Abstract
The management of coastal aquifers requires careful planning of withdrawal strategies for control and remediation of saltwater intrusion. Over exploitation of groundwater in coastal aquifers may result in intrusion of saltwater. Prediction and control of future saltwater distribution in coastal aquifer may be possible by simulating the processes with utilizing mathematical models. The groundwater resources in North Sinai area are affected by salt water up-coming due to over-pumping phenomenon beside seawater intrusion. The objective of this study was to apply mathematical modeling techniques for water resource management in salt-affected ecosystems. The study area is located in the northern coastal zone of Sinai Peninsula of Egypt and covers about 1750 km2. The methodological approach to simulate the groundwater flow is based on the mathematical modeling techniques with applying 3-D finite element software (FEFLOW model). Three management scenarios are applied to predict the drawdown of groundwater levels under different extraction rates and seawater intrusion phenomenon. In addition, the methodology of seawater intrusion study and calibration was based on applying two-dimensional finite element simulation (SWI) code. The results of groundwater flow simulation show optimum groundwater extractions 26 × 106 m3/year from the cultivated areas. Moreover, simulation results indicate that the seawater/freshwater interface will migrate, after 15 years, at the distance of 5.5 km landward from its initial position if the present groundwater production policy (19 × 106 m3/year) continues operating in the area. To conserve the Quaternary Aquifer in North Sinai coastal Area (QANSA) storage for longer time, it is recommended to reduce the number of the pumping wells (<300 wells) as well as the initial and running time (does not exceed 10 h), and to achieve the objective of implementing the developing policy without any increase (500 m3/day/well). It is highly recommended to carry out geophysical exploration study and to construct monitoring network to verify the results of the applied model.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Abd El-Aal, G., The ground water conditions in the area from Rommana to Bir El Abd, especially the area south of Rabaa Village, Northwestern Sinai Peninsula, A.R.E, M. Sc. Thesis, Cairo Univ., Geol. Dept., Fac. Sci., 1992, p. 145.
Abdel-Gawad, H.A., Multi-objective management of heterogeneous coastal aquifer, Mansoura Eng. J., 2004, vol. 29, no. 4, pp. 1–14.
Bear, J., Hydraulics of Groundwater, N.Y.: McGraw-Hill, 1979.
Black, C., Methods of Soil Analysis, Madison: Am. Soc. Agron. Inc. Publ., 1973, p. 137.
Cheng, J.M. and Chen, C.X., Three-dimensional modeling of density dependent saltwater intrusion in multilayered coastal aquifers in Jahe River basin, Shandong province, China, Ground Water, 2001, vol. 39, no. 1, pp. 137–143.
Cooper, H.H. and Jacob, C.E., A generalized graphical method for evaluating formation constants and summarizing well field history, Am. Geophys. Union. Trans., 1946, vol. 27, pp. 526–534.
Dames, Moore, Agricultural and Water Investigations of Sinai, Final report performed by the Desert Institute and submitted to the Advisory Committee for Reconstruction, Ministry of Development and New Communities, Arab Republic of Egypt, 1981.
Dhar, A. and Datta, B., Multi-objective management of saltwater intrusion in coastal aquifers using linked simulation optimization-methodology development and performance evaluation, J. Hydrol. Eng., 2009, vol. 14, no. 12, pp. 1263–1272.
El-Kashouty, M., El-Sayed, M.H., El-Godamy, Y., Gad, M., and Mansour, M., Characterization of the aquifer system in the northern Sinai Peninsula, Egypt, J. Environ. Chem. Ecotoxicol., 2010, vol. 4, no. 3, pp. 41–63.
El-Osta, M., Hydrological studies on the area between El Qantara and Bir El Abd, North Sinai, Egypt, M. Sc. Thesis, Cairo, Egypt: Minufiya Univ., Fac. Sci., 2000.
El-Ghandour, H.A.A., Analysis andmoptimization of saltwater intrusion in coastal aquifers, Unpublished PhD. Thesis, El-Mansoura Univ., Faculty of Eng., Irrig., and Hydraulic Dept., 2005, p. 161.
El-Ghazawi, M.M., Hydrogeological studies inm-North East Sinai-Egypt, Unpublished PhD. Thesis, El Mansoura Univ., Faculty of Sci., 1989, p. 290.
El-Said, M., Geochemistry of groundwater in the area between El Qantara and El Arish, North Sinai, PhD. Thesis, Egypt, Cairo: Ain Shams Univ., Fac. Sci., 1994.
El Shazly, E.M., Abdel-Hady, M.A., El Ghawaby, M.A., El Kassas, I.A., and El Shazly, M.M., Geology of Sinai Peninsula from ERTS-1 Satellite Images, Remote Sensing Research Project, Egypt, Cairo: Acad. of Sci. Res. and Technol., 1974.
El Tablawi, E.M.S., Sea water intrusion in the coastal aquifer between Rafah and El Sheikh Zuwayid, North Sinai and its impact on the surrounding environment, M. Sc. Thesis, Egypt, Cairo: National and Biol. Sci. Department, Inst. Environ. Studies and Res., Ain Shams Univ., 1997, p. 198.
Eweida, E.A., Effect of rainfall and runoff on the flushing groundwater in Wadi El Arish delta, Sinai, Egypt, Sci., Monthly Magazine, Water Res. Center, Water Sci., 1993, vol. 13, pp. 12–18.
FEFLOW v. 5.301 software, http://www.wasy.de
Guvanasen, V., Wade, S.C., and Barcelo, M.D., Simulation of regional groundwater flow and saltwater intrusion in Hernando county, Florida, Ground Water, 2000, vol. 38, no. 5, pp. 772–783.
Gad, M.I., El Sheikh, A.E.A., and El Maghraby, M.S., Application of mathematical modeling in the study of sea water intrusion in the coastal quaternary aquifer, Delta Wadi El Arish, Egypt, Egypt. J. Aquat. Res., 2009, vol. 35, no. 2, pp. 69–85.
Ghodeif, K. and Geriesh, M.H., Contamination of domestic groundwater supply of El-Arish City, North Sinai, Egypt, Proc. 7th Conf. Geol. Sinai Develop., Ismailia, 2007, pp. 171–188.
Helwa, M., Sinai Water Resources Maps, Final internal report to WRRI, Egypt, Cairo, 1993, p. 191.
Jenkins, D., Harms, J.C., and Oesleby, T.W., Mesozoic sediments of Gebel Maghara, North Sinai, Arab Republic of Egypt, The 6th Exploration Seminar, Egypt, E. G. P. Co. Cairo, 1982, p. 46.
Jennifer, L., James, H., Christopher, E., Barry, H., and William, H., Hydrogeology controls on groundwater recharge and salinization: a geochemical analysis of the northern Hueco Bolson aquifer, Texas, USA, Hydrogeol. J., 2008, vol. 16, pp. 281–296.
Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA), North Sinai Groundwater Resources Study in the Arab Republic of Egypt, Final report submitted to the Research Institute for Water Resources, Egypt, Cairo, Water Res. Center, Ministry of Public Works and Water Res., 1992, p. 214.
Kentel, E., Gill, H., and Aral, M.M., Evaluation of Groundwater Resources Potential of Savannah Georgia Region, Multimedia Environ. Simulations Laboratory, Rep. no. MESL-01-05, 2005.
Mahesha, A., Steady-state effect of fresh water injection on sea water intrusion, J. Irrigation Drainage Eng., ASCE, 1996, vol. 122, no. 5, pp. 266–271.
Pavlov, H.L. and El Ayuti, M., Groundwater of the Sinai Peninsula, Bull. Inst. Desert, Egypt, 1961.
Nobi, N. and Gupta, A.D., Simulation of regional flow and salinity intrusion in an integrated stream aquifer system in a coastal region: southwest region of Bangladesh, Groundwater, 1997, vol. 35, no. 5, pp. 786–796.
Philip, J.R., The theory of infiltration, 1: The infiltration equation and its solution, Soil Sci., 1957, vol. 83, pp. 345–357.
Raghunath, H.M., Hydrology. Principles. Analysis. Design. New Age International, India: Limited, Publishers, 1997, p. 486.
Richter, B. and Kreeitler, C., Geochemical Techniques for Identifying Sources of Groundwater Salinization, FL: CRC, Boca raton, 1993, p. 258.
Rizk, Z.S., El Shamy, I.Z., Zaghloul, S., and Seleem, A.S., Prediction of salt-water intrusion at El-Arish-Rafah area, Proc. 4th Conf. Geol. Sinai Develop., Ismailia, 1995, p. 171–188.
Saad, K.F., Report on Hydrology of Groundwater in Wadi El Arish, North Sinai, Egypt, Egypt, Cairo, Intern. rep., Desert Inst., 1962, p. 36 (in Arabic).
Saad, K.F., El Shamy, I.Z., and Sewidan, A.S., Quantitative analysis of the geomorphology and hydrogeology of Sinai Peninsula, The 5th conf. African Geol., Cairo, Egypt, 1980, p. 19.
Saafan, T.A., Mathematical solution of sea water intrusion into fresh water in unconfined coastal aquifers, 5th Int. Conf. “Environ. Protection is A Must”, Alexandria, 1995, pp. 497–509.
Said, R., The Geology of Egypt, Elsevier, 1962.
Said, R., The Geology of Egypt, Potterdam: Brookfield, 1990.
Shata, A.A., The geology and geomorphology of El-Qusayima area, northeast Sinai, Egypt, Bull. Soc. Geograph., Egypt, 1960, pp. 95–146.
Sherif, M.M., Singh, V.P., and Amer, A.M., A twodimensional finite element model for dispersion (2D-FED) in coastal aquifer, J. Hydrol., 1988, vol. 103, pp. 11–36.
Sleem, M.A., Hydrological study on the Quaternary aquifer in El-Arish-Rafah area, Sinai peninsula, Egypt, M. Sc. Thesis, Asuit Branch, Al-Azhar Univ., Fac. Sci., 2009, p. 244.
Taha, A.A.M., Geology of the groundwater supplies of El Arish-Rafah area, northeast Sinai, U.A.R., M. Sc. Thesis, Egypt, Cairo Univ., Fac. Sci., 1968, p. 129.
Williams, J., Salt balance in the Rio Grande project from San Marcial, New Mexico, to Fort Quitman, Texas, M. Sc. Thesis, Las Cruces, N.M.: New Mexico State Univ., 2001.
Wilson, J. and Guan, H., Mountain block hydrology and mountain front recharge, Groundwater Recharge in a Desert Environment: the Southwestern United States, Hogan, J.F., Phillips, F.M., and Scanlon, B.R., Eds., Washington, DC: AGU, 2004, pp. 113–137.
Zhou, X., Chen, M., Ju, X., Ning, X., and Wang, J., Numerical simulation of sea water intrusion near Beihai, China, Environ. Geol., 2000, vol. 40, nos. 1–2, pp. 223–233.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
The article is published in the original.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Gad, M.I., Khalaf, S. Management of groundwater resources in arid areas case study: North Sinai, Egypt. Water Resour 42, 535–552 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1134/S0097807815040053
Received:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1134/S0097807815040053