We set up a general framework for systematically building and classifying, in the linear regime, causal and stable dissipative hydrodynamic theories that, alongside with the usual hydrodynamic modes, also allow for an arbitrary number of nonhydrodynamic modes with complex dispersion relation (such theories are often referred to as “quasihydrodynamic”). To increase the number of nonhydrodynamic modes, one needs to add more effective fields to the model. The system of equations governing this class of quasihydrodynamic theories is symmetric hyperbolic, thermodynamically consistent (i.e., the entropy is a Lyapunov function) and can be derived from an action principle. As a first application of the formalism, we prove that, in the linear regime, the Israel-Stewart theory in the Eckart frame and the Israel-Stewart theory in the Landau frame are exactly the same theory. In addition, with an Onsager-Casimir analysis, we show that in strongly coupled plasmas the nonequilibrium degrees of freedom typically appear in pairs, whose members acquire opposite phase under time reversal. We use this insight to modify Cattaneo’s model for diffusion, in a way to make its initial transient consistent with the transient dynamics of holographic plasmas.

• Received 29 July 2022
• Accepted 23 August 2022

DOI:https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevD.106.056010