes. Atypical lamellae emerge later than regular ones in the ontogeny of the fish, but their number in different parts of the rosette differs between anemonefishes, and in some A. polymnus species, lamellae are predominantly atypical. The slope of the medial and lateral sides of the rosette toward the openings of the ventilation sacs (A. polymnus and A. frenatus) is considered a structural adaptation that improves water exchange near the surface of the olfactory lamellae and reception of odor information by the fish. The relationship between the structure of the olfactory organ and the generality of anemonefishes, their specialization, and strength of association with symbiotic sea anemones has not been revealed. The idea of an evolutionary trend from a simple structure of the olfactory organ (A. clarkii) to a morphologically more complex structure (A. polymnus and A. frenatus) in the genus Amphiprion after early separation from the general stem of the subgenus Actinicola (A. ocellaris and A. percula) is presented.

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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

We are sincerely grateful to all colleagues at the Coastal Branch of Joint Vietnam-Russia Tropical Science and Technology Research Center who assisted in the collection of the material.

Funding

The material was collected with the financial support of the Coastal Branch of Joint Vietnam-Russia Tropical Science and Technology Research Center (theme E-3.1). Processing of the primary data, analysis of the results, and making of this paper were performed within the framework of the scientific project of the state assignment for Lomonosov Moscow State University No. 121032300100-5 in the Unified State Information System of Accounting for the Results of Scientific Research, Experimental Design, and Technological Works of Civilian Purpose.

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  1. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia

    N. I. Pashchenko & A. O. Kasumyan

  2. Coastal Branch of Joint Russia-Vietnam Tropical Science and Technology Research Center, Nha Trang, Vietnam

    L. T. K. Oan

  3. Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia

    A. O. Kasumyan

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The authors confirm that this work was not associated with experiments on fish or other animals and therefore does not require approval by the bioethics committee. The fishes were purchased from local markets and pet shops, and were killed with an overdose of MS-222 anesthetic (the protocol was approved by the Coastal Branch of the Joint Vietnam-Russia Tropical Science and Technology Research Center, permission No. 856/QD-TTNDVN).

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Pashchenko, N.I., Oan, L.T. & Kasumyan, A.O. Olfactory Organ of Anemonefishes of the Genus Amphiprion (Amphiprioninae, Pomacentridae). J. Ichthyol. 64, 139–155 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1134/S0032945224010089

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