Abstract
The most distinct features of reproductive biology of lumpfish Cyclopterus lumpus are defense and care for the clutch of fertilized eggs. In order to reveal the processes of male lumpfish defense of offspring, the quantitative assessment of temporal distribution of its behavior events under changing environmental conditions has been performed. Male behavior four types such as care for an egg clutch, defense behavior, locomotion, and rest are identified. Defense behavior is most variable, depending on the characteristics of an aggressor. It has been shown that the external factors affect the time taken for care rather than any change in certain actions. Under the favorable conditions, the male actions to care for an egg clutch represent repeating cycles, when the overall time spent on them may reach 99% of all time. Under the unfavorable conditions (strong currents and potential predators), the time of cycles tends to decrease to 55%. The environmental factor effects on the lumpfish behavior are described in terms of an algorithm of behavior, which can be used in modeling the energy intakes of a male lumpfish in the period of caring for offspring.
REFERENCES
Andriyashev, A.P., Ryby severnykh morei SSSR (Fishes of the Northern Seas of Soviet Union), Leningrad: Akad. Nauk SSSR, 1954.
Banerjee, S., Alvey, L., Brown, P., et al., An assistive computer vision tool to automatically detect changes in fish behavior in response to ambient odor, 2021, Sci. Rep., vol. 11, Article 1002. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-79772-3
Budaev, S.V., Mikheev, V.N., and Pavlov, D.S., 2015. Individual differences in behavior and mechanisms of ecological differentiation on the example of fish, Biol. Bull. Rev., vol. 5, no. 5, pp. 462–479.
Dewsbury, D., Comparative Animal Behavior, New York: McGraw-Hill Companies, 1978.
Davenport, J., Synopsis of biological data on the lumpsucker Cyclopterus lumpus (Linnaeus, 1758), FAO Fish. Synop., 1985, vol. 147, p. 31.
Eriksen, E., Durif, C.M.F., and Prozorkevich, D., Lumpfish (Cyclopterus lumpus) in the Barents Sea: Development of biomass and abundance indices, and spatial distribution, ICES J. Mar. Sci., 2014, vol. 71, no. 9, pp. 2398–2402. https://doi.org/10.1093/icesjms/fsu059
Esipov, V.K., Promyslovye ryby Barentseva morya (Commercial fishes of the Barents Sea), Leningrad; Moscow: Pishchepromizdat, 1937.
Goulet, D. and Green, J.M., Reproductive success of the male lumpfish (Cyclopterus lumpus L.) (Pisces: Cyclopteridae): Evidence against female mate choice, Can. J. Zool., 1988, vol. 66, no. 11, pp. 2513–2519. https://doi.org/10.1139/z88-373
Goulet, D., Green, J.M., and Shears, T.H., Courtship, spawning and paternal care behavior of the Lumpfish, Cyclopterus lumpus L. in Newfoundland, Can. J. Zool., 1986, vol. 64, pp. 1320–1325. https://doi.org/10.1139/z86-196
Hammer, Ø., Harper, D.A.T., and Ryan, P.D., PAST: Paleontological statistics software package for education and data analysis, Palaeontol. Electron., 2001, vol. 4, no. 1. p. 9. http://palaeo-electronica.org/2001_1/past/issue1_01.htm.
Kane, A.S., Salierno, J.D., Gipson, G.T., et al., A video-based movement analysis system to quantify behavioral stress responses of fish, Water Res., 2004, vol. 38, no. 18, pp. 3993–4001. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2004.06.028
Kudryavtseva, O.Yu., Characteristics of coastal fish communities in the bays of eastern Murman in the summer–fall period of 2018, Tr. Kol’sk. Nauchn. Tsentra Ross. Akad. Nauk, 2019, vol. 10, nos. 3–6, pp. 22–35.
Le Bris, A. and Wroblewski, J.S., Species composition and habitat preferences of the nearshore fish fauna of Bonne Bay, Newfoundland, Mar. Biodivers. Rec., 2018, vol. 11, Article 12. https://doi.org/10.1186/s41200-018-0145-2
Legendre, P. and Legendre, L., Numerical Ecology, Amsterdam: Elsevier, 2012.
Markevich, A.I., Utilization of the “Nesting” site territory and relationships with conspecific individuals during parental care in the males of masked greenling Hexagrammos octogrammus (Hexagrammidae, Scorpaeniformes), J. Ichthyol., 2011, vol. 51, no. 7, Article 543.
Mikheev, V.N., Afonina, M.O., and Pavlov, D.S., Habitat heterogeneity and fish behavior: Units of heterogeneity as a resource and as a source of information, Ibid., 2010, vol. 50, no. 5, pp. 386–395.
Mikkelsen, N. and Pedersen, T., Invasive red king crab affects lumpsucker recruitment by egg consumption, Mar. Ecol.: Proc. Ser., 2012, vol. 469, pp. 87–99. https://doi.org/10.3354/meps09917
Mittelbach, G.G., Ballew, N.G., and Kjelvik, M.K., Fish behavioral types and their ecological consequences, Canad. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci., 2014, vol. 71, no. 6, pp. 927–944. https://doi.org/10.1139/cjfas-2013-0558
Mochek, A.D., Behavior of the lumpfish Cyclopterus lumpus during reproduction, Vopr. Ikhtiol., 1973, vol. 13, no. 4 (81), pp. 733–736.
Nepomnyashchikh, V.A., Increases in variations in animal behavior induced by autocorrelations, Biol. Bull. Rev., 2013, vol. 3, no. 4, pp. 49–56.
R Core Team, R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing, Vienna: R Found. Stat. Comput., 2020. http://www.r-project.org/index.html. Version 12/2021.
Rusyaev, S.M., Assessment of the abundance of the lumpfish Cyclopterus lumpus by the diving method, Vopr. Rybolovstva, 2011, vol. 12, no. 3 (47), pp. 605–611.
Rusyaev, S.M., and Zuev, Yu.A., On the types of behavior and defensive reactions of the lumpfish during the period of caring for offspring, Mater. dokl. Mezhdunar. konf. “Povedenie ryb” (Proc. Int. Conf. “Fish Behavior”), Moscow: AKVAROS, 2005, pp. 450–453.
Rusyaev, S.M. and Zyryanov, S.V., On the factors of natural mortality of the lumpfish near the Murmansk coast of the Barents Sea, Tez. dokl. Mezhdunar. nauch. konf. “Izuchenie vodnykh i nazemnykh ekosistem: istoriya i sovremennost’” (Proc. Int. Sci. Conf. “Study of Aquatic and Terrestrial Ecosystems: History and Modernity”), Sevastopol: Fed. Issled. Tsentr Inst. Biol. Yuzhn. Morei, 2021, pp. 313–315.
Wickham, H., ggplot2: Elegant Graphics for Data Analysis, New York: Springer, 2009. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-98141-3
Zhitenev, A.I., Ecological and morphological features of the reproduction of lumpfish, Vopr. Ikhtiol., 1970, vol. 10, no. 1 (60), pp. 94–102.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Additional materials
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interests. The authors declare that they have no conflict of interests.
Additional information
Translated by O. Zhiryakova
Supplementary Information
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Zuyev, Y.A., Rusyaev, S.M. Variability in Parental Behavior of Lumpfish Cyclopterus lumpus (Cyclopteridae) under Changing Environmental Conditions. J. Ichthyol. 63, 112–118 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1134/S0032945223010174
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1134/S0032945223010174