Original paper

Agrarwirtschaftlich bedingte Vegetationsbereicherung und -verarmung in historischer Sicht

Burrichter, Ernst; Hüppe, Joachim; Pott, Richard

Phytocoenologia Band 23 Heft 1-4 (1993), p. 427 - 447

53 references

published: Dec 15, 1993

DOI: 10.1127/phyto/23/1993/427

BibTeX file

ArtNo. ESP024002300023, Price: 29.00 €

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Kurzfassung

Die Entwicklung des Ackerbaus seit dem Neolithikum und seine Ausdehnung nach Mitteleuropa wird in groben Zügen dargestellt. Da Werdegang und Wandel der Ackerunkrautvegetation eng und unabdingbar mit den Entwicklungsphasen des Ackerbaus verknüpft sind, werden auch diese in ihrer zeitlichen Abfolge vom Neolithikum bis in die Jetztzeit beschrieben. Es wird die geringe Differenzierung und Armut an Vegetationseinheiten in der geschlossenen Waldlandschaft vor Eingriff des Menschen zugrundegelegt. Dieser Periode folgt die Periode der Extensivnutzung mit primitiver Feldgraswirtschaft (Phase 1) und später Plaggen- bzw. Dreifelderwirtschaft (Phase 2) in vorgeschichtlicher und mittelalterlicher Zeit, die eine starke Differenzierung und Bereicherung der Vegetation zur Folge hatte. Ihr schließt sich die Periode der Intensivwirtschaft in der Neuzeit (Phasen 3 und 4) an, die mit einer Entdifferenzierung und Verarmung der Vegetation verbunden ist.

Abstract

By means of ecological interpretation of archaeobotanical data, the origin and development of anthropo-zoogenous vegetation from the beginning of human interference at a turning point of the mesolithic to the neolithic period up to the development of a modern agricultural landscape are described. The ecological changes during the transformation of natural woodlands into cultural landscape with its specific variety of anthropogenic biotopes are discussed. Four important periods are distinguished: first, a primitive kind of field grass farming, lasting many thousands of years until the Middle Ages; second, the socalled "tree field farming" resp. a farming on plaggen soils in the Pleistocene landscapes; third, the beginning of intensive farming since the introduction of mineral fertilizers; fourth, the modern methods of agriculture since the early fifties of this century. In the first two periods the changes of farming methods are accompanied by enrichment and differentiation of vegetation types, especially those closely related to agricultural activities. The studies of vegetation history and integration of the activities of ancient man with this specific land-use on extensive base provide a recent and ancient picture of the old-fashioned landscape. Due to extensive cultivation the number of anthropogenic biotopes and of seminatural plant associations whose existence depended on specific anthropo-zoogenic factors arose, and the diversity of the flora and vegetation increased. However, since intensive agriculture became spread more widely, a remarkable impoverishment and uniformation of vegetation types takes place simultaneously with the extinction of some species.

Keywords

vegetation historyagriculture development