Abstract
The possibility of applying the eddy-current method to estimate the composition, hardness, abrasive wear-resistance, and wear resistance under sliding friction conditions of chromium-nickel and chromium-nickel-cobalt coatings prepared by gas-powder laser cladding was studied. Variations in the readings of an eddy-current instrument along the depth of the surface cladding layer and with changing thickness of coatings, which are due to the distribution of structural components in coatings and large differences between the electromagnetic characteristics of cladding layers and the ferromagnetic steel base of specimens, were determined. A technique of the eddy-current testing of the thickness of Cr-Ni and Cr-Ni-Co cladding coatings on a ferromagnetic steel base is proposed. It allows one to estimate the quality of the strengthening laser cladding and subsequent grinding, monitor the state of coatings under service conditions, and forecast the residual life of cladding elements subjected to intense wear.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Abil’siitov, G.A., Safonov, A.N., Shibaev, V.V., and Grigor’yants, A.G., Laser Cladding and Treatment of Wear Resistant Coatings, Svar. Proizvod., 1983, no. 9, pp. 69–70.
Grigor’yants, A.G., Safonov, A.N., Shibaev, V.V., et al., Development of Laser Powder Cladding Technology, Svar. Proizvod., 1985, no. 8, pp. 6–8.
Zhang, Da-Wei., Lei, T.C., and Li, Fu-Jun., Laser Cladding of Stainless Steel with Ni-Cr3C2 for Improved Wear Performance, Wear, 2001, vol. 251, pp. 1372–1376.
Navas, C., Conde, A., Fernandez, B.J., et al., Laser Coatings to Improve Wear Resistance of Mould Steel, Surf. Coat. Technol., 2005, vol. 194, no. 1, pp. 136–142.
Manna, I., Dutta Majumdar J., Ramesh Chandra B., et al., Laser Surface Cladding of Fe-B-C, Fe-B-Si, and Fe-BC-Si-Al-C on Plain Carbon Steel, Surf. Coat. Technol., 2006, vol. 201, nos. 1–2, pp. 434–440.
Li, Q., Song, G.M., Zhang, et al., Microstructure and Dry Sliding Wear Behavior of Laser Clad Ni-Based Alloy Coating with the Addition of SiC, Wear, 2003, vol. 254, pp. 222–229.
Fernandez, E., Cadenas, M., Gonsalez, R., et al., Wear Behavior of Laser Clad NiCrBSi Coating, Wear, 2005, vol. 259, pp. 870–875.
Navas, C., Colaco, R., De Damborenea, J., and Vilar, R., Abrasive Wear Behavior of Laser Clad and Flame Sprayed-Melted NiCrBSi Coatings, Surf. Coat. Technol., 2006, vol. 200, pp. 6854–6862.
De Oliveira, U., Ocelik, V., and De Hosson, J.Th.M., Microstresses and Microstructure in Thick Cobalt-Based Laser Deposited Coatings, Surf. Coat. Technol., 2007, vol. 201, no. 14, pp. 6363–6371.
Cui, C., Guo, Z., Liu, Y., et al., Characteristics of Cobalt-Based Alloy Coating on Tool Steel Prepared by Powder Feeding Laser Cladding, Opt. Laser Technol., 2007, vol. 39, pp. 1544–1550.
Vengrinovich, V.L., Astapchik, S.A., Babushkin, V.B., et al., Features of Nondestructive Testing of Structural Zones of Laser Strengthening, Fiz. Khim. Obrab. Mater., 1984, no. 6, pp. 10–15.
Mal’ko, I.I., Zatsepin, N.N., and Maksimkov, V.E., Eddy-Current Testing of the Depth of Laser-Strengthened Layer on Articles Made of Steels X12M, 45, у10, and IIIX15, Defektoskopiya, 1989, no. 1, pp. 95–96.
Morgner, W. and Reuter, M., Prüfung Lasergehärteter Oberflächen mit dem Wirtbelstromverfahren, Neue Hütte, 1989, vol. 34, no. 6, pp. 213–214.
Schneider, D. and Brenner, B., Zerstörungsfreie Bestimmung der Einhärtungstiefe des Lasergehärteten Stahls X20Cr13 mit Ultraschall-Oberflächenwellen, Neue Hütte, 1989, vol. 34, no. 10, pp. 374–378.
Gorkunov, E.S., Somova, V.M., Makarov, A.V., et al., Magnetic and Electromagnetic Methods for Estimating the Wear Resistance of Steel Products, Defektoskopiya, 1995, no. 6, pp. 33–39.
Makarov, A.V., Gorkunov, E.S., Kogan, L.Kh., et al., Features of Electromagnetic Methods for Testing the Wear Resistance of Medium-Carbon Structural Steel Subjected to Laser or Bulk Hardening and Tempering, Defektoskopiya, 2006, no. 7, pp. 28–39 [Rus. J. Nondestr. Test. (Engl. Transl.), 2006, vol. 42, no. 7, 443–451].
Makarov, A.V., Gorkunov, E.S., Kogan, L.Kh., et al., Eddy-Current and Coercive-Force Testing of Abrasion-Resistant Ball Bearing Steel IIIX15 Subjected to Laser and Bulk Thermal Processing, Defektoskopiya, 2006, no. 10, pp. 3–16 [Rus. J. Nondestr. Test. (Engl. Transl.), 2006, vol. 42, no. 10, 639–647].
Grigor’yants, A.G., Safonov, A.N., Shibaev, V.V., et al., Laser Cladding of Internal-Combustion Engine Valve Faces, Svar. Proizvod., 1984, no. 5, p. 20.
Dorofeev, A.L., Induktsionnaya strukturoskopiya (Induction Structuroscopy), Moscow: Energiya, 1973.
Samsonov, G.V. and Vinitskii, I.M., Tugoplavkie soedineniya (Refractory Compounds), Moscow: Metallurgiya, 1976.
Dyakin, V.V. and Sandovskii, V.A., Teoriya i raschet nakladnykh vikhretokovykh preobrazovatelei (Theory and Calculation of Attachable Eddy-Current Transducers), Moscow: Nauka, 1981.
Sandovskii, V.A. and Nosal’skaya, N.I., On Measuring the Specific Electrical Conductivity and Magnetic Permeability by Attachable Eddy-Current Transducers, Defektoskopiya, 1991, no. 12, pp. 44–48.
Gorkunov, E.S., Kogan, L.Kh., Morozova, V.M., and Baraz, E.M., Eddy-Current Testing of the Quality of Tempering of “Thin-Sheet” Components Made of Carbon Steels at Varying Carbon Contents, Defektoskopiya, 1993, no. 3, pp. 62–66.
Makarov, A.V., Schastlivtsev, V.M., Gorkunov, E.S., et al., Possibilities of Nondestructive Testing of Physicomechanical Characteristics of Hypereutectoid Carbon Steels with Structures of Isothermal Austenite Decomposition, Defektoskopiya, 2002, no. 10, pp. 62–86 [Rus. J. Nondestr. Test. (Engl. Transl.), 2002, vol. 38, no. 10, 767–787].
Kogan, L.Kh., Nichipuruk, A.P., and Gavrilova, L.D., Effect of the Carbon Content on the Magnetic and Electric Properties of Thermally Treated Carbon Steels and the Possibilities of Testing the Quality of Tempering of Articles Produced from Them via the Eddy-Current Method, Defektoskopiya, 2006, no. 9, pp. 72–90 [Rus. J. Nondestr. Test. (Engl. Transl.), 2006, vol. 42, no. 9, 616–629].
Gorkunov, E.S., Savrai, R.A., Makarov, A.V., et al., Application of the Eddy-Current Method for Assessing Stored Plastic Deformation and Residual Mechanical Properties after Cyclic Loading of Annealed Medium-Carbon Steel, Defektoskopiya, 2007, no. 4, pp. 24–30 [Rus. J. Nondestr. Test. (Engl. Transl.), 2007, vol. 43, no. 4, 228–233].
Makarov, A.V., Savrai, R.A., Gorkunov, E.S., et al., Effect of Friction-Induced Hardening on the Features of Magnetic and Eddy-Current Behavior of Annealed Structural Steel under Cyclic Loading Conditions, Defektoskopiya, 2008, no. 7, pp. 74–92 [Rus. J. Nondestr. Test. (Engl. Transl.), 2008, vol. 44, no. 7, 496–508].
Bakunov, A.S., Muzhitskii, V.F., and Shubochkin, S.E., A Modern Solution to Problems of Eddy-Current Structuroscopy, Defektoskopiya, 2004, no. 5, pp. 79–84 [Rus. J. Nondestr. Test. (Engl. Transl.), 2004, vol. 40, no. 5, 346–349].
Makarov, A.V., Gorkunov, E.S., and Kogan, L.Kh., Application of the Eddy-Current Method for Estimating the Wear Resistance of Hydrogen-Alloyed β-Titanium Alloy BT35, Defektoskopiya, 2007, no. 1, pp. 27–33 [Rus. J. Nondestr. Test. (Engl. Transl.), 2007, vol. 43, no. 1, 21–26].
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Original Russian Text © A.V. Makarov, E.S. Gorkunov, I.Yu. Malygina, L.Kh. Kogan, R.A. Savrai, A.L. Osintseva, 2009, published in Defektoskopiya, 2009, Vol. 45, No. 11, pp. 68–78.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Makarov, A.V., Gorkunov, E.S., Malygina, I.Y. et al. Eddy-current testing of the hardness, wear resistance, and thickness of coatings prepared by gas-powder laser cladding. Russ J Nondestruct Test 45, 797–805 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1134/S1061830909110060
Received:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1134/S1061830909110060