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Protein Repeats Show Clade-Specific Volatility in Aves

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Abstract

Protein repeats are a source of rapid evolutionary and functional novelty. Repeats are crucial in development, neurogenesis, immunity, and disease. Repeat length variability and purity can alter the outcome of a pathway by altering the protein structure and affecting the protein−protein interaction affinity. Such rampant alterations can facilitate species to rapidly adapt to new environments or acquire various morphological/physiological features. With more than 11000 species, the avian clade is one of the most speciose vertebrate clades, with near-ubiquitous distribution globally. Explosive adaptive radiation and functional diversification facilitated the birds to occupy various habitats. High diversity in morphology, physiology, flight pattern, behavior, coloration, and life histories make birds ideal for studying protein repeats’ role in evolutionary novelty. Our results demonstrate a similar repeat diversity and proportion of repeats across all the avian orders considered, implying an essential role of repeats in necessary pathways. We detected positively selected sites (PSS) in the polyQ repeat of RUNX2 in the avian clade; and considerable repeat length contraction in the Psittacopasserae. The repeats show a species-wide bias towards a contraction in Galloanseriformes. Interestingly, we detected the length contrast of polyS repeat in PCDH20 between Galliformes and Anseriformes. We speculate the length variability of serine repeat and its interaction with β-catenin in the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway could have facilitated fowls to adapt to their respective environmental conditions. We believe our study emphasizes the role of protein repeats in functional/morphological diversification in birds. We also provide an extensive list of genes with considerable repeat length contrast to further explore the role of length volatility in evolutionary novelty and rapid functional diversification.

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Funding

We thank the Ministry of Human Resource Development for fellowship to LT and SS. Computational analyses were done on the Har Gobind Khorana Computational Biology cluster established and maintained by combining funds from the Indian Institute os Science Education and Research Bhopal under Grant # INST/BIO/2017/019, IYBA 2018 from the Department of Biotechnology (Grant no. BT/11/IYBA/2018/03), and ECRA from Science and Engineering Research Board (Grant no. ECR/2017/001430).

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  1. Computational Evolutionary Genomics Lab, Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Bhopal, Bhauri, 462066, Madhya Pradesh, India

    S. Sharma, L. Teekas & N. Vijay

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  1. S. Sharma
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  2. L. Teekas
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  3. N. Vijay
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SS and LT wrote the manuscript with NV. SS and LT analyzed the data and generated the results. All authors reviewed the manuscript.

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Correspondence to N. Vijay.

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Sharma, S., Teekas, L. & Vijay, N. Protein Repeats Show Clade-Specific Volatility in Aves. Mol Biol 57, 1199–1211 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1134/S0026893324010163

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1134/S0026893324010163

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