We apply unsupervised learning techniques to classify the different phases of the $J_1\text{−}{J}_2$ antiferromagnetic Ising model on the honeycomb lattice. We construct the phase diagram of the system using convolutional autoencoders. These neural networks can detect phase transitions in the system via “anomaly detection” without the need for any label or a priori knowledge of the phases. We present different ways of training these autoencoders, and we evaluate them to discriminate between distinct magnetic phases. In this process, we highlight the case of high-temperature or even random training data. Finally, we analyze the capability of the autoencoder to detect the ground state degeneracy through the reconstruction error.

• Received 1 February 2021
• Revised 31 March 2021
• Accepted 5 April 2021

DOI:https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevB.103.134422