Skip to main content
Log in

Three patterns of trypanosomatid cryptogene structural organization

  • Genomics. Transcriptomics
  • Published:
Molecular Biology Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

The structures of some cryptogenes of previously unstudied species of homoxenous trypanosomatids that belong to different phylogenetic groups has been analyzed. New examples of the editing domain length reduction for A6 and COIII were found. A comparative analysis of the sequences allowed us to divide the cryptogenes into three groups (patterns) according to not only the evolutionary variations in the length of the edited domain, but also the degree of conservation of the nucleotide sequence. The potential factors that determine variants of the cryptogene structure are discussed. In addition, the alternative editing of the rps12 transcript of Wallaceina sp. Wsd has been demonstrated.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

Abbreviations

AE:

alternative editing

ED:

edited domain

gRNA:

guide RNA

ORF:

open-reading frame

References

  1. Shapiro T.A., Englund P.T. 1995. The structure and replication of kinetoplast DNA. Annu. Rev. Microbiol. 49, 117–143.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. Shapiro T.A. 1993. Kinetoplast DNA maxicircles: Networks within networks. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 90, 7809–7813.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. Lukes J., Hashimi H., Zikova A. 2005. Unexplained complexity of the mitochondrial genome and transcriptome in kinetoplastid flagellates. Curr. Genet. 48, 277–299.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. Simpson L., Maslov D.A. 1994. RNA editing and the evolution of parasites. Science. 264, 1870–1871.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. Simpson L., Sbicego S., Aphasizhev R. 2003. Uridine insertion/deletion RNA editing in trypanosome mitochondria: A complex business. RNA. 9, 265–276.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. Sturm N.R., Simpson L. 1990. Kinetoplast DNA minicircles encode guide RNAs for editing of cytochrome oxidase subunit III mRNA. Cell. 61, 879–884.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. Sturm N.R., Simpson L. 1991. Leishmania tarentolae minicircles of different sequence classes encode single guide RNAs located in the variable region approximately 150 bp from the conserved region. Nucleic Acids Res. 79, 6277–6281.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  8. Simpson L., Thiemann O.H., Savill N.J., Alfonzo J.D., Maslov D.A. 2000. Evolution of RNA editing in trypanosome mitochondria. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 97, 6986–6993.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Maslov D.A., Thiemann O., Simpson L. 1994. Editing and misediting of transcripts of the kinetoplast maxicircle G5 (ND3) cryptogene in an old laboratory strain of Leishmania tarentolae. Mol. Biochem. Parasitol. 68, 155–159.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Thiemann O.H., Maslov D.A., Simpson L. 1994. Disruption of RNA editing in Leishmania tarentolae by the loss of minicircle-encoded guide RNA genes. EMBO J. 13, 5689–5700.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Maslov D.A. 2010. Complete set of mitochondrial panedited mRNAs in Leishmania mexicana amazonensis LV78. Mol. Biochem. Parasitol. 173, 107–114.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Gao G.G., Kapushoc S.T., Simpson A.M., Thiemann O.H., Simpson L. 2001. Guide RNAs of the recently isolated LEM125 strain of Leishmania tarentolae: An unexpected complexity. RNA. 7, 1335–1347.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. Nebohacova M., Kim C.E., Simpson L., Maslov D.A. 2009. RNA editing and mitochondrial activity in promastigotes and amastigotes of Leishmania donovani. Int. J. Parasitol. 39, 635–644.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Maslov D.A., Simpson L. 1992. The polarity of editing within a multiple gRNA-mediated domain is due to formation of anchors for upstream gRNAs by downstream editing. Cell. 70, 459–467.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Landweber L.F. 1992. The evolution of RNA editing in kinetoplastid protozoa. BioSystems. 28, 41–45.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Simpson L., Maslov D.A. 1999. Evolution of the U-insertion/deletion RNA editing in mitochondria of kinetoplastid protozoa. Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 870, 190–205.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Kolesnikov A.A., Merzlyak E.M., Bessolitsyna E.A., Fediakov A.V., Shoenian G. 2003. Reduction of the edited domain of the mitochondrial A6 gene for ATPase subunit 6 in Trypanosomatidae. Mol. Biol. (Moscow). 37, 539–543.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. Aravin A.A., Yurchenko V.Y., Merzlyak E.M., Kolesnikov A.A. 1998. The mitochondrial ND8 gene from Crithidia oncopelti is not pan-edited. FEBS Lett. 431, 457–460.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Gerasimov E.S., Kostygov A.Y., Shi Yan, Kolesnikov A.A. 2011. From cryptogene to gene: ND8 editing domain reduction in insect trypanosomatids. Eur. J. Protistol. doi 10.1016/j.ejop.2011.09.002.

  20. Gonzalez C.I., Thomas M.C., Martin F., Alcami J., Alonso C., Lopez M.C. 1997. Reverse transcriptase-like activity in Trypanosoma cruzi. Acta Tropica. 63, 117–126.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. Ochsenreiter T., Anderson S., Wood Z.A., Hajduk S.L. 2008. Alternative RNA editing produces a novel protein involved in mitochondrial DNA maintenance in Trypanosomes. Mol. Cell Biol. 28, 5595–5604.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Ochsenreiter T., Cipriano M., Hajduk S.L. 2008. Alternative mRNA editing in trypanosomes is extensive and may contribute to mitochondrial protein diversity. PloS One. 3, e1566.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Ochsenreiter T., Hajduk S.L. 2006. Alternative editing of cytochrome c oxidase III mRNA in trypanosome mitochondria generates protein diversity. EMBO Rep. 7, 1128–1133.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Read L.K., Wilson K.D., Myler P.J., Stuart K. 1994. Editing of Trypanosoma brucei maxicircle CR5 mRNA generates variable carboxy terminal predicted protein sequences. Nucleic Acids Res. 22, 1489–1495.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. Lu B., Wilson R.K., Phreaner C.G., Mulligan M.R., Hanson M.R. 1996. Protein polymorphism generated by differential RNA editing of a plant mitochondrial rps12 gene. Mol. Cell Biol. 16, 1543–1549.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Merzlyak E.M., Yurchenko V., Kolesnikov A.A., Alexandrov K., Podlipaev S.A., Maslov D.A. 2001. Diversity and phylogeny of insect trypanosomatids based on small subunit rRNA genes: polyphyly of Leptomonas and Blastocrithidia. J. Eukaryot. Microbiol. 48, 161–169.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. Maslov D.A., Entelis N.S., Kolesnikov A.A., Zaitseva G.N. 1982. Kinetoplast DNA from Crithidia oncopelti: Restriction mapping of maxicircle DNA. Bioorg. Khim. (Moscow). 8, 676–685.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. van der Spek H., Arts G.J., Zwaal R.R., van den Burg J., Sloof P., Benne R. 1991. Conserved genes encode guide RNAs in mitochondria of Crithidia fasciculata. EMBO J. 10, 1217–1224.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. Tamura K., Dudley J., Nei M., Kumar S. 2007. MEGA4: Molecular evolutionary genetics analysis (MEGA) software version 4.0. Mol. Biol. Evol. 24, 1596–1599.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. Golden D.E., Hajduk S.L. 2005. The 3’-untranslated region of cytochrome oxidase II mRNA functions in RNA editing of African trypanosomes exclusively as a cis guide RNA. RNA. 11, 29–37.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. Madej M.J., Alfonzo J.D., Huttenhofer A. 2007. Small ncRNA transcriptome analysis from kinetoplast mitochondria of Leishmania tarentolae. Nucleic Acids Res. 1, 1–11.

    Google Scholar 

  32. Sturm N.R., Maslov D.A., Blum B., Simpson L. 1992. Generation of unexpected editing patterns in Leishmania tarentolae mitochondrial mRNAs: Misediting produced by misguiding. Cell. 70, 469–476.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. Flegontov P.N., Zhirenkina E.N., Gerasimov E.S., Ponirovsky E.N., Strelkova M.V., Kolesnikov A.A. 2009. Selective amplification of maxicircle classes during the life cycle of Leishmania major. Mol. Biochem. Parasitol. 165, 142–152.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to E. S. Gerasimov.

Additional information

Original Russian Text © E.S. Gerasimov, N.S. Efimova, A.A. Kolesnikov, 2012, published in Molekulyarnaya Biologiya, 2012, Vol. 46, No. 4, pp. 612–621.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Gerasimov, E.S., Efimova, N.S. & Kolesnikov, A.A. Three patterns of trypanosomatid cryptogene structural organization. Mol Biol 46, 548–556 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1134/S0026893312040036

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1134/S0026893312040036

Keywords

Navigation