1. G Deleuze ‘The rise of the social’ at p xvii, foreword to J Donzelot The Policing of Families (trans R Hurley) (London: Hutchinson, 1979).

2. Although governmentality studies are not evaluative, the identification of failure, linked to attempts to devise or propose programmes to govern better, is a central element in such analyses: P Miller and N Rose ‘Governing economic life’ (1989) Economy and Society 1, 4.

3. Rose, N and Miller, P Political power beyond the state: problematics of government’ (1992) 43 British Journal of Sociology 173, l90.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

4. (1992) 43 British Journal of Sociology 173, 191.

5. Cowan, for example, has posed the question, ‘what is social about social housing?’ - a question to which there it was suggested that there are no easy answers: D Cowan Housing Law and Policy (Basingstoke: MacMillan, 1999) ch 6. For those working within Foucauldian understandings, the ‘social’ is denoted as a ‘terrain’ of government (Rose and Miller, above n 3).

6. See N Rose Powers of Freedom: Reframing Political Thought (Cambridge: CUP, 1999) (hereafter ‘Rose’) ch 3.

7. M Foucault ‘Governmentality’ in G Burchell, C Gordon and P Miller (eds) The Foucault Effect: Studies in Governmentality (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1991).

8. The term ‘advanced liberal’ appears in Rose, above n 6, ch 4, to reflect a ‘new diagram of the relation between government, expertise and subjectivity’ built around economic lines and dependent on ‘the universal human faculty of choice’ (at p 141).

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11. Above n 7, at p 99.

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14. Technologies of rule are the techniques of government, often mundane, through which governmental programmes are implemented - see Miller and Rose, above n 2, pp 183–184.

15. Miller and Rose, above n 2, p 179.

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18. Rose at p 118;see also Walters' analysis of the factory legislation as mutating from the moral to the social during the nineteenth century: Unemployment and Government (Cambridge: CUP, 2000) pp 15–17.

19. Walters, above n 18, p 51.

20. See eg T Osborne ‘Security and vitality: drains liberalism and power in the nineteenth century’ in A Barry, N Rose and T Osborne (eds) Foucault and Political Reason: Liberalism, Neo-Liberalism and Rationalities of Government (London: UCL, 1996).

21. See Osborne, T and Rose, N, ‘Governing cities: notes on the spatialisation of virtue’ (1999) 17 Environment and Planning D: Society and Space 737, 745. The various publications on the state and condition of housing are key factors - ‘a long succession of works whose literary merit and statistical accuracy may have varied, but whose cumulative influence was considerable’: E Gauldie, above n 17, at p .CrossRefGoogle Scholar

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23. See the dialogue between police inspectors responsible for lodging houses and the Commissioners: The Royal Commission on the Housing of the Working Classes, Vol II: Minutes of Evidence, C-4402–1(London: Eyre & Spottiswoode, 1885)pp 135–142.

24. Rose p 123.

25. Above n 23, p 297.

26. G Procacci, ‘Social economy and the government of poverty’ in G Burchell, C Gordon and P Miller (eds) The Foucault Effect: Studies in Governmentality(Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1991) p 160.

27. The relationship between social housing and the welfare state is not symmetrical, and the histories differ significantly at different points. There is insufficient space in this article to discuss this (contested) relationship: see P Malpass ‘The wobbly pillar? Housing and the British postwar welfare state’ (2003) 32 JSP 589; P Malpass, ‘Fifty years of British housing policy: leaving or leading the welfare state?’, (2004) 4 European Journal of Housing Policy 209; cf I Cole and R Furbey The Eclipse of Council Housing (London: Routledge, 1994).

28. Rose and Miller, op cit n 3, at p 192.

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31. W Beveridge, Social Insurunce and Allied Services (London: HMSO, 1944) pp 67.

32. Above n 31, at p 12.

33. A Power Property, before People: The Management of Twentieth Century Council Housing (London: Allen & Unwin, 1987) p 66.

34. Above n 18, p 76.

35. We take the term normative need from the influential discussion in J Bradshaw ‘The concept of social need’ (1972) 30 New Society 640. Bradshaw identifies four types of need: normative, felt, expressed and comparative.

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39. Ministry of Health Housing (London: HMSO, 1920) p 2.

40. P Kemp and P Williams, ‘Housing management: an historical perspective’ in D Hughes and S Lowe (eds), A New Century for Municipal Housing (Leicester: University of Leicester Press, 1991) p 128.

41. Kemp and Williams, above n 40, p 129; see also J Burnett A Social History of Housing 1915–1985 (London: Methuen, 1986) p 238, who refers to social surveys of London County Council tenants which categorised tenants across their employment status and standing; A Holmans Housing Policy in Britain (London: Croom Helm, 1987) pp 175 et seq contains evidence about family incomes of these council tenants. This ‘disastrous and inequitable consequence’ was doubly so because ‘they got them … with the assistance of a subvention from the other members of the community’: Bowley, above n 22, p 130.

42. Burnett, above n 41, p 42.

43. Ministry of Health 11th Annual Report 1929–30 Cmd 3667 (London: HMSO, 1930).A differential rents scheme required better off households to pay more to subsidise those less well off.

44. Ministry of Health 12th Annual Report 1930–31 Cmd 3937 (London: HMSO, 1931) p 97.

45. Report ofthe Committee on Locul Expenditure (England and Wales), Cmd 4200 (London: HMSO, 1932).

46. Few local authorities had conducted surveys of their tenants' incomes by 1933 - those who had found that ‘a very small number of tenants were in a position to pay a higher rent’: Ministry of Health 14th Annual report 1932–1933, Cmd 4372 (London: HMSO, 1933.

47. At para 95.

48. Ministry of Health, 15th Annual Report 1933–1934 Cmd 4664 (London: HMSO, 1934) p 160.

49. Effected by alterations to the subsidy system introduced in the Housing Act 1930 and the Housing (Financial Provisions) Act 1933.

50. Ministry of Health, above n 48, p 161.

51. Holmans, above n 41, p 178.

52. S Schifferes ‘Council tenants and housing policy in the 1930s: the contradictions of’ state intervention’ in M Edwards, F Gray, S Merrett and J Swann (eds) Housing and Class in Britain (London: Russell Press, 1976) p 66.

53. Kemp and Williams, at p 130.

54. See eg the Tudor Walters Report, Cd 9191 (London: HMSO, 1918).

55. Section 24.

56. Ministry of Health The Management of Municipal Housing Estates Report of the House Management and Housing Associations Sub-committee of the Central Housing Advisory Committee (London: HMSO, 1938) p 10 (emphasis added).

57. Ibid, p 19, in the context of whether women should be employed by councils as housing managers as advocated by Hill.

58. Ibid, p 20.

59. F Gray ‘The management of local authority housing’, in M Edwards, F Gray, S Merrett and J Swann (eds) Housing and Class in Britain (London: Russell Press, 1976)p 84.

60. C Bedale ‘Property relations and housing policy: Oldham in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries’ in J Melling, Housing, Social Policy and the State (London: Croom Helm, 1980) p 67.

61. Donzelot, above n 1, p 40.

62. Above n 56, p 19.

63. S Darner ‘A note on housing allocation’ in M Edwards, F Gray, S Merrett and J Swann (eds) Housing and Class in Britain (London: Russell Press, 1976) p 73.

64. S Darner and R Madigan ‘The housing investigator’ (1974) New Society, 25 July, p 226.

65. J Macey and C Baker Housing Management (London: Estates Gazette, 1965) p 215, cited in Power, above n 33, p 97.

66. Third Report of the Housing Management Sub-committee of the Central Housing Advisory Committee, Selection of Tenants and Transfers and Exchanges (London: HMSO, 1949) paras 7 and 15–24.

67. Ibid, para 32.

68. Ibid, paras 30–35.

69. Ibid, para 36.

70. Third Report, above n 66, paras 38–39.

71. Holmans, above n 41, p 181.

72. Ministry of Housing and Local Government, Councils and their Houses: Management of Estates, Eighth report of the Housing Management Sub-committee of the Central Housing Advisory Committee (London: HMSO, 1959) para 7 (original emphasis).

73. Central Housing Advisory Committee, Council Housing: Purposes, Procedures, Priorities (London: HMSO, 1969) para 91.

74. Ibid, para 61.

75. Central Housing Advisory Committee, above n 73, p 196.

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80. See the classic J Henderson and V Karn Race, Class and State Housing: Inequality and the Allocation of Public Housing in Britain (Aldershot: Cower, 1987).

81. S Smith The Politics of ‘Race’ and Residence (Cambridge: Polity, 1989) p 36.

82. Jeffers, S and Hoggett, P Like counting deckchairs on the Titanic: a study of institutional racism and housing allocations in Haringey and Lambeth’ (1995) 10 Housing Studies 325.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

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87. F Gray, ‘Consumption: council house management’ in S Merrett State Housing in Britain (London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1979) p 207.

88. D Cowan, Homelessness:The (In-)Appropriate Applicant (Aldershot:Dartmouth, 1997).

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93. A Bottoms and P Wiles, ‘Housing tenure and residential community crime careers in Britain’ in A Reiss and M Tonry (eds) Crime and Justice: A Review of Research - Communities and Crime (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1986) p 103.

94. Eg A Coleman Utopia on Trial: Vision and Reality in Planned Housing (London: Hilary Shipman, 1985).

95. See the discussion in I Cole and R Furbey The Eclipse of Council Housing (London: Routledge, 1994) pp 213–215.

96. L Johnston and C Shearing, Governing Security: Explorations in Policing and Justice (London: Routledge, 2003) p 70.

97. Rose p 139.

98. Rose p 84.

99. Rose p 150.

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107. See M Power, The Audit Society: Rituals of Verification (Oxford: OUP, 1997).

108. See E Ferlie, L Ashburner, L Fitzgerald and A Pettigrew, The New Public Management in Action (Oxford: OUP, 1996) and its translation in the housing context in R Walker ‘New public management and housing associations: from comfort to competition’ (1998) 26 Policy and Politics 71; R Walker ‘The changing management of social housing: The impact of externalisation and managerialisation’ (2000) 15 Housing Studies 281.

109. The notion of a social housing product was first mooted in DoE, More Choice in the Social Rented Sector (London: DoE, 1995); although used subsequently, the term was only partially adopted.

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115. See W Walters Unemployment and government: Genealogies of the Social (Cambridge: CUP, 2000) ch 6.

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119. See generally the Anti-Social Behaviour Act 2003.

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124. See A Marsh, D Cowan, A Cameron, M Jones, C Kiddle and C Whitehead Piloting Choice Based Lettings: An Evaluation (London: ODPM, 2004).

125. Rose p 87.

126. DETR/DSS, above n 123, para 9.6. In the subsequent White Paper, these claims were modified to the belief that choice will’ help to create sustainablecommunities' and would enable ‘better use of the national housing stock’: DETR Quality and Choice: A Decent Homefor All, The Way Forward for Housing (London: DETR, 2001) para 6.4.

127. Above n 123, at para 9.16.

128. See the Homelessness Act 2002 and the Code of Guidance, ODPM, Allocation of Accommodation: Code of Guidance for Local Housing Authorities (London: ODPM, 2002).

129. Above n 123, para 9.33.

130. Pawson and Kintrea, above n 85, p 661.

131. See Eg J Cullingworth Problems of an Urban Society, Vol2:the Content of Planning (London: Allen & Unwin, 1973) p 54, referring to LAC 41/67 in which the Ministry of Housing and Local Government suggested that tenants should’ sofar as possible be offered a choice of accommodation at varying rent levels'.

132. D Page, above n 114; cf I Cole, G Gidley, C Ritchie, D Simpson and B Wishart, Creating Communities or Welfare Housing? A Study of New Housing Association Developments in Yorkshire and Humberside (Coventry: CIH, 1996).

133. The Green Paper, above n 123, para 9.29, acknowledged this interaction: ‘Labels could therefore be used to impose restrictions on access to a property under a local lettings policy, for example in order to correct a significant social imbalance such as an excessive child density on certain estates.’.

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