Draft Genome Sequences of Eight Campylobacter volucris Isolates from Freshwater Sources in Victoria, Australia

Campylobacter spp. can survive and be transmitted from a range of environments. Here, we examine eight draft genome sequences of Campylobacter volucris, identified as part of an examination of waterborne Campylobacter species. This is the first report of environmental survival of C. volucris outside gull species.

C ampylobacter-associated infection is often spread to humans via consumption of poultry, beef, lamb, or pork products (1). However, there are increasing reports of environmental pathways (water, soil) to disease transmission (2)(3)(4)(5). Campylobacter species can be introduced into these environments through direct defecation by zoonotic disease vectors (e.g., birds, dogs, livestock). For example, sampling of the cloaca of black-headed gulls (Larus ridibundus) in Sweden revealed carriage of a Campylobacter lari-like strain (6). Further DNA analysis identified the bacterium to be a distinct Campylobacter species, Campylobacter volucris. To date, C. volucris has been minimally reported within the literature, with eight published genome sequences primarily associated with black-headed gulls (7).
In this study, waterborne strains were isolated from five freshwater locations across Greater Melbourne (Table 1). The samples underwent membrane filtration onto 0.45mm cellulose nitrate filters (Sartorius, Germany). Isolation was undertaken as described in Australian/New Zealand standard 4276.19:2001 (AS/NZS, 2001), with membranes placed into 25 ml Preston broth and resuscitated aerobically for 2 h at 37°C, prior to the addition of Campylobacter selective supplement (Oxoid, UK) and microaerobic incubation (5% O 2 , 10% CO 2 , and 85% N 2 ) for 48 h at 42°C. Postenrichment (48 h at 42°C), 2 ml of each sample was plated onto modified charcoal-cefoperazone deoxycholate agar (CCDA)-Preston medium and incubated for 48 h at 42°C (Oxoid). The colonies underwent biochemical confirmation using the Oxoid Biochemical Identification System (OBIS) Campy kit, followed by selection on horse blood agar (HBA) (Oxoid) and microaerophilic growth for 48 h at 42°C.
Genomic DNA was extracted using the RBC genomic DNA extraction kit (Real Biotech, Taiwan). The DNA quality and quantity were assessed using a Qubit fluorometer (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA) following the manufacturer's instructions. Sequencing libraries were prepared using 1 ng DNA for the Nextera XT kit (Illumina, USA) and 100 ng DNA for the MGIEasy DNA FS kit (MGI, China). Sequencing of the Nextera XT libraries was conducted on the NextSeq 500 platform (Illumina) using v2 2 Â 150-bp paired-end (PE) chemistry, while the MGI libraries underwent sequencing on an MGITech DNBSEQ-G400 (MGI) instrument using the 150PE DNBSEQ highthroughput sequencing set FCL v2 chemistry (MGI). Sequence data were quality processed, analyzed, and de novo assembled using the tools within the Nullarbor v2.0 pipeline (8). Default parameters were applied to all software contained therein unless otherwise specified.
The draft genome sequence and assembly statistics are provided in Table 1. De novo assembly achieved an overall coverage of 135Â (643Â), with the strains having an average GC content of 31% (62%) and size of 1.5 Mb (662 kb). These characteristics are similar to those previously reported for C. volucris isolates. This study reports the draft genome sequence for eight C. volucris isolates from waterways in Victoria, Australia; this is the first non-host-associated isolation of this species. Thus, this report extends our understanding of the genetic diversity within the species and is the first demonstration that this organism has the capacity to exist in environmental waters. We also note that black-headed gulls are not part of the indigenous fauna of the region, indicating a broader avian host range, possibility associated with other waterfowl species.
Data availability. The genome sequences and raw data have been deposited in GenBank within BioProject accession number PRJNA660282, under the accession numbers outlined in Table 1.