Hostname: page-component-848d4c4894-pftt2 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-04-30T20:55:34.227Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Are European Election Campaigns Europeanized? The Case of the Party of European Socialists in 2009

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  02 January 2013

Abstract

In the past, European election campaigns have been fought primarily at national level, organized and led by national parties. The European political parties had neither the financial nor the organizational means to lead pan-European election campaigns. The June 2009 elections, however, highlighted a different and potentially significant trend: new EU regulations provided for the direct financing of European political parties, allowing them to campaign directly in the elections. It is argued that these developments could lead to the Europeanization of European elections campaigns. This article applies the concept of Europeanization to the election campaigns of the Party of European Socialists and three of its member parties: the British Labour Party, the French Socialist Party and the German Social Democrats, creating an ideal-type model of Europeanization. It concludes that in the three cases Europeanization is still in its infancy.

Type
Articles
Copyright
Copyright © The Author(s) 2011.

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

2 See Reif, Karlheinz and Schmitt, Hermann, ‘Nine Second-Order National Elections. A Conceptual Framework for the Analysis of European Election Results’, European Journal of Political Research, 8 (1980), pp. 344 CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Ferrara, Federico and Weishaupt, J. Timo, ‘Get Your Act Together: Party Performance in European Parliament Elections’, European Union Politics, 5 (2004), pp. 283306 CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Schmitt, Hermann, ‘The European Parliament Elections of June 2004: Still Second-Order?’, West European Politics, 28 (2005), pp. 650–79CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Hix, Simon and Marsh, Michael, ‘Punishment or Protest? Understanding European Parliament Elections’, Journal of Politics, 69 (2007), pp. 495510 CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Mark Franklin, ‘European Elections and the European Voter’, in Jeremy Richardson (ed.), European Union: Power and Policy-Making, 3rd edn, Routledge, 2006, pp. 227–44.

3 Federica Bicchi, Jean Blondel and Palle Svensson, ‘The European Parliament Campaign’, working paper, 2003, available at http://www.ucd.ie/dempart/brusselsconference/presentations/campaigntext.pdf; Jens Tenscher (ed.), Wahl-Kampf um Europa. Analysen aus Anlass der Wahlen zum Europäischen Parlament 2004, Wiesbaden, VS Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften, 2005; Carlson, Tom and Strandberg, Kim, ‘The 2004 European Parliament Election on the Web: Finnish Actor Strategies and Voter Responses’, Information Polity, 10 (2005), pp. 189204 Google Scholar; Oskar Niedermayer, ‘Europa als Randthema: Der Wahlkampf und die Wahlkampfstrategien der Parteien’, in Oskar Niedermayer and Hermann Schmitt (eds), Europawahl 2004, Wiesbaden, VS Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften, 2005, pp. 39–76; Maier, Michaela and Tenscher, Jens, ‘“Struggling for Voters”: European Campaigning in Germany’, Journal of Political Marketing, 8 (2009), pp. 2034 CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

4 Gerstlé, Jacques, ‘Campaign’, in Déloye, Yves and Bruter, Michael (eds), Encyclopaedia of European Elections, Basingstoke, Palgrave Macmillan, 2007, pp. 2730 Google Scholar.

5 The exceptions being: Stephen Day and Jo Shaw, ‘Transnational Political Parties’, in Richard Bellamy, Dario Castiglione and Jo Shaw (eds), Making European Citizens, Basingstoke and New York, Palgrave Macmillan, 2006, pp. 99–117; Kenneth Chan, ‘Central and Eastern Europe in the 2004 European Parliament Elections: A Not so European Event’, Sussex European Institute Working Paper 81 (Falmer, University of Sussex, 2005); Tapio Raunio, ‘Finland’, in Juliet Lodge (ed.), The 2004 Elections to the European Parliament, London, Palgrave Macmillan, 2005, pp. 100–16.

6 See Karl Magnus Johansson and Peter Zervakis, ‘Historical-Institutional Framework’, in Karl Magnus Johansson and Peter Zervakis (eds), European Political Parties Between Cooperation and Integration, Baden-Baden, Nomos, 2002.

7 See for example Marsh, Michael and Norris, Pippa, ‘Political Representation in the European Parliament’, European Journal of Political Research, 32 (1997), pp. 153–64CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

8 Hix, Simon, ‘The Emerging EC Party System?’, Politics, 13 (1993), pp. 3846 CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Ladrech, Robert, ‘Social Democratic Parties and EC Integration: Transnational Party Responses to Europe 1991’, European Journal of Political Research, 24 (1993), pp. 195210 CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

9 The author has conducted interviews with six PES officials and six officials from the British Labour Party, the PS and SPD between May and November 2009. Moreover, 17 interviews with Members of the European Parliament (MEPs) from the SPD, PS and Labour were conducted between 3 July 2009 and 3 February 2010 and five PES activists were interviewed in Berlin, London and Paris between June and December 2009. All interviews conducted in French or German have been translated by the author.

10 Claudio Radaelli, ‘Whither Europeanization? Concept stretching and Substantive Change’, European Integration Online Papers (EIoP), 4 (2000), no. 8, http://eiop.or.at/texte/2000-008a.htm.

11 Börzel, Tanja, ‘Pace-Setting, Foot-Dragging, and Fence-Sitting: Member State Responses to Europeanization’, Journal of Common Market Studies, 40 (2002), pp. 193214.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

12 Robert Ladrech, Social Democracy and the Challenge of the European Union, Boulder, CO, and London, Lynne Rienner Publishers, 2000; Ladrech, Robert, ‘Europeanization and Political Parties: Towards a Framework for Analysis’, Party Politics, 8 (2002), pp. 389403 CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Ladrech, Robert, ‘National Political Parties and European Governance: The Consequences of “Missing in Action”’, West European Politics, 30 (2007), pp. 945–60CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

13 Thomas Poguntke, Nicholas Aylott, Elizabeth Carter, Robert Ladrech and Kurt Richard Luther (eds), The Europeanization of National Political Parties: Power and Organizational Adaptation, London and New York, Routledge, 2007; Poguntke, Thomas, Aylott, Nicholas, Ladrech, Robert and Luther, Kurt Richard, ‘The Europeanisation of National Party Organisations: A Conceptual Analysis’, European Journal of Political Research, 46 (2007), pp. 747–71CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

14 Peter Mair, ‘Political Parties and Party Systems’, in Paolo Graziano and Martin P. Vink (eds), Europeanization: New Research Agendas, Houndmills, Palgrave Macmillan, 2007, pp. 154–66; Mair, Peter, ‘The Limited Impact of Europe on National Party Systems’, West European Politics, 23 (2000), pp. 2751 CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

15 See Ladrech, ‘Europeanization and Political Parties’, p. 396.

16 See Johansson, Karl Magnus and Raunio, Tapio, ‘Regulating Europarties: Cross-Party Coalitions Capitalizing on Incomplete Contracts’, Party Politics, 11 (2005) pp. 515–34CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

17 See Regulation (EC) No 2004/2003 of the European Parliament and the Council of 04/11/2003 [Official Journal C292 E, 1.12.2006].

18 See Lightfoot, Simon, ‘The Consolidation of Europarties? The “Party Regulation” and the Development of Political Parties in the European Union’, Representation, 42 (2006), p. 307 CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

19 Gerassimos Moschonas, In the Name of Social Democracy: The Great Transformation: 1945 to the Present, London and New York, Verso, 2002, p. 270.

20 The budgets 2006–8 are available on the website of the PES at http://www.pes.org/en/pes-action/pes-documents/other-documents, accessed 22 September 2009.

21 Christian Radler, ‘Europawahl 2009: Wie die Parteien im Web werben’, http://www.tagesschau.de, accessed 7 May 2009.

22 Maier and Tenscher, ‘“Struggling for Voters”’, p. 23.

23 ‘62 Millionen Euro: Steuerzahlerbund geißelt hohe Wahlkampfkosten’, Die Welt, 19 September 2009, http://www.welt.de/politik/bundestagswahl/article4569370/Steuerzahlerbund-geisselt-hohe-Wahlkampfkosten.html, accessed 19 October 2009.

24 Radler, ‘Europawahl 2009’.

25 Maier and Tenscher, ‘ “Struggling for Voters”’, p. 23.

26 For the Labour Party's 2009 European election campaign budget, see: http://www.electoralcommission.org.uk/__data/assets/pdf_file/0003/83460/Labour-partyreturn-2009.pdf.

27 Poul Nyrup Rasmussen, ‘European Elections: We Need More PES, Not Less PES’, blog entry on 8 June 2009, available at: http://www.pes.org/en/posts/europeanelections-we-need-more-pes-not-less-pes?pid=22646, accessed 9 September 2009.

28 See Moschonas, In the Name of Social Democracy, p. 275.

29 Simon Lightfoot, Europeanising Social Democracy? The Rise of the Party of European Socialists, Abingdon, Routledge, 2005, p. 73.

30 Brian Duggan, ‘Making Many Manifestos: The Drafting of Europe's Socialist Manifestoes for June 2009’, unpublished Master's thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science, August 2009, p. 11.

31 Patrick Wintour, ‘Gordon Brown Warns of Swing to Right’, Guardian, 14 May 2009.

32 Interviewed on 3 February 2010.

33 Interview with a Labour MEP candidate on 22 January 2010.

34 Interviewed on 7 October 2009.

35 See Gerassimos Moschonas, ‘Reformism in a “Conservative” System: The European Union and Social Democratic Identity’, in John Callaghan, Ina Fishman, Ben Jackson and Martin McIvor (eds), In Search of Social Democracy: Responses to Crisis and Modernisation, Manchester, Manchester University Press, 2009, p. 177.

36 See Tanja Wielgoß, PS und SPD im Europäischen Integrationsprozess, Baden-Baden, Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft, 2002, pp. 74–112.

37 Interviewed on 5 October 2009.

38 Interviewed on 7 October 2009.

39 Stefan Schultz, ‘Wahlkampfattacke: Forsche SPD-Plakate brüskieren FDP und Linke’, Der Spiegel, 25 April 2009.

40 See Wielgoß, PS und SPD im europäischen Integrationsprozess.

41 See ‘Cette fois, Aubry appelle au “Vote efficace”’, Libération, 18 May 2009.

42 Ian Budge, ‘Validating the Manifesto Research Group Approach: Theoretical Assumptions and Empirical Confirmations’, in Michael Laver (ed.), Estimating the Policy Position of Political Actors, London, Routledge, 2001, p. 51.

43 See Moschonas, In the Name of Social Democracy, p. 276.

44 These are the official numbers quoted on the PES website, http://old.manifesto2009.pes.org/en/whywedoit, accessed 8 September 2009.

45 Compass is a think tank affiliated with the Labour Party's left wing, and Compass Youth is their branch for young people.

47 See Duggan, ‘Making Many Manifestos’, p. 31.

48 See ibid., p. 32.

49 See Labour Party, ‘Winning the Fight for Britain's Future: European Elections 2009’, at http://www.labour.org.uk/uploads/e0e9e2d5-1437-8734-6d4e-8084302a2346.pdf.

50 Interview with EPLP official on 17 June 2010.

51 Interviewed on 24 November 2009.

52 Interview with Labour MEP candidate on 22 January 2010.

53 Interviewed on 27 January 2010.

54 SPD, ‘Europamanifest der Sozialdemokratischen Partei Deutschlands für die Wahlen zum Europäischen Parlament 2009’, http://www.spd.de/de/pdf/spezial/eurodel/081208_Europamanifest_2009_final.pdf.

55 Franz Müntefering, speech given at the adoption of the PES manifesto in 2008, http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XQjH4NPsSsg, accessed 18 October 2009.

56 Interviewed on 7 October 2009.

57 Interviewed on 15 June 2009.

58 Interviewed on 6 October 2009.

59 Interviewed on 10 June 2009.

60 For a critical discussion of the PS's internal divisions over the European Constitutional Treaty, see Crespy, Amandine, ‘Dissent over the European Constitutional Treaty within the French Socialist Party: Between Response to Anti-Globalization Protest and Intra-Party Tactics’, French Politics, 6 (2008), pp. 2344 CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

61 Interviewed on 5 October 2009.

62 Gabel, Matthew and Scheve, Kenneth, ‘Mixed Messages: Party Dissent and Mass Opinion on European Integration’, European Union Politics, 8 (2007), pp. 3759 CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

63 Hellström, Johan, ‘Partisan Responses to Europe: The Role of Ideology for National Parties' Positions on European Integration’, Journal of European Public Policy, 15 (2008), pp. 189207 CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

64 Ibid., p. 199.

65 Moschonas, In the Name of Social Democracy, p. 271.

66 A map listing all city groups and contact persons is available on the PES website, http://www.pes.org/en/pes-activists/city-groups, accessed 24 October 2009.

67 Poul Nyrup Rasmussen at the PES activists Form 2009 in Dublin, see http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ggn-uaU6f9Y, accessed 20 October 2009.

68 See Day and Shaw, ‘Transnational Political Parties’, pp. 110–11.

69 See ibid., p. 103.

70 Interviewed on 14 September 2009.

71 Interviewed on 22 January 2010.

72 See Lightfoot, Europeanising Social Democracy?, p. 7.

73 Juliet Roper, Christina Holtz-Bacha and Gianpietro Mazzoleni, The Politics of Representation: Election Campaigning and Proportional Representation, New York, Peter Lang, 2004.

74 Hix, Simon, What's Wrong with the European Union and How to Fix It, Cambridge, Polity Press, 2008 Google Scholar.

75 Jean-Christophe Cambadélis, ‘L'Obligation de la Refondation’, L'Hebdo des Socialistes, 534, 13 June 2009.

76 Interviewed on 6 October 2009.

77 Interviewed on 16 October 2009.

78 Day and Shaw, ‘Transnational Political Parties’.

79 Interviewed on 16 June 2009.

80 See Bardi, Luciano, ‘Parties and Party Systems in the European Union: National and Supranational Dimensions’, in Luther, Kurt Richard and Müller-Rommel, Ferdinand (eds), Political Parties in the New Europe, Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2005, p. 296 Google Scholar.