Extreme mass-ratio inspirals (EMRIs) are one of the most sensitive probes of black hole spacetimes with gravitational-wave measurements. In this work, we systematically analyze the dynamics of an EMRI system near orbital resonances, assuming the background spacetime is weakly perturbed from Kerr. Using the action-angle formalism, we have derived an effective resonant Hamiltonian that describes the dynamics of the resonant degree of freedom, for the case that the EMRI motion across the resonance regime. This effective resonant Hamiltonian can also be used to derive the condition that the trajectory enters or exits a resonant island and the permanent change of action variables across the resonance with the gravitational-wave radiation turned on. The orbital chaos, on the other hand, generally leads to transitions between different branches of rotational orbits with finite changes of the action variables. These findings are demonstrated with numerical orbital evolutions that are mapped into representations using action-angle variables. This study is one part of the program of understanding EMRI dynamics in a generic perturbed Kerr spacetime, which paves the way of using EMRIs to precisely measure the black hole spacetime.

• Received 23 July 2023
• Accepted 17 October 2023

DOI:https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevD.108.104026