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Variability of Stishovite Genesis under Terrestrial Conditions: Physicogeochemical Aspects

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Abstract

A model of the genesis of stishovite and other SiO2 phases in terrestrial matter is developed; it combines the physicochemical and geodynamic conditions of their formation. Based on the experimental data, a P–T diagram of SiO2 polymorphs in combination with the boundaries of geospheres and geotherm was plotted. Stishovite and other SiO2 phases of cosmic-impact synthesis were buried in the early Earth during the period of meteorite accretion (50 Ma). These SiO2 phases are completely assimilated by melts of the pyrolite global magma ocean that existed for 500 Ma. By 2.0 Ga, the magma ocean crystallized, and the Earth’s crust, upper mantle, transition zone, and lower mantle with layer D” (with seismic boundaries between them) were formed. During this period, the main mass of the Earth’s core was separated, which completed by 2.7 Ga. As a result, the gravitational field intensified, which contributed to the fractional ultramafic–mafic evolution of mantle magmas with peritectic reactions of ringwoodite–akimotoite in the transition zone and bridgmanite in the lower mantle with melts and the formation of stishovite (shown experimentally at 20 and 26 GPa). These reactions in diamond-forming carbonate–silicate–carbon melts provided the formation of stishovite, which was captured as a paragenetic inclusion by diamonds and transported to the Earth’s surface by magmas. The genesis of stishovite under the terrestrial conditions is controlled by global mantle convection as well. The subduction of lithospheric plates to layer D'' near the liquid core was accompanied by the formation of stishovite, and then its transformation into poststishovite phases. When superplumes rise from layer D'' to the Earth’s crust, the peritectic reactions of postperovskite and bridgmanite, and then ringwoodite–akimotoite, with melts are likely to form stishovite and cause its subsequent transformation into low-pressure SiO2 phases. With the emergence of the Earth’s crust, the impact-meteorite genesis of stishovite resumes. Stishovite that formed under the terrestrial conditions appears as an inclusion in ultradeep diamonds on the Earth’s surface. Stishovite of cosmic-impact synthesis is preserved in meteorite craters. In both cases, stishovite is a metastable phase.

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Notes

  1. Mineral symbols were recommended by the Commission on New Minerals, Nomenclature, and Classification of the International Mineralogical Association (Warr, 2021).

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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

The authors are grateful to the reviewers and the scientific editor of the paper, Dr. Sci. O.A. Lukanin, for a thorough study of the manuscript and accompanying materials of the manuscript, as well as valuable comments that ultimately made this paper better and more understandable.

We thank Acad. S.M. Stishov, who suggested that Prof. Yu.A Litvin to prepare the essay “Guest from the Earth’s Mantle,” published in the popular Nezavisimaya Gazeta on April 28, 2021, for the 60th anniversary of the discovery of stishovite (https://www.ng.ru/science) Materials and illustrations from it were used in the paper by R.C. Liebermann (2022) “My Research Connections with Russian Scientists over the Past Half Century” (International Journal of Geosciences 13, pp. 155–173).

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The study was carried out at the Korzhinskii Institute of Experimental Mineralogy as a part of the research project FMUF-2022-0001.

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  1. Korzhinskii Institute of Experimental Mineralogy, Russian Academy of Sciences, 142432, Chernogolovka, Russia

    Yu. A. Litvin, A. V. Spivak & A. V. Kuzyura

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APPENDIX A

APPENDIX A

Fig. A1.
figure 9

SEM images of phases of basite associations of the L + MWus + Sti + Dvm transition zone at 1200°C: (a) L + MWus + Sti at 1400°C; (b) as a result of quenching experimental samples with compositions corresponding to the monovariant cotectic L + MWus + Sti+ Dvm at 20 GPa by data of (Litvin et al, 2021).

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Fig. A2.
figure 10

SEM images of experimental samples during melting of the Per – Sti – Wus – Dvm system at 26 GPa after quenching, including: (a) full melt L at 2500°C, (b) phase association of the FPer + simplex FBdm + Dvm at partial melting (L) at 2000°C, (c) phase association of the FBdm + MWus + Sti + Dvm simplex with intermediates of the peritectic reaction of bridgmenite at 1650°C, (d) liquidus stishovite in the melt L at 2500°C. By tha data of (Spivak and Litvin, 2019)

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Fig. A3.
figure 11

SEM images of experimental samples obtained during crystallization of diamonds and associated mineral phases in melts supersaturated with dissolved carbon in a polythermal cross section (MgO)30(FeO)20Carb\(_{{50}}^{*}\) – (SiO2)30(FeO)20Carb\(_{{50}}^{*}\). By the data of (Spivak and Litvin, 2019).

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Litvin, Y.A., Spivak, A.V. & Kuzyura, A.V. Variability of Stishovite Genesis under Terrestrial Conditions: Physicogeochemical Aspects. Geochem. Int. 62, 124–139 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1134/S0016702924020071

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