We present validation and results from a simulation of the Fermilab Tevatron including multiple beam dynamics effects. The essential features of the simulation include a fully 3D strong-strong beam-beam particle-in-cell Poisson solver, interactions among multiple bunches and both head-on and long-range beam-beam collisions, coupled linear optics, and helical trajectory consistent with beam-orbit measurements, chromaticity, and resistive wall impedance. We validate individual physical processes against measured data where possible, and analytic calculations elsewhere. Finally, we present simulations of the effects of increasing beam intensity with single and multiple bunches, and study the combined effect of long-range beam-beam interactions and transverse impedance. The results of the simulations were successfully used in Tevatron operations to support a change of chromaticity during the transition to collider mode optics, leading to a factor of 2 decrease in proton losses, and thus improved reliability of collider operations.

• Received 6 August 2009

DOI:https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevSTAB.13.024401

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