We recently derived an explicit expression for the gluon distribution function $G(x,Q^2)=xg(x,Q^2)$ in terms of the proton structure function $F_2^{\gamma p}(x,Q^2)$ in leading-order (LO) QCD by solving the LO Dokshitzer-Gribov-Lipatov-Altarelli-Parisi equation for the $Q^2$ evolution of $F_2^{\gamma p}(x,Q^2)$ analytically, using a differential-equation method. We showed that accurate experimental knowledge of $F_2^{\gamma p}(x,Q^2)$ in a region of Bjorken $x$ and virtuality $Q^2$ is all that is needed to determine the gluon distribution in that region. We rederive and extend the results here using a Laplace-transform technique, and show that the singlet quark structure function $F_{\mathrm{S}}(x,Q^2)$ can be determined directly in terms of $G$ from the Dokshitzer-Gribov-Lipatov-Altarelli-Parisi gluon evolution equation. To illustrate the method and check the consistency of existing LO quark and gluon distributions, we used the published values of the LO quark distributions from the CTEQ5L and MRST2001 LO analyses to form $F_2^{\gamma p}(x,Q^2)$, and then solved analytically for $G(x,Q^2)$. We find that the analytic and fitted gluon distributions from MRST2001LO agree well with each other for all $x$ and $Q^2$, while those from CTEQ5L differ significantly from each other for large $x$ values, $x\gtrsim 0.03–0.05$, at all $Q^2$. We conclude that the published CTEQ5L distributions are incompatible in this region. Using a nonsinglet evolution equation, we obtain a sensitive test of quark distributions which holds in both LO and next-to-leading order perturbative QCD. We find in either case that the CTEQ5 quark distributions satisfy the tests numerically for small $x$, but fail the tests for $x\gtrsim 0.03–0.05$—their use could potentially lead to significant shifts in predictions of quantities sensitive to large $x$. We encountered no problems with the MRST2001LO distributions or later CTEQ distributions. We suggest caution in the use of the CTEQ5 distributions.

• Received 1 August 2008

DOI:https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevD.79.014031