Midinfrared up-conversion imaging under different illumination conditions

Zheng Ge, Zhaoqizhi Han, Yiyang Liu, Xiaohua Wang, Zhiyuan Zhou, Fan Yang, Yinhai Li, Yan Li, Li Chen, Wuzhen Li, Sujian Niu, and Baosen Shi

Phys. Rev. Applied 20, 054060 – Published 29 November 2023

Abstract

Converting the medium-emitting infrared field to the visible band is an effective image-detection method. We propose a comprehensive theory of image up-conversion under continuous optical pumping, and discuss the relationship between the experimental parameters and imaging field of view, resolution, quantum efficiency, and conversion bandwidth. Theoretical predictions are given based on numerical simulations, which show good agreement with experimental results. In particular, coherent and incoherent light illumination are studied separately and the advantages and disadvantages of their imaging performance are compared and analyzed. This work provides a detailed study of the up-conversion image detection performance of the system, which is of great value in guiding the design of the detection system and bringing it to practical applications.

Received 1 September 2023
Revised 30 October 2023
Accepted 8 November 2023

DOI:https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevApplied.20.054060

Physics Subject Headings (PhySH)

Frequency conversion Imaging & optical processing Quantum optics Upconversion

Atomic, Molecular & Optical

Authors & Affiliations

Zheng Ge ^1,2,‡, Zhaoqizhi Han ^1,2,‡, Yiyang Liu ³, Xiaohua Wang ^1,2, Zhiyuan Zhou ^1,2,*, Fan Yang⁴, Yinhai Li^1,2, Yan Li ^1,2, Li Chen ^1,2, Wuzhen Li ^1,2, Sujian Niu ^1,2, and Baosen Shi^1,2,†

¹CAS Key Laboratory of Quantum Information, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
²CAS Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
³School of Physical Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
⁴National Key Laboratory of Electromagnetic Space Security, Tianjin, China

^*zyzhouphy@ustc.edu.cn
^†drshi@ustc.edu.cn
^‡These authors contributed equally to this work.

Article Text (Subscription Required)

Click to Expand

Multimedia (Subscription Required)

Click to Expand

Supplemental Material (Subscription Required)

Click to Expand

References (Subscription Required)

Click to Expand

Issue

Vol. 20, Iss. 5 — November 2023

Subject Areas

Optics

Reuse & Permissions

Access Options

Author publication services for translation and copyediting assistance advertisement

Images

Figure 1
(a) Theoretical result of the optimized poled period for signal light with different wavelength and incident angle, the blue background area is the region that can meet the phase-matching condition. (b) Phase matching in sum-frequency generation for a certain wavelength of the signal beam. For coherent lighting objects, $θ =$ 0. For incoherent cases, $θ$ can take any value. In chirped crystals, ${\vec{k}}_{Λ}$ is variable, which can always find ${\vec{k}}_{Λ}$ that meets the phase-matching conditions.
Reuse & Permissions
Figure 2
Schematic diagram of the experimental setup. L terms, the lenses; DM, dichromatic mirror; BP, band-pass filter; PPLN, periodically poled lithium niobate crystal; CPLN, chirped poled lithium niobate crystal.
Reuse & Permissions
Figure 3
Experimental incoherent and coherent up-conversion images of the USAF-1951 resolution card. (a)–(d) are incoherent case and (e)–(h) are coherent case. (a),(e) is the up-conversion image and (c),(g) is the numerical simulation results. Line charts (b),(d),(f),(h) correspond to the vertical intensity distributions of images (a),(c),(e),(g), respectively.
Reuse & Permissions
Figure 4
Simulation and experimental results of up-conversion efficiency. (a) Simulation results of the relationship between power efficiency and beam waist under the 1-W pump. (b) Simulation and experimental results of the relationship between power efficiency and pump power at 0.75- $mm$ beam waist.
Reuse & Permissions
Figure 5
(a) The noise is mainly composed of electrical noise and pump light noise, with a contrast of 1.74 while the image is not processed. (b) Subtracting the electrical noise result, the main noise is pump light noise, with a contrast of 3.00 (c) Subtracting electrical noise and pump light noise, the contrast is 27.88. (d)–(f) Imaging results of all noise, subtracting electric noise, subtracing electric noise and pump light noise under $Q$ -switched laser pumping. The contrast are 2.85, 53.59, and 65.15, respectively.
Reuse & Permissions
Figure 6
(a),(c) represent the imaging principles and schematic diagrams of the two different chirped poled crystals, respectively. The purple region represents the valuable range of spatial inverted lattice vectors in the chirped poled crystals, while the blue region represents the valuable range of the angle of signal beam input. The crystal with smaller poled periods has larger spatial inverted lattice vectors to achieve phase matching, thus corresponding to a larger angle of the field of view. (b) The image obtained by using the crystal with chirped poled periods from $23.33$ to $23.42 μ m$ . (d) The image obtained by using the crystal with chirped poled period of $21.6$ to $23.4 μ m$ .
Reuse & Permissions

Physical Review Applied