Synopsis of IEEE Std C95.1™-2019 “IEEE Standard for Safety Levels With Respect to Human Exposure to Electric, Magnetic, and Electromagnetic Fields, 0 Hz to 300 GHz”

The newly released IEEE Std C95.1™-2019 defines exposure criteria and associated limits for the protection of persons against established adverse health effects from exposures to electric, magnetic, and electromagnetic fields, in the frequency range 0 Hz to 300 GHz. The exposure limits apply to persons permitted in restricted environments and to the general public in unrestricted environments. These limits are not intended to apply to the exposure of patients by or under the direction of physicians and care professionals, as well as to the exposure of informed volunteers in scientific research studies, or to the use of medical devices or implants. IEEE Std C95.1™-2019 can be obtained at no cost from the IEEE Get Program https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/8859679.

IEEE Std C95.1 TM -2019 specifies exposure criteria and limits to protect against established adverse health effects in humans associated with exposure to electric, magnetic, and electromagnetic fields in the frequency range of 0 Hz to 300 GHz. The limits, incorporating safety margins, are defined in terms of dosimetric reference limits (DRL) and exposure reference levels (ERL). DRLs are expressed in terms of in situ (i.e., internal to the body of the exposed person) electric field strength, specific absorption rate (SAR), and epithelial power density. ERLs, which are more easily determined through measurements or computational analysis, are limits on external electric and magnetic fields, incident power density, induced and contact currents, and contact voltages that are intended to ensure that the DRLs are not exceeded. DRLs and ERLs protect against adverse health effects associated with electrostimulation of tissue and local and whole-body heating and are intended to apply to common situations where persons are exposed to electric, magnetic, and electromagnetic fields in the stated frequency range. However, the exposure limits are not intended to address exposures of patients or human research subjects under professional supervision, for which potential risks and recognized benefits might apply. Furthermore, these limits might not prevent interference with medical and implantable electronic devices that may be susceptible to electromagnetic interference (EMI).

GENERAL INTRODUCTION
The 2019 update of the C95.1 standard incorporates revisions of IEEE Std C95.1 TM -2005 [2] and IEEE Std C95.6 TM -2002 [3], further merging them into a single document, thus covering a large swath of the non-ionizing radiation spectrum. Updated information is also included from IEEE Std C95.1-2345 TM -2014 [4] (addressing military workplaces and military personnel protection), which preceded this standard in combining and updating IEEE Std C95.1-2005 and IEEE Std C95.6-2002, introducing expanded, frequency-dependent exposure levels for contact currents, as well as new terminology such as ''safety program initiation level, '' ''unrestricted environments'' and ''restricted environments.'' Recommendations to protect against established adverse health effects to humans from exposures to electric fields, magnetic fields, electromagnetic fields, and contact currents are defined on the basis of a comprehensive review of the scientific literature. The literature review performed for IEEE Std C95.1-2005 constitutes a strong foundation for the 2019 edition (see C.2 to C.7 [1]). As discussed in A.1.7 [1], the ICES literature review working group (LRWG) found that many recent health agency and expert group reviews confirmed the protectiveness of the existing limits. The major changes in limits in the 2019 edition address DRLs and ERLs above 6 GHz as based on recent thermal modeling studies. Detailed reviews of scientific studies dealing with effects at frequencies above 6 GHz are included in C.8 [1]. Review of the extensive literature on electromagnetic field (EMF) biological effects, spanning seven decades, confirmed that electrostimulation remains the dominant effect at frequencies below 100 kHz (but possibly up to 5 MHz for pulsed fields) and that thermal effects dominate at frequencies above 5 MHz, while both require protective limits in the 0.1 MHz to 5 MHz range.
Examination of the literature on exposure to electromagnetic energy revealed no reproducible low-level (nonthermal) adverse health effects. Moreover, the scientific consensus is that there are no accepted theoretical mechanisms that would explain the existence of low-level adverse health effects. Since the publication of ANSI C95. 1-1982 [5], advances have been made in the scientific knowledge of the biological effects of exposure to electromagnetic energy. This additional and cumulative knowledge helps strengthen the basis for and confidence in the assertion that the ERLs and DRLs in IEEE Std C95.1 TM -2019 are protective against established adverse health effects.
The literature review also evaluated the possibility of adverse health effects associated with chronic low-level exposure. For exposures to electric, magnetic, and electromagnetic fields at frequencies between 0 Hz and 300 GHz, the following two conclusions were reached: a) The weight-of-evidence provides no credible indication of adverse effects caused by chronic exposures below levels specified in IEEE Std C95.1 TM -2019. b) No biophysical mechanisms have been scientifically validated that would link chronic exposures below levels specified in IEEE Std C95.1 TM -2019 to adverse health effects. Based on the collective findings of recent reviews, the weight of the evidence continues to indicate that chronic exposure at levels specified in this standard is unlikely to cause adverse health effects. Nonetheless, ICES Subcommittees routinely evaluate new research and will, if appropriate, initiate revision of IEEE Std. C95.1-2019.
Various new definitions are introduced in IEEE Std C95.1 TM -2019. The terms unrestricted tier (lower tier) and restricted tier (upper tier) refer to ranges of permissible exposure levels, with each tier having an upper limit. The lower tier limit is designated as the ''safety program initiation level'' (rather than the ''action level'' as designated in IEEE Std C95.1 TM -2005) to emphasize that an EMF safety program is necessary if exposure levels exceed said limit and fall in the upper tier. It should be noted that the 2019 edition refers to the upper tier exposure limit as applicable to VOLUME 7, 2019 ''persons permitted in restricted environments,'' to emphasize that individuals might occupy restricted environments, where the higher ERLs and DRLs are applicable, provided they follow applicable EMF safety program guidance and procedures. This standard specifically avoids the declaration that only individuals who are exposed because of their occupation may enter restricted environments. For portable devices, such as mobile phones and two-way radios, the lower tier DRL is applicable to devices available to the general public, while the higher tier DRL is applicable to professional use devices for which EMF exposure awareness information/training is provided.

PROTECTED POPULATION
IEEE Std C95.1 TM -2019 is intended to apply to all people, regardless of age, with sufficient safety factors incorporated to accommodate variations in health, body size, shape and environment. Patients undergoing procedures for medical diagnosis or treatment that require exposure to fields or currents in excess of the DRLs and ERLs are exempted. The medical-applications exemption is provided under the expectation that medical staff are appropriately trained in minimizing the risk concomitant with the provision of a recognized benefit from the exposure.
Application of IEEE Std C95.1-2019 is intended to offer protection to all persons in unrestricted exposure environments such as living quarters, public areas, and workplaces (unrestricted/lower tier), as well as to persons permitted in restricted environments (restricted/upper tier). For the latter, information or training on EMF exposure awareness must be provided under an acceptable EMF safety program, which may include compulsory exposure mitigation measures. Examples of exposure mitigation include engineering controls (engineering controls are the preferred approach to exposure mitigation in most exposure scenarios), administrative controls, personal protective equipment (PPE) such as insulated gloves and/or protective clothing, awareness programs, and operator training documentation designed to alert personnel to the possibility of effects, or specific work practices that lessen the duration or intensity of exposure (e.g., per IEEE Std C95.7 TM -2014 [6] for the RF frequency range).

SAFETY FACTORS
Safety factors and their rationales are different for frequencies below approximately 100 kHz (but possibly up to 5 MHz for pulsed fields), where the adverse effect concerns electrostimulation, and above 100 kHz where the adverse effects being protected against are related to tissue heating. In the transition region of 100 kHz to 5 MHz, both electrostimulation and heating can occur. For frequencies above 6 GHz, the effect being protected against is tissue surface heating. The three types of effects (i.e., electrostimulation, whole-body heating, and local heating) are protected against through three separate sets of DRLs and ERLs that are applicable within respective frequency ranges. Safety factors are implemented considering the effects for each frequency band.

RISK ASSESSMENT AND SAFETY PROGRAMS
An EMF safety program, such as described for the RF range in IEEE Std C95.7, shall be implemented whenever the lower tier DRLs (or corresponding ERLs) can be exceeded (safety program initiation level). For persons in unrestricted environments, the lower tier DRLs shall not be exceeded. For persons permitted in restricted environments, the lower tier DRLs may be exceeded but the upper tier DRLs shall not be exceeded. The identification of restricted environments is accomplished via an EMF exposure assessment. Any consequent EMF safety program shall implement appropriate controls for access to the restricted environment. The purpose of the safety program is to prevent exposures that exceed the upper tier exposure limits. While safety programs are applied to fixed (or stationary) sources of electromagnetic fields, portable devices such as mobile phones or professional two-way radios are subject to separate requirements for limiting peak spatial average SAR in tissues. Procedures to assure compliance with respect to the DRLs for either lower or upper exposure tiers, as appropriate, are developed within IEEE ICES TC34, frequently in conjunction with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) Technical Committee 106.

EXPOSURE LIMITS
DRLs and ERLs for exposure to electric, magnetic, or electromagnetic fields are defined to protect against painful electrostimulation in the frequency range of 0 Hz to 5 MHz and to protect against adverse heating in the frequency range of 100 kHz to 300 GHz. In the transition region of 100 kHz to 5 MHz, protection against both electrostimulation and thermal effects is provided through both sets of limits. Below 100 kHz, only the electrostimulation limits apply, while above 5 MHz, only the thermal limits apply, and both sets of limits apply in the transition region (100 kHz to 5 MHz). Within the transition region, the limits based on electrostimulation are generally more limiting for low-duty-factor exposures, while the thermal-based limits are more limiting for continuous-wave fields. ERLs also are defined for contact currents, induced currents, and contact voltages for the frequency range of 0 Hz to 110 MHz.
Evaluation of compliance with this standard ideally includes a determination that the DRLs are not exceeded. This determination is difficult in most cases because it can only be carried out using sophisticated analytical or measurement techniques, which are often limited to laboratorytype settings. ERLs are derived from the DRLs to provide a readily assessed quantity via measurements or computations. The value of an ERL is determined such that when the measured exposure complies with the ERL, it is also in compliance with the DRL. An ERL, however, may be exceeded if it can be demonstrated that the corresponding DRL is not exceeded. Assessment of exposure to electric, magnetic, and electromagnetic fields may be accomplished by measurement and/or analysis, using appropriate instrumentation and measurement techniques or computational/analytical methods, as described in standards, such as IEEE Std C95.3 [7], IEEE Std C95.3.1 [8], and IEC 62232 [9].
In Clause 4 of IEEE Std C95.1 TM -2019, a total of 14 tables specify DRLs and/or ERLs for exposure to electric, magnetic, and electromagnetic fields for persons in unrestricted environments and persons in restricted environments. Tables 12 through Table 14 specifically are on the induced and contact current limits. . g) After the publication of more recent dosimetry findings, the local exposure ERL factor is now frequency dependent, instead of being a fixed factor of 20 times the whole-body ERL over a frequency band. h) The upper tier whole-body exposure ERLs above 300 MHz are different from those in IEEE Std C95.1-2005 to maintain a consistent factor of 5 between tiers and to harmonize with ICNIRP guidelines. i) The local exposure DRL and ERL for frequencies between 6 GHz and 300 GHz have been changed. The DRL is the epithelial power density inside the body surface, and ERL is the incident power density outside the body. The power density area for spatial averaging is defined as 4 cm 2 . For smaller areas, relaxed limits are allowed. j) Peak DRL and ERL limits for local exposures to pulsed RF fields are defined, and new fluence limits for single RF-modulated pulses above 30 GHz are introduced. The averaging area for single pulse fluence is 1 cm 2 . k) The previous induced current limit for both feet is considered an unrealistic condition and is removed. The induced current limits for a single foot are retained. l) Root-mean-square (rms) induced and contact current limits for continuous sinusoidal waveforms (100 kHz to 110 MHz) are changed from those in Table 7 of IEEE Std C95.1-2005 to frequency-dependent values. It should be noted that international harmonization of standards and guidelines is highly desirable. Much effort has been devoted to doing this for the IEEE Std C95.1-2019 standard and the current ICNIRP guidelines [10]. Yet, there remain differences. A description of the background and reasons for the differences is planned for a future paper.

INFORMATIVE ANNEXES A TO E ANNEX A
Approach to revision of IEEE Std C95.1 TM -2005 and IEEE Std C95.6 TM -2002.
Subclause A.1 has subsections discussing: 1) Continuity of the IEEE standards revision process, 2) Open nature of the IEEE ICES standards development process, 3) Complete reassessment of the technical rationale, 4) Process clarifications, and appeals, 5) The literature surveillance effort. 6) Literature evaluation process, and 7) Identification of hazards and interaction mechanisms.
Subclause A.2 includes: 1) Basic concepts for developing the ERLs, 2) Publication of novel findings, supportive data, and general acceptance by the scientific community, 3) Assessing thresholds and dose-response relationships, and 4) Selection of safety factors and development of ERLs, and 4) Mechanisms of biophysical interaction for the three frequency bands (0-5 MHz, 100 kHz-300 GHz, 6 GHz -300 GHz). Subclause A.3 covers the adverse health effects of the three frequency bands.

Rationale
Recent literature reviews by the ICES working groups and the literature review have not revealed reliable evidence that would change the scientific basis for the adverse effect levels. The adverse effect is electrostimulation at low frequency and heating at high frequency. The threshold for WBA SAR of 4 W/kg for established adverse effects remains the same as in the ANSI C95. 1-1982 [5], and the IEEE Std C95. 1-2005 [2]. Adoption was based on the decision that the threshold for disruption of ongoing behavior in laboratory animals including nonhuman primates can be extrapolated to potentially adverse effect in human beings. The peak spatial-average SAR (psSAR) values were changed in IEEE Std C95.1-2005 from 1.6 W/kg and 8 W/kg averaged over 1 g of tissue for exposure of the public and exposures in controlled environments to 2 W/kg and 10 W/kg averaged over 10 g of tissue, respectively. Modeling studies report the possibility of a 1 • C or greater rise in tissue temperature at 10 W/kg per 10 g. An increase of 1 • C had been suggested earlier as the upper temperature increase without detrimental health effects.
The rationale to set exposure limits for stimulatory effects at lower frequencies and temperature-related effects at higher frequencies has been explained thoroughly in this standard. Improved numerical and measurement methods in RF dosimetry have increased our understanding of the SAR-temperature relationship following RF energy deposition in human tissue, which is essential when assessing potential biological and health effects. In addition, to explain the rationale for adverse effect levels in the frequency range of 100 kHz to 300 GHz (see B.3), several special considerations have been reviewed and explained in detail in B.7 (for example, to cover extreme exposure situations of specific human subpopulations).
In summary, this standard incorporates a large margin of safety and a safety program is required to provide part of the margin of safety for those exposed above the lower tier level. This standard should also be considered especially conservative because the safety factors are applied against perception phenomena (electro-stimulation and behavioral disruption), which are far less serious effects than any permanent pathology or even reversible tissue damage that could occur at much higher exposure levels than those for perception phenomena.
In subsequent subclauses, rationales for the various frequency bands are explained in detail: B.

ANNEX C
Identification of levels of exposure associated with adverse effects-summary of the literature A review of the extensive literature on biological effects of electromagnetic fields reveals adverse health effects can occur as electrostimulation at low frequencies and thermal effects at high frequencies. This conclusion is consistent with those reached by other scientific expert groups and government agencies including many reviews or reports published up to the end of 2017, and also 2019 [12].
Further examination of the RF literature reveals no confirmed adverse health effects below current exposure limits that would occur even under unusually high heat loads from ambient thermal conditions and workload. The scientific consensus is that no accepted theoretical mechanisms exist that would suggest the existence of such effects. This consensus further supports the analysis presented in this annex that established harmful effects can occur due to excessive absorption of thermal energy from an RF field, leading to detrimentally elevated temperatures within tissue.
The accepted mechanism is RF energy absorbed by the biological system through interaction with polar molecules (dielectric relaxation) or interactions with ions (ohmic loss), which is rapidly dispersed to all modes of the system leading to an average energy rise or temperature elevation.
Since publication of ANSI C95.1-1982, significant advances have been made in our knowledge of the biological effects of exposure to RF energy. This increased knowledge strengthens the basis for and confidence in the statement that the ERLs and DRLs in this standard are broadly protective against established adverse health effects.
Since all expert reviews confirm the protectiveness of the current limits [12], and the fact that the only changes in limits in this standard are the dosimetric reference limits (DRL) and exposure reference levels (ERL) above 6 GHz, this annex includes reviews of scientific papers dealing with effects at frequencies higher than 6 GHz.

Practical examples for compliance determinations-Applications
Often there are situations where determining compliance with this standard may be difficult and not always straightforward. This annex focuses on those portions of the standard that have traditionally been problematic for interpretation and implementation. Examples are shown on applying the peak power density limits, heat sealing application at 27 MHz, and evaluating polarization-dependent exposures. Subclause D.2 explains how to deal with multifrequency exposures (exposures to multiple sources). Subclause D.3 deals with RF field exposures consisting of intense pulsed power densities shall comply not only with the WBA ERL and local ERL but also with a limit on the fluence of the pulses (J/m 2 or kJ/m 2 ). Subclause D.4 has requirements for measurements of electric field and magnetic fields, induced currents, and contact voltage (frequencies above 100 kHz).

Bibliography
Annex E contains 1550 references.

ACKNOWLEDGMENT
The In this period, he facilitated the progress of numerous IEEE standards, and he represented ICES at various external events mainly in Europe. Since October 1995, he has been a Senior Expert in radiation safety with Siemens AG, Munich. Since July 2000, he has been a member of IEEE SCC-28, which merged with IEEE-SCC34 to IEEE-SCC39 also known as IEEE-ICES. He participated in preparing the Technical Co-Operation Agreement between the IEEE and the NATO Standardization Agency (NSA) signed in May 2009, which resulted in the military standard IEEE-C95.2345-2014. He is currently participating in the drafting of technical guidelines for the implementation of German EMF workplace Ordinance.
JERROLD BUSHBERG is currently a Clinical Professor of radiology and radiation oncology with the U.C. Davis School of Medicine. He is the Director Emeritus of the Medical/Health Physics Programs. He retired as an Associate Chair of the Department of Radiology in 2018. He served as an Executive Officer of the Chemical/ Biological/Nuclear Technical Unit 120 Pacific, a military emergency response and advisory team. He is a former Commander with the U.S. Naval Reserve, CDR. He was a member of Radiology Faculty, Yale School of Medicine. With over 40 years of experience, he has served as a Subject Matter Expert and an Adviser to government agencies and organizations, including the U.S. Department of Homeland Security, the FDA Center for Devices and Radiological Health, the WHO, and the IAEA in the areas of ionizing and nonionizing radiation protection, risk communication, medical physics, and radiological emergency medical management. He is an expert on biological effects, safety, and interactions of ionizing and nonionizing radiation, and he holds multiple radiation detection technology patents. In 2016, he was an appointed Vice-Chair of COMAR, Technical Committee of IEEE EMBS. He is the Chair of the Board of Directors and the Senior Vice President of NCRP. He serves as the Director and the Vice-Chair of The American Board of Medical Physics. He has been responsible for medical postgraduate education in medical physics, radiation biology, and protection for more than 35 years. He is an elected Fellow of the American Association of Physicists in Medicine and the Health Physics Society, certified by several national professional boards with subspecialty certification in radiation protection and medical physics. In 2014, he received the NCRP Warren K. Sinclair Medal for Excellence in Radiation Science and the Professor John C. Christiansen Distinguished Alumnus Award from the Purdue University School of Health Sciences, in 2016. for USNC efforts in IEC TC16, TC17, SC17A, SC17B, SC17C, SC17D, TC22, SC22G, TC23, SC23E, TC44, TC64 SC65B/WG7, and TC106; and for coordinating NEMA positions on LVDC, harmonic current emissions, EMC, and EMF. He served as the IEC Secretary for Subcommittee 22G, and NEMA Staff for drives and PLC committees, including the International and Regional Standardization Committee. He was a U.S. Expert Member of the following committees within IEC: SC17B, SC23E, TC 64, and SC65B. He also participated in the USNC committees for IEC TC1, TC3, TC8, TC109, and TC111. He worked for Underwriters Laboratories as an Engineering Group Leader/Staff Engineer for wiring devices, medical equipment, electrified partition systems, lighting equipment, and industrial control equipment. He is a Registered Professional Engineer in Illinois and has CQE certification from ASQC. He was responsible for product certifications, standards development, and engineer training and also coordinated laboratory operations IAW ISO 25.

CHUNG-KWANG CHOU
KEVIN GRAF received the B.S. degree (summa cum laude) in electrical and computer engineering from Cornell University, in 2007, and the M.S. and Ph.D. degrees in electrical engineering from Stanford University, in 2010 and 2014, respectively. He worked at Exponent, from 2014 to 2019, specializing in the analysis of electric and magnetic fields and waves, including analysis of consumer electronics, medical devices, high voltage transmission lines, and natural emissions, with comparisons to guidelines for electromagnetic exposure, interference, and compatibility. He is a licensed Professional Engineer in the state of California. Since 2017, he has been a Co-Chair of IEEE ICES TC95-SC3, the subcommittee of the International Committee on Electromagnetic Safety that focuses on safety levels with respect to human exposure to 0-3 kHz electromagnetic fields.
TIM HARRINGTON received the B.S.E.E. and M.S.E.E. degrees in applied electromagnetics from the University of Houston. He is a Senior Electronics Engineer with the Federal Communications Commission Office of Engineering and Technology Laboratory Division. His main responsibilities at the FCC OET Laboratory, Columbia, MD, USA, are for EMC, radio parameters, and human exposure (SAR and MPE) regulatory compliance and testing issues in radio device approvals. Before joining the FCC Laboratory, in 2001, he was involved in antenna design, computer simulation, and testing with Allgon Telecom, Fort Worth, TX, USA. Prior to this, he did design, testing, computer simulation, calibration, and applications development for various electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) test antennas, field probes, and test chambers at EMCO/Electro-Mechanics Co. (now ETS-Lindgren), Austin, TX, USA. Since the mid-1990s, he has been very active in various international standards committees (IEEE Standards 1528 and 1309, IEC CISPR/A, TC 106, and SC 77B, and ASC C63), preparing requirements and procedures for SAR and EMC compliance testing.
AKIMASA HIRATA (S'98-M'01-SM'10-F'17) received the B.E., M.E., and Ph.D. degrees in communications engineering from Osaka University, Suita, Japan, in 1996, 1998, and 2000, respectively. From 1999to 2001  He received the master's degree in electrical engineering from Cornell University, in 1967, and the master's degree in environmental health sciences and the Ph.D. degree in respiratory physiology from the Harvard School of Public Health, in 1972 and1977, respectively. He is currently an Instructor with the Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston. He has been involved in EMF health and safety issues since joining the Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI) as a Project Manager, in 1978. Since then, he served for a total of nearly 30 years at EPRI, retired, in 2016, as a Senior Technical Executive. His career at EPRI was committed to managing, designing, and participating in EMF health and safety research spanning the non-ionizing spectrum from direct current (dc) through power frequencies to radiofrequencies (RF). He was involved intimately with studies that included the areas of epidemiology, exposure assessment, laboratory studies (in vivo and in vitro), dosimetry, and the instrumentation and development of modeling software. These studies covered key health and safety endpoints, including cancer and pregnancy outcome, as well as the basis for exposure limits as published by the International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection and the IEEE. He has authored or coauthored about 100 peers-reviewed publications concerned with the above-mentioned EMF topics. He is currently serving as the Co-Chair of Subcommittee 3 of IEEE's International Committee on Electromagnetic Safety (ICES) concerned with establishing exposure standards for frequencies between 0 and 5 MHz.
JAFAR KESHVARI received the degree in engineering from METU University, Ankara, Turkey, in 1989, and the M.Sc. and Ph.D. degrees in biomedical engineering from the Tampere University of Technology, in 1994 and 1997, respectively. He is currently serving as the Chairman of the IEEE International Committee for Electromagnetic Safety (ICES) and as the Adjunct Professor of bio-electromagnetics with Aalto University, Helsinki, Finland. He is also leading Intel's international standards activities. His biomedical engineering research has been dealt with the mathematical solution of the eye generated electrical signals, registering for the first time the magneto-retinogram (MRG) of the human eye and examining the characteristics of electro-oculogram (EOG) and eye movements. He has been involved in electromagnetic fields and health-related standardization, research, and education, since 2000. Besides his involvements at IEEE/ICES, he has been leading major international EMF compliance assessment activities at IEC, IEEE, and ITU. Under his leadership among other EMF standards, SAR assessment standards for wireless communication devices are globally harmonized. He has expertise in the fields of neurosciences, kinesiology, and biophysics applied to the study of neurostimulation and neuromodulation. His research interests mainly relate to the effects of specific electric and magnetic stimuli (DBS, transcranial magnetic stimulation, and time-varying magnetic fields) on human brain processing, motor control, and cognitive functions. He was a Board Member, from 2013 to 2015. He was the Chair of the Local Organising Committee for BioEM2019. He is currently a Secretary of the Board of Directors of the Bioelectromagnetics Society (BEMS) and is a Technical Program Committee Co-Chair for BioEM2020. He is the Canadian Chair for URSI commission K and the Chair of the Non-Ionizing Radiations Task Group, IRPA (International Radio Protection Association). He is also currently Co-Chairing a working group within the IEEE-ICES TC95 Subcommittee 6 and Chairing a task force on low frequencies recommendations.

DAVID P. MAXSON is an IEEE Wireless
Communications Professional with extensive experience in evaluating and managing human exposure to electromagnetic energy in the built environment. He was a Vice-President and the Director of Engineering and technical operations with Charles River Broadcasting Company, Waltham, MA, USA, where he served for 20 years. In 1982, he founded the Broadcast Signal Laboratory, which has been providing broadcasters in the northeastern USA with precision frequency and modulation measurements traceable to the National Institute of Standards and Technology. With Broadcast Signal Laboratory and its successor, Isotrope, LLC, he has performed numerous workplace and public space hazard assessments of potential human exposure to radiofrequency energy and composed and implemented RF safety programs. He wrote The IBOC Handbook: Understanding HD Radio Technology (Focal Press, 2007) and has written chapters for the NAB Engineering Handbook 10th and 11th Editions. He is a Corresponding Member of the IEEE-USA Committee on Communications Policy. He is a frequent Lecturer at the National Association of Broadcasters Broadcast Engineering Conference, presenting peer-reviewed technical articles on radio frequency signal measurement technique.  University, in 1949University, in , 1950University, in , and 1957 He was with Raytheon Company, where he was involved with microwave research and development (i.e., ferrites, plasmas, tubes, and heating systems). He retired from Raytheon, in 1995, and since then, he has been a Consultant with Full Spectrum Consulting. He has authored numerous publications and holds numerous patents, including one on microwave oven door seal design. He was an Officer of the Electromagnetic Energy Association (EEA) and an early member of the Bioelectromagnetics Society. He continues to work to strengthen the world-wide influence of the International Committee on Electromagnetic Safety (ICES). He is a member of Phi Beta Kappa and Sigma Xi. He was a recipient of the 1998 IEEE Standards Medallion and the 2000 IEEE Millennium Medal. He has contributed to the founding and operating many IEEE activities, e.g., Life Member of COMAR and the Chairman IEEE MTT-S and SIT-S. He was the President of IMPI and an Editor of Journal of Microwave Power.
J. PATRICK REILLY (F'98) received the B.E.E. degree in electrical engineering from the University of Detroit, in 1962, and the M.S.E. degree in electrical engineering and applied science from George Washington University, in 1966. He retired, in 2011, from the Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory (APL), where he performed research in a variety of disciplines, including theoretical and experimental work in bioelectricity. His other fields of research over his 50-year career at APL included electromagnetic interactions with the natural environment, signal processing, radar, underwater acoustics, human acoustic perception, infrared technology, and the transit navigation system, the precursor of modern satellite navigation. As the President of Metatec Associates, which he founded in 1986, he does research and consulting related to bioelectric phenomena, bioelectric devices, and electrical and electromagnetic safety. In this role, he consults with international federal, state, and private agencies concerning exposure to electric current and electromagnetic fields, including the analysis of bioelectric therapy and diagnosis, electrical safety, and forensic science. He is the author or coauthor of over 160 publications, including one book on radar and three on bioelectric phenomena and electrical safety. His book, Applied Bioelectricity, is a standard reference in the field of electrostimulation. In 2012, he published a memoir, Snake Music, through Lulu Press, Inc. In 2017, he received the prestigious D'Arsonval Award of the Bioelectromagnetics Society. The award was conferred in Montpellier, France, in 2019. He was a Principal Author of the IEEE Standard C95.6, published by the IEEE's International Committee on Electromagnetic Safety (ICES), in 2002.

RICHARD (RIC)
A. TELL (M'70-SM'81-LSM'10-LF'12) was born in Roscoe, TX, USA, on January 25, 1944. He received the B.S. degree in physics from Midwestern State University, Wichita Falls, TX, USA, in 1966, and the M.S. degree in radiation sciences from Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, USA, in 1967. He has 52 years of experience working on radio frequency safety issues, first at the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency for 20 years, where he served as the Chief of the agency's Electromagnetics Branch, and since then in his own scientific consulting business. His specialty areas include RF safety, RF field exposure assessment, antenna analysis, and field measurements. Much of his work has been in helping clients to evaluate compliance with applicable standards and establish RF safety programs within their companies. He has been an elected member of the National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements (NCRP) and serves as the Chairman of Subcommittee 2 of the IEEE International Committee on Electromagnetic Safety (ICES) TC95 that published the IEEE Std C95.7 Recommended Practice for RF Safety Programs and IEEE Std C95.2 on Radio Frequency Energy and Current-Flow Symbols. He is the Chairman of the IEEE/EMBS Committee on Man and Radiation (COMAR) and serves on the NCRP Advisory Panel on Nonionizing Radiation. He was a recipient of the 2019 Non-Ionizing Radiation Distinguished Service Award from the Health Physics Society. His research involved in the development of broadband electronic and fiber-optic sensors for the measurement of transient/pulsed electromagnetic fields (EMFs). In July 1991, he joined Health Canada as a Research Scientist and later served as a Chief of the Electromagnetics Division. He retired in September 2012 but still maintains a professional association with Health Canada as a Scientist Emeritus of the Consumer and Clinical Radiation Protection Bureau. During his tenure as a Division Chief, he was part of the team which carried out studies in the areas related to EMF bio-effects and exposure assessment, and developed guidelines, commonly known as Safety Code 6, for human exposure to radiofrequency (RF) electromagnetic energy. He was a member of the International Advisory Committee of the WHO International EMF Project, from 1996 to 2011, and a member of the Board of Directors of the Bioelectromagnetics Society, from 2008 to 2011, and has served the IEEE/ICES/TC95 as a Co-Chair of Subcommittee 4, which develops RF exposure standards, since 2005. He is currently a Technical Advisor with the Office of the National Broadcasting and Telecommunications Commission, Thailand, to provide advice concerning RF exposure assessment and possible health risks from RF exposure.