Bonding in Liquid Carbon Studied by Time-Resolved X-Ray Absorption Spectroscopy

S. L. Johnson, P. A. Heimann, A. G. MacPhee, A. M. Lindenberg, O. R. Monteiro, Z. Chang, R. W. Lee, and R. W. Falcone

Phys. Rev. Lett. 94, 057407 – Published 10 February 2005

Abstract

Even the most basic properties of liquid carbon have long been debated due to the challenge of studying the material at the required high temperature and pressure. Liquid carbon is volatile and thus inherently transient in an unconstrained environment. In this paper we use a new technique of picosecond time-resolved x-ray absorption spectroscopy to study the bonding of liquid carbon at densities near that of the solid. As the density of the liquid increases, we see a change from predominantly $s p$ -bonded atomic sites to a mixture of $s p$ , $s p^{2}$ , and $s p^{3}$ sites and compare these observations with molecular dynamics simulations.

Received 14 April 2004

DOI:https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.94.057407

Authors & Affiliations

S. L. Johnson^1,2,*, P. A. Heimann³, A. G. MacPhee¹, A. M. Lindenberg^1,†, O. R. Monteiro³, Z. Chang⁴, R. W. Lee⁵, and R. W. Falcone^1,3

¹Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
²Paul Scherrer Institut, CH-5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
³Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
⁴Department of Physics, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506, USA
⁵Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94551, USA

^*Electronic address: Steve.Johnson@mailaps.org
^†Current address: Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA.

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Vol. 94, Iss. 5 — 11 February 2005

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