Abstract
Inflammatory response is initiated and sustained by the action of quintessential pro-inflammatory cytokines of immune system namely IL-1β and IL-18. The maturation process of those cytokines is ensured by caspase-1 enzymatic activity, that is in turn is tightly controlled by multiprotein complexes called inflammasomes. Inflammasomes are activated in cells of innate immune system in response to recognition of conservative parts of microbes (pathogen-associated molecular patterns) or by sensing molecular signs of tissue damage (damage-associated molecular patterns). Inflammasome activation apart of cytokines secretion leads to pro-inflammatory cell death, so-called pyroptosis. That culminates in release of cytoplasmatic content of cells including cytokines and alarmins that boost immune response against pathogens, as well as pyroptosis destroys replicative niches of intracellular pathogens. During co-evolution with the host, bacterial and viral pathogens developed a range of molecular inhibitors targeting each step of inflammasome activation. In current review, we will discuss the latest knowledge of inflammasomes’ signaling pathways and tricks that pathogens use to avoid immune recognition and clearance. Our better understanding of inflammasome inhibition by pathogens can lead to better therapeutic approaches for the treatment of infectious diseases.
Abbreviations
- Alarmins:
-
(or DAMPs) are endogenous molecules that are released upon tissue damage and activate innate immunity. The best-characterized alarmins are heat shock proteins (HSP), HMGB1, purine metabolites, adenosine diphosphate, uric acid crystals, etc.
- Inflammation:
-
is an immune response towards PAMPs and DAMPs that is mediated by proinflammatory cytokines IL-1β, IL-18, TNF, and IL-8, which is aiming to restrict dissemination and eventually eliminate pathogens
- Immune evasion:
-
is a strategy used by pathogenic organisms to evade a host’s immune response to maximize their probability of being transmitted to a fresh host or to continue growing
- Inflammasomes:
-
are large cytosolic complexes assembled by cytosolic receptors (NLR, AIM, PYRIN) in response to PAMPs and DAMPs that activate caspase-1 and -11 resulting in the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1β and IL-18 as well as in pyroptotic cell death
- Damage-associated molecular patterns:
-
(DAMPs) are endogenous molecules released by stressed, damaged, or dying cells, which activate PRR and initiate a noninfectious inflammatory response
- Pathogen-associated molecular patterns:
-
(PAMPs) are conservative molecular features of pathogens recognized by the innate immune system
- Pattern recognition receptors:
-
(PRRs) are germ line encoded receptors of the innate immune system, located on the plasma membrane, endosomal membrane, or in cytosol, that detect and respond to exogenous and endogenous stress signals
- Pyroptosis:
-
is a proinflammatory type of cell death characterized by formation of large pores in the cellular membranes and release of cytosolic contents that contains processed IL-1β and IL-18 and other bioactive substances (e.g. alarmins), as well as intracellular pathogens
- NOD-like receptors:
-
(NLRs) represent a large family of intracellular PRRs characterized by the presence of a centrally located nucleotide binding and oligomerization domain (referred to as NBD; NOD or NACHT domain) and carboxy-terminal leucinerich repeats (LRRs). A subset of NLRs can assemble “inflammasomes”
- Toll-like receptors:
-
(TLRs) are membrane-bound PRRs that recognize PAMPs and DAMPs at the cell surface and inside of the endosomes in different cell types; activation of TLR signaling pathways induces expression of inflammatory and antiviral genes
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Original Russian Text © F. Yu. Garib, A. P. Rizopulu, A. A. Kuchmiy, V. F. Garib, 2016, published in Biokhimiya, 2016, Vol. 81, No. 11, pp. 1578–1592.
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Garib, F.Y., Rizopulu, A.P., Kuchmiy, A.A. et al. Inactivation of inflammasomes by pathogens regulates inflammation. Biochemistry Moscow 81, 1326–1339 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1134/S0006297916110109
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1134/S0006297916110109